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MONGOLIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
MONGOLIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
№ 12 (38)
Ulaanbaatar
2011
COPYRIGHT (C) , BY ICCT
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS JOURNAL MAY BE REPORDUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR
ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS.
Editorial board:
Editorial-in-Chief: Acad. Prof., Batsuren. D
Dr. Minjigmaa. A
Members: Acad. Prof., Temuujin. J
Acad. Prof., Purevsuren. B
Dr. Odontuya. G
Dr. Ganbaatar. J
Dr. Enkhtuul. S
Dr. Gunbileg. D
Dr. Khasbaatar. D
Dr. Odonchimeg. M
Dr. Chunsriimyatav. G
Prepared by: M.S Otgonsuren. D
MAS, 4th
building, Peace Avenue,
Ulaanbaatar 51, Mongolia.
Fax: 976-11-453133
email: [email protected]
2011
Preface
Mongolian Journal of Chemistry provides a unique forum for the publication of
significant and original work across a variety of disciplines including chemistry, biology,
physics, chemical engineering and material science, which is likely to be of interest to the
multidisciplinary community that the journal addresses. Readership-MJC coverage is highly
relevant to a variety of industrial and academic sectors including: pharmaceuticals; analytical
science; coal and petrochemistry, bio- and nanotechnology; and materials science.
The Editors at Mongolian Journal of Chemistry are committed to publishing high
quality new work which makes a significant contribution to the both academic and industrial
sectors development. In order to meet this aim, submitted manuscripts were evaluated by the
professional MJC Editors to ensure they meet essential criteria for publication in the journal.
We have received over 30 papers from scientists working on a broad range of natural science.
The second issue of Mongolian Journal of Chemistry (38th issue for Annual scientific
reports) includes 28 papers. We thank you for your submission to our journal and look
forward to get another submission next year.
Editor-in-Chief;
Academician. Prof., Batsuren. D
Dr. Minjigmaa. A
Preface
Mongolian Journal of Chemistry provides a unique forum for the publication of
significant and original work across a variety of disciplines including chemistry, biology,
physics, chemical engineering and material science, which is likely to be of interest to the
multidisciplinary community that the journal addresses. Readership-MJC coverage is highly
relevant to a variety of industrial and academic sectors including: pharmaceuticals; analytical
science; coal and petrochemistry, bio- and nanotechnology; and materials science.
The Editors at Mongolian Journal of Chemistry are committed to publishing high
quality new work which makes a significant contribution to the both academic and industrial
sectors development. In order to meet this aim, submitted manuscripts were evaluated by the
professional MJC Editors to ensure they meet essential criteria for publication in the journal.
We have received over 30 papers from scientists working on a broad range of natural science.
The second issue of Mongolian Journal of Chemistry (38th issue for Annual scientific
reports) includes 28 papers. We thank you for your submission to our journal and look
forward to get another submission next year.
Organizing Committee:
Dr. A. Minjigmaa
Dr. S. Enkhtuul
Dr. M. Odonchimeg
Dr. G. Chunsriimyatav
1. Adsorption kinetics for the removal of copper(II) from aqueous solution by adsorbent
PSTM-3T Burmaa. G, Nasantogtokh. O, Narantsogt. N, Perlee-Oidov.A…………...…...1-6
2. Gas Sensing Performance of Multiple-shell Hollow Silver and Hematite Composite
Microspheres, Ariunaa.G., Burmaa.G., Xiaoyong lai, Dan wang,……………………....7-15
3. Characterisation of fly ashes from 4th Thermal Power Station of Ulaanbaatar
City and its applicability for a zeolite synthesis, Temuujin.J, Minjigmaa. A,
Davaabal.B, Ochirbat. Z.……………………………...……..……………….....………16-19
4. Improvement of Electrochemical Activity of Pt/MWCNT Catalyst for Proton
Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Munkhshur. M, Battsengel.B,
Bayardulam. J, Baasandorj.M……………………………….....……………….…...…..20-23
5. Hydrocracking of atmospheric distillable residue of Mongolian oil, Ts.Tugsuu,
Sugimoto Yoshikazu, Enkhsaruul. B, Monkhoobor .D...………………………….....…24-28
6. The Precious metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Rh) adsorption on the Silicon – organic
sorbents, Burmaa .G, Alen.S, Ganchimeg.Yu, Sukhbaatar.I...............……................…29-34
7. Study of rare earth elements in coal ash from Khartarvagatai coal deposit,
Gantumur. B., Pagmadulam.M.……..............……………………….……………….…35-37
8. Some properties of testicular hyaluronidases, Enkhmaa.Ts., Purev.D,
Bayarmaa.J,…………………………………………………………….………….…….38-41
9. Coumarins from Peucedanum hystrix growing in Mongolia, Ganbaatar J.,
Shults E. E., Otgonsuren D., Radnaeva L.D., Taraskin B., Badamkhand D.…...........…42-49
10. Physico -chemical quality of Bactrian camel milk, GANSAIKHAN O.,
BATSUKH.TS., ICHINHORLOO.Z,...……………………………………..………………...50-52
11. Study on arsenic removal process from water, Bayarmaa.B, Selenge.E,
Yang Min,..……………………………………………………………………………...53-55
12. Biochemical Study of Mumijo in Uvs province, Mongolia, Sukhdolgor.J,
Orkhonselenge .D,………...….………………………………………………….………56-59
13. Activated carbons from Mongolian coals by thermal treatment, Ariunaa .A,
Narangerel .J, Purevsuren .B, Erdenechimeg.R,………………………………….…..…60-64
14. Identification of Angiotensin I-converting enzyme Inhibitory Activities from
traditional Mongolian fermented milk products, Bayarsaikhan.D,
Kohji Yamaki, Enkhtaivan.G, Ichinkhorloo .………………………………..……..…..65- 68
15. Persistent organic pollutants (PCBs and OCP) in air and soil from Ulaanbaatar and
the Lake Hovsgol region, Mongolia, Mamontova E.A.,
Contents
Tarasova E.N., Ganchimeg D., Kuzmin M.I., Mamontov A.A., Khomutova M.Yu.,
Burmaa G., Odontuya G., Erdenebayasgalan.G.……….............…………...…..………69-77
16. Bioactive phenolic acids from Scorzonera radiata Fisch, Tsevegsuren.N, Proksch. P,
Wang .Y, Davaakhuu .G..…………………………...………………….………….…....78-84
17. New isoquinoline alkaloid from Carduus crispus L. Tunsag .J, Davaakhuu .G,
Batsuren .D,………..…………………………..……………………….…………..……85-87
18. Utilization of spent brewer’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production
of yeast enzymatic hydrolysate, Bayarjargal. M, Munkhbat. E, Ariunsaikhan. T,
Odonchimeg.M, Uurzaikh. T, Gan-Erdene. T, Regdel. D,………..…………………….88-91
19. Chemical and biological investigation of the Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff ex. Secr,
Munkhgerel. L, Erdenechimeg.N, Dumaa. M, Zhang. G, Odonmajig. P, Regdel.D,…...92-97
20. The mechanochemical activation study of Tsagaan-tsav zeolite, Zolzaya. Ts,
Davaabal. B, Ochirbat. Z, Oyun-Erdene. G, Minjigmaa. A, Temuujin. J,…….............98 -101
21. Investigation on the possibility of obtaining of motor fuels from bituminous
sand by heat treatment, Jadamba. D, Ulzii. B, Tuya. M,...……………….……...…102-106
22. Physics-chemical study of hydration process of three calcium aluminate phase
and Metakaolin, Erdenebat. Ts, Sanjaasuren. R, ……………………...……….…...107-112
23. Alkaloids from cultivated plant of Peganum harmala L, Javzan. S,
Selenge. D, Jamyansan. Y, Nadmid. J, Ouynbileg.Yu, ………..……………….…..113-116
24. Phytochemical study on Berberis sibirica Pall, Solongo. A, Istatkova. R,
Philipov. S, Javzan. S, Selenge. D…..…….…..……………………………………..117-122
25. Recent and future of cement and concrete industries- a root of our
development, Erdenebat. Ts, Otgonlham. J, Oyunzul. E, Sanjaasuren. R,……........123-125
26. Fatty acid, Tocopherol and Sterol Composition in Sea buckthorn (Hippophae
rhamnoides L.) of Mongolia, Otgonbayar.Ch, Matthaus. B, Odonmajig. P...……...126-130
27. The Quality and Safety of Imported Food: The Danger of Pesticides,
Dugar.B,………………………………………………………………………………131-135
28. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Study on Cation adsorption on
Viscose Rayon Succinate, Khasbaatar.D, Ung Su Choi…………….........………...136-141
Adsorption kinetics for the removal of copper(II) from
aqueous solution by adsorbent PSTM-3T
G.Burmaa1, O.Nasantogtokh
1, N.Narantsogt
2, A.Perlee-Oidov
1
1Institut of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, MAS, Ulaanbaatar-13330
2Mongolian State University of Education, School of Natural Sciences
Abstract: The batch removal of copper (II) from aqueous solution under different experimental
conditions using silicon-organic sorbent poly[N,N’-bis(3-silseskquioxanilpropyl)thiocarbamide]
(PSTM-3T) was investigated in this study. This sorbent was produced from the hydrolytic poly-
condensation reaction. The removal was favoured at pH = 5 for PSTM-3T. The effects of
concentration and temperature have been reported. PSTM-3T was found to efficiently remove
Cu(II) from solution. The batch sorption kinetics have been tested for a first-order reaction. The
rate constants of adsorption have been calculated. The thermodynamic parameters (∆G0, Kc)
obtained to indicate the endothermic nature of Cu(II) adsorption on PSTM-3T.
