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LAOG (26-27/6/08)) 1
Molecular Cloud Ionization:Where are the Cosmic Rays ?
Thierry MontmerleInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, France
W28 SNR
Trifid nebula (M20)
HansFest (03-08/09/18) 1
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Outline
1. Cosmic Rays in a nutshell2. Importance of low-energy cosmic rays3. Bridging low and high energies
4. Concluding remarks
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1. Cosmic Rays in a nutshell
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(Swordy 2001)
(Observed)
?
LHC
1 GeV-100 TeV
AMS-02(ISS, 2018)
Extragalactic ?
Galactic
Probably galactic
Auger
1032 x 1012 !
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(Swordy 2001)
(Observed)
?
LHC
Solar Wind (magnetized)
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Various proposed "demodulated" low-energy CR spectra
Indriolo+ 20091 MeV 1 GeV
x106
... to explain:- molecular cloud ionization (ζ)- LiBeB production
ζLiBeB
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2. Importance of low-energy �cosmic rays in the Galaxy
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Low-energy cosmic rays (LECR)• Traditionally unknown spectrum and flux
- solar modulation: ECR < 1 GeV/n
- But new: "Local Interstellar Spectra": Voyager 1 (Cummings et al. 2016), + propagation, etc. (Orlando 2017, Tatischeff+ 2018...)
• Tracing the first steps of (shock) acceleration ?- e.g., vicinity of SNRs
• Important feedback effects on (local) environment (e.g., molecular cloud chemistry; + electrons)
• Role in star formation (coupling "neutral" matter with ISM magnetic field)- => ionization rate ζ, units 10-17 s-1 ("Spitzer rate")
• => galactic distribution (from MC): new Voyager I data do not explain the observed rates !
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Ionization rate measurements (see later): Diffuse vs. Dense Clouds
"Spitzer" rate
LECR
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(Swordy 2001)
(Observed)
?
LHC
Solar Wind (magnetized)2018
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Voyager 1 @ 40 !• Launched Sep.5, 1977• Reached interstellar space (= beyond heliosphere) in Aug.
2012
• Engines re-started Dec.1, 2017 to re-orient the antennas• Now at >140 au from the Sun !
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1 GeV/n
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1 GeV/n
No steeplow-energy (> 3 MeV)component !
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3. Bridging low and high energies ?
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In the Galaxy: Search for low-energy CR (LECR) where evidence for elevated high-energy CR (HECR) flux
… by measuring and mapping the ionization rate ζ of selected "active" molecular clouds (e.g., with SNR)
(fiducial value ζ0 ~ 10-17 s-1 for the Galaxy: "Spitzer" rate; ionization fraction ~ 10-7)
“HECR”
“LECR”
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Chemical reactions network: Molecules… and radicals
["astrochem" network] HansFest (03-08/09/18) 16
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Molecular clouds (+ HI)
Cosmic rays
π° γ-rays (ECR > 280 MeV)
SN explosion(massive stars: M* > 8 Msun)
Massive star-forming regionsas CR laboratories
H3+ …
(ECR > 0.1-100 MeV)
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M20(Trifid)
W28SNR
d ~ 2-3 kpcD ≈ 20 pc
Age ~ 35-150,000 yrs
Case study:W28(~ galactic plane,not far from GC)
X-ray, "filled" SNRCGRO and HESSγ-ray source
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Aharonian et al. 2008
W28 =SNR+SFR,complex of GeV/TeVsources
d ~ 1.9 kpcage ~104 yr
GeV
TeV
TeVTeV
(Namibia)
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(Nava & Gabici 2013)
W28 spectral fitting (π°): > GeV protons
γ-rays: CGRO HESS
+ OH masers(vsh ~ 100 km/s)
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IRAM 30-m observations of W28: near and far from the shock
16 pointings
Vaupré+2014
CO[H2]
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ζ0
Spitzer .
W28: Enhanced ionization (x ~100) downstream of the shock
ó enhancement of LECR≈ enhancement of local HECR from π°-decay γ-rays>> enhancement of galactic HECR from π°-decay γ-rays
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Where are the (low-energy) cosmic rays ?
• Cummings et al. (2016) and Phan et al. (2018), taking into account the "local" interstellar LECR measurements ("Local Interstellar Spectrum", LIS: Voyager 1), have shown that if the LIS is identical throughout the Galaxy, it is impossible to explain the observed ionization rate of molecular clouds (≥ 1-2 orders of magnitude too low)
• Phan et al. (2018) proposed a new, detailed model for the penetration of LECR into molecular clouds (with advection, diffusion, energy losses, magnetic turbulence, etc.) and give the resulting (reduced) ionization rates (p + e)
• => invoke very-low energy "suprathermal" CR (< 3 MeV/n) ?
• Counterexamples ? See W28
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Very low-energy cosmic rays ??
Cummings+ 2016
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Voyager I, >3 MeV/n
(2018)
AMS-02, >400 MeV/n
Fit: broken power-law CR spectrum (< 3 MeV ‒ 100 GeV)
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ISM ionization by GCR: fact. >10 too low !
(Phan et al. 2018)
LECR penetration limited byMHD effects in diffuse envelope
DIFFUSE DENSE
AV = 2.5
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ζ0
W28: Enhanced ionization (x ~100) downstream of the shock
ó enhancement of local LECR (= near SNR shock) But ~ "Voyager value" far from the shock !?
.
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4. Concluding remarks
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• Origin of cosmic rays still a puzzle, in spite (or because) of recent advances
• For galactic cosmic rays, supernova remnants interacting with molecular clouds are a good laboratory for studying hadron acceleration– via γ-rays at high energies (down to ~ 280 MeV, π°-decay
threshold)
– via mm observations+astrochemistry at low energies (molecular cloud ionization)
• However, Voyager I results pose a new challenge: where are the low-energy cosmic rays necessary for ISM ionization ?
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