Download - Molecular biology
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Molecular BiologyThe Basics
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AtomsSmallest unit of an
element still exhibiting qualities
of that element
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Subatomic ParticlesAn atom has three parts
Negatively charged Electrons (e-)
Positively charged Protons (p+)
Neutrally charged Neutrons (n0)
• Protons and Neutrons are located in the
nucleus• Electrons travel around
nucleus in orbital shells
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Atomic Structure• Electrons fill shells in
ascending order with a maximum number of electrons in each shell• The 1st shell has a
maximum of 2 electrons, the 2nd has a maximum of 8, the 3rd has a maximum of 18
• The outermost shell of an atom is called the valence shell and contains valence electrons
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MoleculesMolecules are two or
more bonded atoms• Covalent bonds
have shared electronso Non-polaro Polar
• Hydrogen bonds• Ionic bonds• Metallic bonds
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Non-polar Covalent Bonds
• Molecules share electrons equally and evenly
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Polar Covalent
BondsElectrons shared slightly unevenly between atoms• Electrons spend more
time traveling around one atom creating a negative charge on one side and a positive charge on the other
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Hydrogen BondsWhen polar molecules contain hydrogen atoms,
the opposite charges attract
nearby molecules
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An atom with few valence electron will give
one to an atom with
many valence
electrons
A charged atom, or
ion, is created from the
p+/e-
imbalance
The opposite charges attract
and form a strong bond
Ionic Bonds
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Metal atoms in formalized
structure share electrons
throughout entire molecule
• Leads to high conductivity of electricity
Metallic Bonds
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Periodic Table
Elements are arranged by
a variety of properties