Keywords: Poly[N,N’-bis(3-silseskquioxanil)thiocarbamide], Langmuir, Freundlich isotherm, Thermodynamic
parameters
Introduction
dsorption processes for water
treatment have had a long and
productive history. Activated carbon
has been widely used in wastewater treatment
to remove organic and inorganic pollutants. It
was also found that activated carbon has a
great potential to remove heavy metals such
as cadmium, chromium, lead and copper
according to the reference [1].
Heavy metals are widely used in modern
industries, including textile, leather, tanning,
electroplating and metal finishing. They are
released to environment either in treated
wastewater to surface waters or as sludge
applied to landfill. Copper is known to be a
toxic metal. Because of its toxicity, it is
imperative to significantly reduce its
discharge levels [2].
The pre-concentration and separation of
elements by use of chelating silicon organic
[3-6] polymers have been reported. However,
most of chelating silicon organic polymers are
used for pre-concentration and determination
of noble metal ions, the synthesis of silicon
organic polymers usually takes a long time
and the synthetic process is complicated.
Previously, we studied the removal of
Cr(VI) from wastewater, using PSTM-3T and
activated carbon produced from sawdust
under selected conditions [7]. These were
preliminary studies. In this research, we
investigate the adsorption kinetics of PSTM-
3T under wide range of conditions.
Experimental
Materials characterization
Silicon-organic polymer
[-O1.5Si(CH2)3HNC(S)NH(CH2)3SiO1.5-]n –
poly[N,N’-bis(3-
silseskquioxanilpropyl)thiocarbamide] used in
this study was synthesized [3] in Russia.
A
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p 1-6
Gas Sensing Performance of Multiple-shell Hollow Silver and
Hematite Composite Microspheres
Garnaad Ariunaa1, Gunchin Burmaa
1, Xiaoyong Lai
2, Dan Wang
2,
1Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, MAS, Ulaanbaatar 13330, Mongolia,
2 Institute of Process Engineering, CAS, Beijing100190, China
Abstract: In this report, multiple-shell hollow silver and hematite composite microsphere has been
prepared by using carbonaceous saccharide microsphere as template. The products were
characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM),
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The
core size and shell thickness of hollow spheres obtained can be manipulated by changing the
concentration of metal salt. The unique multiple-shell hollow silver and hematite composite
microspheres may be potentially used as gas-sensor materials for detecting various toxic gases.
Keywords: Carbonaceous saccharide, Template, Ag/α-Fe2O3 , Sensitivity
Introduction
ollow spheres with nanometer to
micrometer dimensions, defined
composition, controlled interior
structure and tunable shell numbers have
attracted tremendous attention because of
their potential applications in catalysis, drug
storage and controlled release, nanoreactors,
photonic devices, sensor, and biotechnology,
and so on1-6
. Most of single shelled hollow
spheres have been synthesized by template
assisted synthesis or other methods2. Double
shelled hollow spheres could be obtained by
using sulfonated hollow sphere as template7,8
or the layer-by-layer templating technique.
Furthermore, considerable effort has been
devoted to fabricate hollow spheres with
higher-level interior structure (such as multi-
shell or multi-chamber), which are expected
to provide more advantages in drug release
with prolonged release time, in heterogeneous
catalysis, and in Li ion batteries etc8. Very
recently, they further extended this method to
prepare metal oxide hollow microspheres
with multiple shells and found that those
multi-shelled hollow microspheres possessed
very unique sensing properties, whose
response significantly increases with their
numbers of shells.
Herein, we have attempted to prepare
multiple shell hollow Ag/α-Fe2O3 composite
sphere by carbonaceous microspheres as
template and silver nitrate and iron nitrate
solutions as precursors. We investigated the
effect of various experimental parameters on
the morphologies and phase of the resultant
products, such as the concentration and pH
value of solution and the ratio of silver and
H
7
p 7-15
Characterisation of fly ashes from 4th Thermal Power Station of Ulaanbaatar
city and its applicability for a zeolite synthesis
J.Temuujin A.Minjigmaa, B.Davaabal, Z.Ochirbat
Laboratory of Materials Science and Technology,
Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences,
Ulaanbaatar 51, Mongolia
Abstract: Fly ash from 4th thermal power station of Ulaanbaatar city have been characterised by x-ray fluorescence (XRF), x-ray diffractometry (XRD), particle size analyzer, specific surface area
measurement (BET) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation. It was found that fly ash from Baganuur coal contains over 15 wt.% of calcium oxide (CaO) and could be assigned as class
C fly ash, according to the International classification. Specific surface area of this fly ash was 2.75 m2/g and mean particle diameter was 59.5 µm. Zeolitic compounds were synthesised by using mixture of this fly ash and a transition aluminium oxide under hydrothermal treatment at 100, 150
and 200oC temperatures for a different duration. Various zeolitic compounds including Na-faujasite and sodium aluminosilicate were synthesised as reaction products.
Keywords: fly ash, characterisation, hydrothermal treatment, zeolite synthesis
Introduction
oal fired thermal power stations are generating a huge amount of by-
products such as fly ash and bottom ash. It was estimated that annual disposal of coal firing by-products is around 600 million
tones worldwide with fly ash constituting about 500 million tones at 75-80% of the total
ash produced [1]. Since, the coal firing by-products are accumulating rapidly, it can be caused serious disposal problem. Most of the
fly ashes are kept in an ash pond and disposed at landfill which could be considered as treat
to land and water resources. Moreover, for the developed countries the disposal of the fly as will soon be too costly if not forbidden [2].
Coal firing by products have been used in construction related applications such as
cement and concrete manufacturing, road and railroad bases, pavement, for the capture of
industrial and water treatment wastes, sources
of valuable metals, ceramic applications, synthesis of several type of zeolite etc. [3].
In Mongolia coal fired thermal power stations are producing over 90% of electricity. Especially in Ulaanbaatar city all the required
electricity is producing by 3 thermal power stations and the largest one is 4th thermal
power station. The 4th thermal power station is using Baganuur and Shivee-ovoo coals for firing and annual disposed coal firing by
product is over 300.000 tones. However, in Mongolia utilisation rate of the coal firing by
product is negligible and seems to be caused by a little knowledge of mineralogical and physical-chemical properties of the fly ash.
The goal of the present research was characterisation of the Baganuur fly ash and
elucidation of its applicability for a zeolite production.
C
16
p 16-19
Improvement of Electrochemical Activity of Pt/MWCNT Catalyst for Proton
Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Munkhshur Myekhlai 1,2
, Battsengel Baatar1, Bayardulam Jamiyansuren
1 and
Baasandorj Myagmarsuren1
1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National University of Mongolia
2 Institute of Chemistry and Chemistry technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences
ABSTRACT: In last years, the carbon nanotubes have been studied as an advanced metal catalyst
support for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. This study focuses on the sonochemical treatment
of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a platinum supporting material for proton
exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) by mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid and mixture of
sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy were
used to characterize the surface of sonochemically treated MWCNT and nanostructured
electrocatalyst Pt/MWCNT. According to the experimental results of this work, the surface of
MWCNT can be more successfully functionalized with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups after
sonochemical treatment by mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The particle size of prepared Pt -
electrocatalyst on MWCNT was determined 3.4 nm by XRD.
Keywords: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Multi Walled Carbon Nano Tubes
Introduction
arbon nanotubes (CNT) have attracted
much attention due to their
extraordinary electrical, mechanical
and structural properties [1]. In recent years,
there has been increasing interest in carbon
nanotubes as heterogeneous catalyst support.
Studies have shown that metal nanoparticles
supported on carbon nanotubes may provide
much improved catalytic activity [2].
Recently, carbon nanotubes have been
proposed as promising support materials for
fuel cell catalyst due to their unique
characteristics, including high aspect ratio,
high electron conductivity, and enhanced
mass transport capability [3]. The catalytic
activity of the Pt based catalysts is strongly
dependent on the composition, structure,
morphology, particle size, alloying degree [4,
5] and catalyst supports [6, 7].
In many of these applications, CNTs have
to be surface functionalized [8]. Among
various surface functionalization techniques,
oxidation is probably the most widely studied.
Oxidation of CNTs has been used to remove
amorphous carbon for purification purposes
[9] and to open CNT ends for metal
nanoparticle insertion [10]. Early treatment
techniques have involved gas-phase oxidation
in air and oxidative plasmas but these
techniques have led to an over-oxidation of
CNTs, often severely damaging the CNTs and
removing the amorphous carbon in addition.
Liquid-phase oxidation involves acidic
etching with nitric and/or sulfuric acids.
Compared to gas-phase oxidation, this
C
20
p 20-23
Hydrocracking of atmospheric distillable residue of Mongolian oil
Ts.Tugsuu
1, Sugimoto Yoshikazu
2, B.Enkhsaruul
1, D.Monkhoobor
1
1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, NUM, PO Box-46/574, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia 2 Energy Technology Research Institute, AIST, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
Abstract: Many catalytic processes to refine heavy part of crude oil have attracted much interest
due to declining reserves of light crude oils. This study focused on hydrocracking process of
atmospheric distillable residue of Mongolian crude oil in the first time compared to those of other
countries. Residue samples were hydrocracked with a commercial catalyst at 4500C, 460
0C, 470
0C
for 2 h under hydrogen pressure of 10 MPa. The amount of residual fraction (350oC<BP) decreased
to 9.4wt% by the hydrocracking of atmospheric distillable residue from Tamsagbulag crude oil.
When the ME-AR was hydrocracked, the high consumption of hydrogen was related to the lowest
H/C atomic ratio of feed atmospheric residue. The amount of liquid fractions (BP<350oC) including
gaseous products increased from 45.4wt% to 89.2wt%, when the reaction temperature increased
from 4500C to 470
0C. The highest yield of the middle fraction for each sample was observed at
temperature of 460oC. On the other hand, the effect of temperature on the yield of middle fraction
was not so high as compared with the yields of other fractions. The contents of n-paraffins on
midlle and heavy fractions of TB-AR, DQ-AR were similar, but ME-AR’s was around 2 times
lower than other after hydrocracking runs.
Keywords: Hydrocracking, atmospheric residue, Tamsagbulag crude oil, commercial catalyst,
middle fraction
Introduction
n recent years, considerable attention has
been paid to the research on refining
process of heavy part of Mongolian crude
oils. Mongolian crude oils have small
amounts of sulfur [1] and heavy metals [2],
which make some troubles to the refining
processes of crude oil. Therefore, it is
considered that there is a possibility to refine
Mongolian crude oil by cheap and efficient
technology. On the other hand, Mongolian
crude oils contain a large amount of
atmospheric residual (52.9 - 69.8 wt%),
which should be converted into light and
middle oils in order to produce motor fuels
and chemicals [3,4].
The current study has focused on the
catalytic hydrocracking process in the
atmospheric distillable residue of Mongolian
crude oil comparing with those of Chinese
and Arabian crude oils at different
temperatures under hydrogen pressure of 10
MPa using a commercial cracking catalyst.
Our experiments have been carried out at the
Hydrocracking Catalyst Laboratory of
Advanced Fuel Group, Energy Technology
Research Institute (ETRI), National Institute
I
24
p 24-28
The Precious metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Rh) adsorption
on the Silicon – organic sorbents
G. Burmaa1, S. Alen
1, Yu. Ganchimeg
2, I. Sukhbaatar
2
1Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, MAS
2Mongolian University of Science and Technology, School of Materials Technology
Abstract: Sorption activity of two types of Silicon-organic sorbents for the previous metals has
been studied. A polymer – poly (3- silsesquioxanilpropylthiocarbamate) - 3- silsesquioxanilpropyl-
ammonium which was obtained by the hydrolytic poly-condensation reaction and has been
determined its physical, chemical characteristics and its sorption activity for the Ag(I), Au(III),
Pt(IV), Pd(II), Rh(III). It has been found out that the sorbent shows high static sorption of Gold
(III), Mercury (II) at acidic condition. The second a net structured silicon-organic copolymer
{SiO2*2[O1.5Si(CH2)3NHC5H4N}n was synthesized by hydrolytic co-poly-condensation reaction. It
likely to react as an anionit that adsorbs chloro-complex anion of the Au (III), Pt(IV), Pd(II),
Rh(III).
Keyword: dithiocarbamate, 2-aminopyridine, sorption capacity, ion-coordination.
Introduction
nitial systemic research about the
complexity and silicon-organic ionite
which contain complex forming or ion
exchange groups started since 1977, when
discovered the poly-
mercaptomethylsilsesquioxane’s xerogel
[1,2]. It was taken from hydrolytic poly-
condensation of the
mercaptomethyltrialcosisilan HSCH2Si(RO)3
(R =CH3, C2H5). Poly-mercapto-
methylsilsesquioxane’s xerogel is an
adsorbent that has ability to adsorb Mercury
(II) from the extremely diluted solution (0.01-
2mg/l Hg) in the high diapason of the pH,
fully [3]. This adsorbent showed high
selective adsorption of Mercury(II) from
solution which contains over concentrated
ions of the Zn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) at pH
0.3-3. Now days this adsorbent is using for
removal of Mercury from waste water of
chlorine industry [3]. Also this sorbent has
shown high activity (1.1mg-equa/g) in case of
Ag(I) [4]. Then, adsorbed silver was fully
desorbed by 0.25M ammonium hydroxide.
When solution pH > 3, this sorbent has full
sorption capacity for Pb(II) and Sn(II) and
developed a spectrometer speedy method that
used to determine these elements in spa water
[4].
Therefore, silicon-organic sorbent
(PTCA-3A) with dithiocarbamate group has
been synthesized [5-7]. We are performing
research evaluating of adsorption capacity of
Hg(II), Au(III), Ag(I), Pt(IV), Rh(III) from
aqueous solution .
Organic derivatives of the
dithiocarbamate have been used widely in
practice. Most of them have an unique
biological activity and therefore, it is become
raw material of the pharmacy [8]. There is a
special trend of the practical usage of organic
compounds with dithiocarbamate group for
determination of heavy metals in the
I
29
p 29-34
Study of rare earth elements in coal ash from Khartarvagatai coal deposit
B.Gantumur1, M.Pagmadulam
1
1Hovd university, school of Natural Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry
Abstract: Have been investigated the mineral matter and chemical composition of ash from the
Khartarvagatai coal deposite by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and atomic absorption spectroscopy
(AAS) methods. In the ash of this coal have revealed trace elements like Се, Th, Be, La, Nd, Y, As.
These elements come from mineral gasparite that present in raw coal. All diffraction patterns were
analyzed by full-profile Rietveld refinements, using the software package WinPLOTR
Keywords: Khartarvagatai deposit, coal ash, rare earth elements, gasparite,
Introduction
oal serves as source of energy
resources and as source of organic
compounds of 21th century.
Nowadays more than 90 percent of
Mongolian power electricity and heat energy
are produced by using of coal resources and
coal is the main and reliable source of energy
throughout in all aimags and soums of
Mongolia.
Mongolia has a huge amount of coal
resources and coal is cheaper in comparison
with petroleum and natural gas. Demand of
coal is increasing year by year. Unfortunately
coal also may serve as source of pollutant of
nature.
At the same time coal ash is reliable
source of rare earth and dispersal elements.
Recently coal deposits are beginning to
evaluated by their contents of rare earth and
dispersal elements because of their needs in
modern industrial branches.
Therefore investigation of coal
mineral matter, chemical composition and
trace elements in ash is important task.
Moreover, beneficiation of coal might give
possibility to use coal completely without risk
for nature damage.
Experimental
Coal samples from deposit
Khartarvagatai located in western Mongolia
were used in the study. Khartarvagatai coal
deposit is located in Mongol Altai mountains
region. According to coal area this deposit
belongs to Kharhiraa coal basin.
The coal samples were ground and
sieved to particle sizes 0.074 mm and
subjected to
combustion in a muffle furnace at 600oC
temperature to obtain ash samples. The
contents of trace elements were
determined by PANalytical AXIOS
Advanced sequential X-ray spectrometer
installed in Central geological laboratory of
Mongolia. The glass disks are used for
trace element determination are prepared
by using mixtures of lithium tetraborate and
lithium metaborate, Spectromelt A12, Merck.
For the dilution 4200 mg of this flux and 700
mg of the sample are weighed in platinum-
gold crucibles and fused for 15 min at
1100oC. The melt is poured into pre-heated,
polished 32 mm-diameter moulds. For trace
element determinations the standard
deviations of consecutive analyses are in the
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35
p 35-37
Some properties of testicular hyaluronidases
Enkhmaa Ts., Purev D., Bayarmaa J1
1NUM, School of Biology and Biotechnology
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: The properties (pHopt, Topt, Km, temperature, acid and base stability of the enzyme
activity) of hyaluronidase prepared from testes of bovine, horse, pig and antelope were determined.
Keywords: hyaluronidases, hyaluronic acid, glycosaminoglycan
Introduction
he hyaluronidases (EC 3.2.1.35) have
been detected in many mammalian
tissues and organs. Some bacteria such
as Streptococcus pyogenes and Clostridium
perfringens produce hyaluronidase (Ohya T.,
1970). Hyaluronidase resists spreading of
venoms and virulence of bacteria and may
play a role in cancer metastasis and
angiogenesis (Beckenlehner K., 1992).
Therefore it is used in medicine (Schomberg
D., 1991). There are many beneficial effects
of hyaluronidase in the biological function.
Mammalian oocytes are surrounded by
several layers of cells embedded in
extracellular matrix which contains protein
and hyaluronic acid. That is why
hyaluronidase degrades these layers. This
process helps to spermatozoon fertelizing egg
(Dandekar P., 1992). The substrate of
hyaluronidase is hyaluronic acid (HA). It is a
glycosaminoglycan with high molecular
weight linear polymer built of large numbers
of repeating units consisting of [-D-
glucuronic acid-β1,3-N-acetyl-D-
glucosamine- β1,4-]n (Laurent T.C., 1992).
Experimental
Materials and chemicals: The testes of
bovine, pig and horse were purchased from
“МАХ IMPEX” company and testes of
antelope were taken from Bayandun sum of
Dornod aimag.
Determination of enzyme activity: The
enzyme activity was determined by classic
turbidimetric assay (Yang C., 1975). This
method is based on the estimation due to an
interaction between albumin and HA. Mixture
of 0.5 ml of hyaluronate solution (0.04-0.32
mg/ml of HA (Wortington) in 0.2-1.0 ml of
0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer with pH 5.3
which contains 0.15 M NaCl) and 0.5 ml of
testicular extract was incubated at 37°C for 25
minutes. Then 9 ml of albumin was added to
the solution and was being stayed for 10
minutes at room temperature.
The color development was measured at 540
nm against control solution by the
spectrophotometer. The results were
compared with the standard curve.
Plotting the standard curve: The solution of
HA was heated for 5 minutes in a boiling
water bath and 9 ml of albumin was added to
test tubes and was measured at 540 nm
against control solution.
T
38
p 38-41
Coumarins from Peucedanum hystrix growing in Mongolia
Ganbaatar J.1, Shults E. E.
2, Otgonsuren D.
1,
1Radnaeva L.D.
3, Taraskin B
3.,
Badamkhand D.1
1Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, MAS;
2Novosibirsk
Institute of Organic Chemistry, SB RAS
3Baikal Institute of Natural Management SB RAS
Abstract: It is proved to be that of genus Peucedanum hystrix serve as a source of biologically
valuable natural coumarins. Nine angular furocoumarins belonging to class of 2'-substituted and
2',3'-disubstituted 2',3'-dihydrofurocoumarins have been isolated and structurally isolated. For
peucenidin data of X-ray analysis is obtained.
Keywords: Peucedanum hystrix, coumarins, oroselol, columbianetin, X-ray analysis.
Introduction
lants of Umbelliferae family are known
to be a good source of naturally
occurring coumarins for producing of
potential medicinal preparations [1].
Coumarins are considered as phytoalexins
since plants produce them as defence
substances when wounded or attacked by
other organisms. Coumarins can be suggested
to be beneficial for the plants themselves as
natural biocontrolling antipathogenic
compounds and for humans as remedy for
hyperproliferative skin deseases and as
reference compounds in various bioactive
tests. Furthermore, coumarin containing
plants are valuable as dietary supplements on
the basis of their mild antimicrobial and anti-
inflammatory effects. Coumarins are also
active in plant metabolism, taking part in
growth regulation.
Plants of genus Peucedanum sp.
attract attention of scientists as source of
coumarins. Peucedanum hystrix Bge. widely
spread in Southern Siberia and Mongolia [2].
To our knowledge a systematic
phytochemical investigation of this plant has
not been properly carried out. Previously
oroselon (1), оroselol (2) and 2'-(S)-O-
senecioyl)-2',3'-dihydrooroselol (libanorin)
(3) have been isolated from the Peucedanum
hystrix Bge. [3].
Experimental
NMR spectra of compounds were
obtained in CDCl3 or CD3OD obtained on
spectrometers Bruker AV-300 [working
frequency 300.13 (1Н) and 75.47 МHz (
13С)]
and AV-600 [600.30 (1Н) и 150.96 МHz
(13
С)]. Different types of proton-proton and
carbon-proton shifting correlation
spectroscopy (СOSY, COXH, COLOC,
NOESY) were used for assignment of signals
in NMR spectra. Multiplesity of signals in 13
С
NMR spectra determined in regime J
моdulation. High resolution mass-
spectrometer DFS Thermo Scientific (energy
P
42
p 42-49
Physico -chemical quality of Bactrian camel milk
O.GANSAIKHAN1, TS.BATSUKH, Z.ICHINHORLOO
2
1School of Food Engineering Biotechnology, Mongolian University of
Science Technology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 2School of Biomedicine, Chemistry and Biochemistry department, Health Science
University of Mongolia Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Abstract: Present study was carried out to investigate the quality of camel milk. A wide variation
was observed in the quality of raw camel milk. Specific gravity ranged between 1.014 and 1.017
(1.015±0.001), pH 6.53 and 6.77. Total solids, fat, protein, casein, lactose, ash and minerals
contents ranged between 14.23 and 12.13, 5.56 and 8.29, 1.8 and 5.0, 1.8 and 3.2, 0.78 and 2.76, 2.9
and 4.12, 0.85 to 1.00 0.20 and 0.28 g per 100 g, respectively.
Keywords; camel milk, Bactrian, chemical quality
Introduction
he Mongols have been closely linked
with the camel herd and they provided
their food, clothes, housing, labor
utensils, transport and fuel needs with what
camel yielded. 9.6% of the entire camel herds
in the world are Bactrian camels. Over 30%
of this kind well the Gobi aria which holds
42% of the entine Mongolia.
The lactation period of camel is 17
months. Depending on the natural,
environmental and feeding conditions a camel
can produce 0.5 liter of milk a day on the
average and it’s possible to use 500-550 liter
of milk a year. If milk about 80% of the entire
she-camel herd of Mongolia and obtain 0.5
liter from a camel it is possible to use a
million liters of milk a year.
The Mongols have a specific
technology of processing camel milk, that had
come down generation to generation. As we
know by now they make over 50 types of
dairy products through the traditional method.
The camel milk and dairy products not only
meet the Gobi dwellers’ needs in food and
drinks. They also widely used for folk
medicine. 2
According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture
Organization) certain antibodies in camel's
milk can help fight diseases like cancer,
HIV/Aids, Alzheimer's and hepatitis C. 4
Composition of camel milk depends on its
feed and species: Bactrian milk has a higher
fat content than Dromedary milk. Well-
documented properties of camel's milk
include: ten times more iron than cow's milk,
three to five times more vitamin C than cow's
milk, rich in B vitamins, high in
imunoglobins, high in protein, minerals, low
in fat - 1.8-2% fat compared to 3.5-4% in
cow's milk, low in cholesterol, anti-bacterial,
anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, six types of
fatty acid including lanolin acid.
Experimental
Milk samples from camels at various
stages of lactation were collected at random
from camel-rearing areas around Umnugovi
and Dundgovi aimag. Milk samples (500 ml
each) were collected in clean and sterilized
sample bottles and brought to the laboratory
T
50
p 50-52
Study on arsenic removal process from water
B.Bayarmaa1, E.Selenge
1, Yang Min
2
1Health Science University of Mongolia.
2Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, CAS.
Abstract: In this study a novel adsorbent, iron oxide, is used for As (V) or As (III) removal. Some
ferric oxides have been reported to be effective for arsenic removal. Ferric oxides powder is a good
adsorbent material since it’s has magnetic properties and a good adsorption capacity. The main
purpose of this study has been focused on to study the relationship between adsorption capacity
(ability, performance) and the surface characteristics of the ferric oxide. Prepared sample’s capacity
was evaluated. The value was 26.1-67.4 mg/g for As (V) and 20.5-47.8 mg/g for As (III). pH
dependence was evaluated and when pH increasing, adsorption capacity was decreased. The kinetic
was evaluated and about 12 hours reached equilibrium and a capacity of 49 mg/g for As (V) and 42
mg/g for As(III) was gained. The kinetic constants for arsenic adsorption on the ferrihydrite
adsorbent’s were fitted.
Keywords. Ferrihydrite, adsorption, arsenic removal
Introduction
errihydrite is an iron oxy-hydroxide
known to play an important role in the
natural environment and fresher it is,
higher the adsorption capacity it has. Its large
surface area, strong adsorptive properties, and
low cost make it an attractive material for
removal of both cationic and anionic
impurities from wastewater and drinking
water. The use of ferrihydrite to remove
arsenic from hydrometallurgical process
solutions and wastewaters has received a
great deal of attention over a number of years.
Ferrihydrite readily adsorbs arsenic (V) in the
form of arsenate anion (AsO43-
), but probably
the most effective method of removal of
arsenic from aqueous solutions is through
coprecipitation of arsenic with ferrihydrite.(1)
The main arsenic removal techniques from
drinking water are: oxidation, precipitation/co
precipitation, coagulation, sorption, ion-
exchange and reverse osmosis. Although
these methods have been widely employed,
they have several drawbacks: high operating
and waste treatment costs, high consumption
of reagents and large volume of sludge
formation. In contrast, adsorption methods are
considered to be very important because of
their treatment stability, easy operation and
compact facility. When the loaded adsorbent
can be regenerated properly, the process can
be sludge free. Conventional adsorbents used
in arsenic removal are activated carbons and
alumina, soils and resins which can be coated
with different materials like iron or alumina.
(The major disadvantages of these techniques
are difficult separation (centrifugation or
filtering), waste formation (both liquid and
sludge) and in many cases poor adsorption
capacity.) So in this study I use ferric oxides.
F
53
p 53-55
Biochemical Study of Mumijo in Uvs province, Mongolia
J. Sukhdolgor
1, D. Orkhonselenge
2
1 Department of Biochemistry and Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of
Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia 2 Biotechnology production, Research and Training Center, Public Health Institute,
Ulaanbaatar 458645, Mongolia
Abstract: The authors cleared mumijo by extractive and distil methods, defined pure output of
natural mumijo and compared difference between these two methods. We defined the amount of dry
and extractive substances, raw oil, antioxidant-rutin, vitamin C, fulvic acid, common nitrogen and
total protein, content of protein amino acids, and mineral elements in natural mumijo. We exposed
13 protein amino acids in sample of natural mumijo. The content of total irreplaceable amino acids
(5) were 26.2%. The authors defined macro and microelements (42) in ash of natural mumijo. In
sample of mumijo exposed 10 elements are oxide form, W, Y, Cs, La-rare metal of the earth, and
actinoids- Nd, Th, U; lantanoids-Pr, Sm. The same exposed non-ferrous metal-Cu, Mo; light metal-
Al, mixed metal-Pb, Zn. However, the valuable metals-Au, Ag and white gold are not exposed.
Keywords: Mumijo, protein amino acids, fulvic acid, mineral elements
Introduction
umijo, also known as momia and
shilajit is a thick, sticky tar-like
substance with a colour ranging
from white to dark brown, which sometimes
found in Caucasus, Altai mountains and Tibet
mountain chains. Mumijo is a word of Greece
origin. The substance is mentioned in the
works of Aristotle and Avicenna as a remedy
with antiseptic and general stimulant
properties used people in Caucasus. Most
scientists agree that people observed wounded
animals frequenting caves with mumijo and
discovered the substance, similar substances
are used for medicinal purposes throughout
Tibet (Berun, 10th century; Jambaldorj, 1978).
Some scientific research on mumijo has
been done in the former USSR, including full-
scale clinical trials. Most information on
mumijo is known from Russian literature
sources.
Mumijo is still unclear whether it has
geological or biological origin as it has
numerous traces of vitamins and amino acids.
Mumijo is not toxic, at least in reasonable
quantities. A mumijo-like substance from
Antarctica was found to contain glycerol
derivatives and was also believed to have
medicinal properties. Mumijo has a wide
spectrum of pharmacological activity. A
unique plant extract in combination with
dozens of minerals: six amino acids, vitamins,
A, B, C and P, natural steroids, terpenoids,
phospholipids and polyphenol complexes.
Mumijo contains trace and micro-elements
(cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, manganese,
chromium, iron, sodium, potassium,
magnesium, and others) (Shakirov, 1963).
Mongolian researchers were studied
about Mumijo at an ancient time.
Agvaandondov (1991) translated it as “Khar
magic”, “Brown method” and “Historical
M
56
p 56-59
Activated carbons from Mongolian coals by thermal treatment
A. Ariunaa1, J. Narangerel
2, B. Purevsuren
1, R. Erdenechimeg
1
1Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, MAS, Ulaanbaatar 51, Mongolia
2Central Laboratory for Coal Research, Mineral Resources Authority of Mongolia,
POB297, Ulaanbaatar 210628, Mongolia.
Abstract: Mongolian different rank coals were used as raw material to prepare activated
carbons by physical activation method. The coal derived carbons were oxidized with nitric
acid in order to introduce surface oxygen groups. The ultimate elemental analysis, scanning
electron microscopy, surface area, pore size distribution analysis and selective neutralization
method were used to characterize the surface properties of activated carbons, oxidized
carbons and raw coals. The effect of coal grade on the adsorption properties of the carbons
were studied. It was concluded that Naryn sukhait bituminous coal could be serve as suitable
raw material for production of activated carbons for removal of heavy metal ions from
solution.
Keywords: lignite, subbituminous and bituminous coals, activated carbon, oxidized carbon
Introduction
ongolia is a country with rich
coal resources. Coal has been
believed to be the major energy
source among fossil fuels in the coming
century because of its easy availability.
Total geological resources of coal are 163
billion tones and a proven coal reserve is
9.3 billion tones [1]. In 2010 Mongolian
coal production has been increased to 23
million tones, from which 17 million tones
were exported to China. Coal is composed
mostly of lignite, subbituminous and
bituminous coals.
The presence of contaminant heavy metal
ions like cadmium, mercury and lead in the
industrial area of Ulaanbaatar city is a
growing problem due to their high
toxicities. Direct use of activated carbon
[2] or some of their modified forms such as
oxidized carbons [3] for the removal of the
toxic metal ionic pollutants present in
waste water is of considerable importance.
To resolve the problems of
environmental pollutions we need to
investigate the possibility of obtaining
activated carbons with certain adsorbing
and filtering ability from different kind of
coals, which are the cheapest raw materials
in Mongolia. In principle, the processes for
the preparation of active carbons can be
divided into two categories - physical and
chemical methods. The physical method
consists of carbonization of the precursor
followed by gasification of the resulting
char by steam or by using of carbon
dioxide [4].
The objective of the present work was to
study the features on thermal
decomposition of Mongolian Shivee-Ovoo
lignite, Sharyn gol, Alagtogoo
subbituminous coals, and Naryn sukhait
bituminous coal, to establish the possibility
to obtain adsorbent materials physical
methods from these coals.
M
60
p 60-64
Identification of Angiotensin I-converting enzyme Inhibitory Activities
from traditional Mongolian fermented milk products
D.Bayarsaikhan1, Kohji YAMAKI
2, G.Enkhtaivan
3, Z.Ichinkhorloo
4
1Shastin Central Hospital, Clinical Nutrition Departmentl, Mongolia
2National Food Research Institute, Nutritional Function Laboratory, Japan, 3Mongolian University of Science and Technology,
School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, 4Health Sciences University. School of Biomedicine
Abstract: Several angiotensen-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptites have been detected in
milk products. There are many traditional milk products in Mongolia. For this study, some
Mongolian milk products were collected, and the ACE inhibitory activities of these samples were
tested; an active fraction was found in aaruul made from mare’s milk. After purification by dialysis
and HPLC, the active fractions were isolated. The molecular weight of the active component was
362.05 M, as determined by mass spectrometry. An authentic standard was used to determine the
IC50 value of the inhibitory activity. From 5’-GMP is not much higher than that of the active peptide
in sour milk and some flavonoids. However, this is the first report that shows that 5’ –GMP inhibits
ACE activity. These results will provide useful information for the development of hypertension
therapy agents.
Keywords: traditional Mongolian milk product, angiotensin-converting enzyme,
5’-guanosine monophosphate
Introduction
ngiotensin I-converting enzyme
(ACE) is one of the vasopressor
principle. ACE convert angiotensin I
to angiotensin II, that has a vasopressor
action, in the rennin-angiotensin system and
also inactivates bradykinin that is in an
antihypertensive peptide. Recently,
modification of the conventional ACE
inhibition assay procedure has been requested
because of the use of harmful organic solvent
such as ethyl acetate for the extraction of
hippuric acid cleaved from Hippuryl-His-Leu
by ACE and its complicated procedure.
Fermented milk products, in addition to
providing both energy and nutrients, are an
excellent source of bioactive peptides.
Numerous peptides with bioactive properties
have been isolated from fermented dairy
products. These include antibacterial,
anticancer, immunomodulatory, mineral-
binding, opioid and antihypertensive peptides.
The dairy product making tradition, which
has a 15,000 years of history in the region
was a known skill for its ancient dwellers.
Milk is sacred in Mongolia where milk and
milk products are staple foods and produced
in greatabundance from over 30 million head.
Though more than 100 regional varieties are
produced, traditional products are broadly
classified as fat or protein -based or
fermented. The Protein-based products aaruul
(dried curd) is made that thick aarts is put on
the wooden panel and pressed by a weight
and cut it by threads, knife, and scraper or
crumpled up and dried up finally. It is a
A
65
p 65-68
Persistent organic pollutants (PCBs and OCP) in air and soil from Ulaanbaatar
and the Lake Hovsgol region, Mongolia
Mamontova E.A.1, Tarasova E.N.
1, Ganchimeg D.
2, Kuzmin M.I.
1, Mamontov A.A.
1,
Khomutova M.Yu.1, Burmaa G.
2, Odontuya G.
2, Erdenebayasgalan G.
3
1 A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
2 Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences
3 Ministry of nature, environment and tourism, Mongolia
Abstract: The investigations of POPs in soil and air in three urban and rural sites of the Mongolia
are presented. The POPs distribution in air repeats the POPs distribution in soil on the area
investigated. The POPs levels in soil and air are lower than maximum permissible concentrations
(MPC) and preliminary permissible concentrations (PPC) of PCBs and OCP accepted in Russia.
POPs levels in Mongolian soil obtained in the investigation are comparable with those from
background areas of the world. POPs levels in Mongolian air are in the frame of concentrations
found in the world. The PCB homological pattern in soil near electric power station in Ulaanbaatar
is close to homological pattern in PCB technical mixture (Sovol or Arochlor 1254). The
homological patterns in soil from other sites changed due to the redistribution of PCB congeners in
the environment. The ratio of DDT and its metabolites indicates fresh entrance of DDT in the
environment of Mongolia due to the atmospheric transboundary transport from countries using
DDT (China, India) or from local agricultural sources. Hazard indexes in result from human
exposure with POPs in soil and air are lower by 2-4 orders than 1 that denotes the possible default
of disturbances in target organ and system. CR under the same scenario corresponds to the first
diapason that is taken by population as negligible risk, not differ from usual everyday risks. Such
risks don’t require additional measures for the reducing of risks and their levels are a subject of
periodical control. The necessity of additional investigation of POPs distribution and the fate in
Mongolian environment is indicated.
Introduction
ersistent organic pollutants (POPs) is
the group of dangerous compounds
with common properties. They are
persistent in environment; bioaccumulative
along food chain; toxic for human and other
alive organisms (AMAP, 1998; Sunden,
1998). POPs bring remote effects including
cancer, disturbance of development,
dysfunction of reproductive, endocrine and
immune systems and other health problems.
POPs are able to long range transport. POPs
can be found in remote areas, far from
primary sources of formation and application
(AMAP, 1998). The measures protecting
human health and the environment form
negative effects of the compounds are taken
on the national, regional and international
levels. The measures provide elimination
and/or reduce the emission, release of POPs
into environment and, if it is necessary, the
cessation of production and application.
Stockholm Convention on the persistent
organic pollutants was adopted on the
Conference of the Parties and opened for the
signing 22 May 2001. More then 150
P
69
p 69-77
Bioactive phenolic acids from Scorzonera radiata Fisch.
N.Tsevegsuren1, P.Proksch
2, Y.Wang
3, G.Davaakhuu
1
1National University of Mongolia, 2Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, 3Peking University
ABSTRACT: Chromatographic separation of the crude extract obtained from the aerial parts of the Mongolian
medicinal plant Scorzonera radiata yielded five new dihydrostilbenes [4], two new flavonoids, one new quinic acid
derivative, as well as twenty known compounds including eight quinic acid derivatives, four flavonoids, two coumarins,
five simple benzoic acids, and one monoterpene glycoside. We present here results on isolation and structural identification some active phenolic compounds from the Scorzonera radiata - eight quinic acid derivatives (quinic acid,
4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoyl-epi-quinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoyl-epi-quinic acid,
chlorogenic acid, 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid (trans), 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid (cis)). Quinic acid derivatives exhibited
antioxidative activity.
Keywords. Quinic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid, dicaffeoyl-epi-quinic acid, chlorogenic acid,
coumaroylquinic acid,
Introduction
corzonera is a genus of the family
Asteraceae that includes more than 150
species, which are distributed in the
temperate zones of Eurasia. Eleven species of
Scorzonera are found on the Mongolian
plateau, two of which are endemic [2,5].
Scorzonera radiata Fisch. is a typical
mesophyte and a perennial herbaceous rosette
plant. All parts of the plant are used in
Mongolian folk medicine for the treatment of
poisonous ulcers, for fever caused by
bacterial and viral infections, and for its
diuretic and galactagogue properties [4].
No phytochemical studies have been reported
for S. radiata, although other species of this
genus have been studied extensively, resulting
in the isolation of many active compounds
including sesquiterpenes, lignans,
neolignans, phenolic acids, triterpene
derivatives, stilbene derivatives,
dihydroisocoumarins, and flavonoids.
Previously we have investigated S.divaricata
and S.peseudodivaricata from Mongolian
flora which were used in the Traditional
Mongolian Medicine for cancer treatment and
other diseases [9]. Aerial parts of Mongolian
medicinal plant S.radiata from Mongolia
were studied by us for first time.
The subject of this study was the isolation and
structural elucidation of the secondary
metabolites from medicinal plant S.radiata,
followed by evaluation of their
pharmocological potential. We have used
various modern chromatographic techniques
for separation and purification of natural
products from the crude extract. The
structures were unambiguously elucidated on
the basis of one- and two-dimensional NMR
and mass spectrometric data.
Experimental
Isolation of secondary metabolites from
Scorzonera radiata
The air-dried, powdered plant material of
S.radiata was extracted exhaustively by
maceration with MeOH (3x400 ml) at room
temperature. The total extract was
concentrated to dryness under vacuum. The
concentrated solids were reconstituted with
100 ml of MeOH/H2O (3:7) and then
partitioned successively with hexane (5x100
S
78
p 78-84
New isoquinoline alkaloid from Carduus crispus L.
J.Tunsag1,
G. Davaakhuu2, D.Batsuren
1
1Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences
2School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, National University of Mongolia, [email protected]
Abstract: A new isoquinoline alkaloid, along with other known 4 bioactive compounds (1 isoquinoline
alkaloid, 2 flavonoids, 1 coumarin), were isolated from the ethanol extract of aerial parts of Carduus crispus
L. Crispine А N-oxide was newly isolated compound, two of them (quercetin and rutin) were compounds
isolated for the first time from indicated plant. The structures of these compounds were elucidated and
confirmed with spectroscopic methods e.g. 1H-NMR,
13C-NMR, EI-MS, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and by
comparison with literature data.
Keywords: ethanol extract, chromatography, chloroform, crispine A N-oxide
Introduction
he genus Carduus (Compositae)
comprises 95 species all over the
world [1]. Two species (C.crispus L.
& C.nutans L.) are widely distributed in
Mongolia [2]. Investigations of chemical
constitutes showed that flavonoids, alkaloids
and coumarins are the main components of
this genus [1,3,4,5]. C.crispus is used in
Mongolian traditional medicine for treatment
of gland’s cancer and as anaelgestics [6]. It
has been shown that this plant has antioxidant
and cell wall strengthening activity. It has
been established the cytotoxic activity of the
alcoholic extract of C.crispus. [3].
Isoquinoline alkaloids (crispine A-E,
carcrisine A, B) and flavone glycoside were
isolated from this plant collected in Inner
Mongolia have been reported [1,3,5].
Herewith, we report about the isolation and
structural elucidation of a new isoquinoline
alkaloid; crispine A N-oxide. The 1H and
13C
NMR spectral data of this compound are
given for the first time.
Experimental
Apparatus
Melting point was determined on a Stuart
SMP 10 apparatus. FABMS were measured
on Bruker APEX II spectrometer. 1H NMR
and 13
C NMR (400 MHz) spectra (all in
CDCl3) were recorded with a Bruker AM
400, using TMS as internal standard. Silica
gel 60 (Merck 0.063-0.200 mesh) was used
for column chromatography. Al2O3 plates
were used for TLC. Plates were visualized by
spraying with Dragendorff’s reagent.
Plant material
Aerial parts of C. crispus of its full flowering
stage were collected in July 2003-2004, from
Handgait place, near Ulaanbaatar city,
Mongolia. A species was identified by Prof.
Ch.Sanchir, Institute of Botany, Mongolian
Academy of Sciences. Aerial parts of the
T
85
p 85-87
Utilization of spent brewer’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the
production of yeast enzymatic hydrolysate
M.Bayarjargal1, E.Munkhbat
1, T.Ariunsaikhan
1, M.Odonchimeg
1,
T.Uurzaikh2, T.Gan-Erdene
1, D.Regdel
3
1 Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences
2 Mongolian National University 3 Mongolian Academy of Sciences
Abstract: Spent brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a rich source of protein, vitamins
and widely used as a raw material for production of food supplements. The autolysis and enzymatic
treatment of spent brewer’s yeast using Pancreatin (2.5%) and Flavourzyme (2.5%) were performed
at 45 o
C and 50 oC, respectively. The autolysis and hydrolysis processes were evaluated by
determining a soluble solids, soluble protein concentration and α-amino nitrogen content in a
reaction mixture. The yield of pancreatic digest and α-amino nitrogen content was high in
comparison with autolysis and Flavourzyme treatment. The total solids recovery in dry Yeast
hydrolysate was about 50%, a protein and α-amino nitrogen content was 55.9 and 4.8%,
respectively. These results show the possibility of utilizing the spent brewer’s yeast as hydrolysate
using hydrolytic enzymes and use it as a food supplement after biological experiments.
Keywords: spent brewer’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enzymatic hydrolysis, Pancreatin,
Flavourzyme
Introduction
accharomyces cerevisiae yeast species
are most extensively used in brewery
industry and leaven bread dough [1, 2].
They are also a source for the production of
Yeast extracts comprising the water soluble
components of the yeast cell, the composition
of which is primarily amino acids, peptides,
carbohydrates and salts. Yeast extracts are
used widely in food with two main purposes,
i.e., to improve the flavor of food to satisfy
consumer and to increase the nutritional value
[3]. Yeast extracts used as ingredients in food
industry for production of soups, gravies and
meat products as well as in cosmetic
materials, animal feed, microbiological
growth media. Other applications include
protein and vitamin supplements in health and
functional food.
There are 3 main methods for the
production of Yeast extract: autolysis,
plasmolysis and hydrolysis [4]. Autolysis of
the yeast is a degradation process carried out
by activating the yeast’s own cell enzymes to
disruption of cell components. Although
autolysis is a traditional manufacturing
process in the yeast extract production there
are some disadvantages: low yield, difficulty
in solid-liquid separation, poor taste
characteristics as a flavor enhancer and risk of
deterioration due to microbial contamination.
Plasmolysis is a modified autolysis
process in the presence of so-called
accelerators, such as an inorganic salt
S
88
p 88-91
Chemical and biological investigation of the Agaricus silvaticus
Schaeff ex. Secr
L.Munkhgerel1, N.Erdenechimeg
1, M.Dumaa
1, G.Zhang
2, P.Odonmajig
1, D.Regdel
1
1 Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, MAS, Mongolia 2 Chengdu Institute of Biology, CAS, China
Abstract: Extract of Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff ex. Secr fungus have been known to have
biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, anticomplementary
and immunostimulating effects. In this study we first time identified that Agaricus silvaticus
Schaeff ex. Secr has interferon like activity. We first time isolated the four known compounds such
as, mannitol (1), urea (2), ergosterol (3) and ergosterol peroxide (4) from 95% ethanol extracts of
Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff ex. Secr in Mongolia. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of
extensive analysis of spectral data and by comparison with authentic samples.
Keywords: Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff ex. Secr., A.silvaticus, A.sylvaticus, IFN-like activity, luciferase, mannitol,
urea, еrgosterol (ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol), ergosterol peroxide (5,8-epidioxy-5α,8α-ergosta-6,22E-dien-3β-ol)
Introduction
ushrooms are considered
nutraceuticals or functional foods
by many clinicians and researchers,
a fact that has also stimulated the search by
Brazilian producers for more advanced
production techniques along with introduction
of new species. According to Urben, there is
great genetic variety of native Agaricus genus
mushrooms cultivated throughout the world
[1].
Agaricus is a large and important
genus of mushroom containing both edible
and poisonous species, with possibly over 300
members worldwide. This genus belongs to
Phylum Basidiomycota, Class –
Hymenomycetes (newly described Class
Agaricomycetes), Order: Agaricales, Family:
Agaricaceae [2].
Five Agaricus sp. proved to have
antioxidant activity and mushroom extracts
revealed similar electrochemical responses,
suggesting similar electroactive chemical
composition and oxidation potentials more
positive than those of the standards (ascorbic
and gallic acids). A. silvaticus was the most
efficient species presenting the lowest EC
values in the chemical and biochemical assays
and the highest antioxidant power in the
electrochemical assays [3].
Agaricus silvaticus is able to reduce
anemia and improve biochemical parameters
in animals with cancer and has no adverse
effects on the blood cells of healthy animals.
Agaricus silvaticus treatment was able to
reduce
anemia in animals with cancer.
Biochemical parameters were nearer
the
normal levels in animals treated with this
mushroom. These
results suggest that
administration of Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff
ex. Secr extract has beneficial effects in rats
with Walker 256 tumor, especially
in the
hematopoietic system [4].
Brazilian researchers have reported
that the effects of the dietary supplementation
with Agaricus sylvaticus fungus in relation to
M
92
p 92-97
The mechanochemical activation study of Tsagaan-tsav zeolite
Ts. Zolzaya, B. Davaabal, Z.Ochirbat, G. Oyun-Erdene,
A. Minjigmaa, J. Temuujin
Laboratory of Materials Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical
Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences
Abstract: Characterisation of mechanochemically activated Tsagaan-tsav zeolite has been
performed. Tsagaan-tsav zeolite has been activated with a vibration mill for 2, 3, 5, 10 and 20
minutes. Ball to powder ratios were varied 1:10, 1:20, 1:50 and 1:100. Efficiency of milling
determined based on amorphisation rate and cation exchange capacity changes. The highest
efficiency was obtained for zeolite milled with ball to powder ratio of 100. Structural
characterisation was performed with XRD, SEM, BET and particle size analyzer. Mechanochemical
activation improves cation exchange capacity of natural zeolite.
Keywords: natural zeolite, mechanical activation, amorphisation, cation exchange capacity
Introduction
atural zeolite comprises an alumino-
silicate framework with its channels
filled with water and exchangeable
cations [1] and are widely applied as catalysts
in chemical industries like oil refining, basic
petrochemistry, and fine chemistry [2].
Although there are more than thirty known
natural zeolites, only seven – mordenite,
clinoptilolite, ferrierite, chabazite, erionite,
phillipsite and analcime – occur in sufficient
quantity [3]. Mongolia is rich in natural
zeolite reserves and the highest reserve zeolite
is clinoptilolite from Tsagaan-tsav deposit [4].
The structure of zeolite is known to be
composed of (Si,Al)O4 tetrahedra, which
share all their oxygen vertices with
neighboring tetrahedra. The negative charge
of the framework is balanced by alkalis and
alkaline earths located outside the tetrahedra,
in the channels. Such alkaline and alkaline
earths ions are called exchangeable cations
[3]. Zeolite structure can be modified by
either an acid or a base leaching to create
mesopores and hence, to increase the surface
area. At the same time some researchers
suggested that mechanochemical activation of
zeolite ruptures Al-O-Si bonding in zeolite
thus improve the reactivity of the zeolite [5].
We have suggested that improving of the
zeolite reactivity could cause improving of
cation exchange capacity of a mechanically
activated zeolite and may have some more
applications. In this research, we have
performed comparative study of zeolite after
milling for a different duration.
Experimental
Natural zeolite samples from
“Tsagaan-tsav” deposit in Saikhan-dulaan
sum in Dondgovi-aimag was used as starting
material. Chemical composition of zeolite
was determined by XRF (Rigaku, Primini).
Chemical composition of zeolite was (wt%):
SiO2 (72.6), Al2O3 (14.8), K2O (4.2), Na2O
(3.54), Fe2O3 (2.16), CaO (1.51), MgO
(0.709), TiO2 (0.207), SrO (0.125), P2O5
(0.0417).
N
98
p 98-101
Investigation on the possibility of obtaining of motor fuels
from bituminous sand by heat treatment
D. Jadamba, B. Ulzii, M. Tuya
Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Science, 13330, Ulan-Bator,
Bayanzurkh-51, St.Enkhtaivana, IV. Email: [email protected]
Keywords; bituminous sand, thermal treatment, synthetic fuels
Introduction
ave been obtained a oil like liquid
product with hydrocarbon type from
bituminous sand of Bayan-Erkhet
deposits by a heat treatment. Main
characteristics and chemical composition of
the bitumens isolated by extraction various
organic solvents from the bituminuos sand of
the Bayan-Erhet deposits are determined.
Show that they are similar composition and
properties there bitumen asphalt or natural
bitumens. The possibility of obtaining of
synthetic oil by heat treatment of bitumens is
estimated up to 600 оС in laboratory
conditions. Have been determined the
possibility of obtaining high-quality oil from
the liquid product from the thermal treated
bituminous sands of Bayan Erhet by using of
Nb-Zr-aluminosilicate catalyst type ZSM-5,
and by varying the temperature of the process.
On the basis of this treatment was obtained an
additional petroleum products, which are the
basic components of motor fuels..
Key words; bituminous sand, thermal
treatment, synthetic fuels
Experimental The object of the study were samples
of bituminous sands of the Bayan-Erkhet
deposits. Bituminous sands of Bayan-Erhket
deposit is located in the of Tuw aimag
Bayanjargalan village, 5 km from the river
Herlen, 40 km from the soum centre and 55
km from the Railway station. The Bayan-
Erkhet deposits consists of two oil bearing
layers area of 0.025 km2 with a thickness of
0.5-0.6 m and the lower – 0.4 km2 whit a
thickness of 0.1-15.2 m and has supplies
1913.6 thousand tons of estimated resources.
Results and discussion
Isolation of bitumen from tar sands, the
study of physical and chemical properties.
Results of bituminous sands extraction with
various solvents and hot water are shown in
Table-1
Table 1. The yields of the bitumens isolated by
extraction of various organic solution and hot water
from bituminous sand
Deposit
name
Yields of bitumen, mass. %
Choloro
form
Petrolein
ether
(40-70 0С)
Benzene
Ethanol
:
benzene
(1:1)
Hot
water
NaHCO3
7 %
solution
Bayan-
Erhket 14,75 11,27 0,18 0,15 7,46 9,23
The dates in Table 1 show that the
yields of organic matter extracted with
chloroform are 14.75 and 20.4 %. The
extraction of bitumen from tar sands, the best
is with choloroform, which was chosen that
more polar character than all other applied
solvents.
H
102
p 102-106
Physics-chemical study of hydration process of three calcium
aluminate phase and Metakaolin
Ts.Erdenebat, R.Sanjaasuren
Centre for Chemistry and Technology of New Materials,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National University of Mongolia
Abstract: This research based on X-Ray Diffraction, SEM and chemical analyses were revealed
that decreasing of Ca(OH)2 phase content and increasing of C3AH6 and trisulfate aluminate
calcium-3 as the stable phases for the hydration period of first 30 to 60 minutes when comparing
K-crent doping to the phase to without any doping. Also results have been proposed in case of
doping metakaoline to draw structural analogies as formation of stable hydrated phases and the
decrease of new formed unstable crystalline metaphases in the early stage of 3CAO·Al2O3
hydration process.
Introduction
ricalcium aluminate (C3A), which
could compose up to 15% of the
Portland cement, reacts very quickly
with water to form calcium hydro
aluminates that induces the stiffening of
cement paste. To avoid this phenomenon,
calcium sulphate is usually added which
leads to the formation of calcium three
sulfoaluminate with a slow hydration [1-2].
In last 5-6 years research for obtaining of a
new crystallizing component such as crent
from kaoline, basalts and zeolites has been
successfully going on at the Centre for
Chemistry and Technology of New
Materials, National University of Mongolia.
Such research also have conducted in high
developed countries since ninety years. It
was established that cement compressive
strength increased by 100-250 kg/cm2
when
doped 5-10% of Crent to the cement weight
[3-6].
However, there were a lot of complicated
situation with crystal structure formationing
and crystal growth mechanisms during the
cement hydration processes [8-10, 16].
In recent years many researchers have
interested in the study of crystallizing a
substance which can serve as crystal nuclei
centre and accelerate their crystal growth
process [11-15].
Portland cement is a fine-dispersial system
consisting of multiple phases, therefore,
understanding its hydration process means
studying of its each phase hydration processes
[17].
Theoretical and practical consequences of this
work were considered the possibility to
decrease Ca(OH)2 phase formation and
increase C3AH6 and trisulfate aluminate
calcium as the stable phases of cement
hydrated compoundsby using the K-crent
doping. These stable phases’ formation would
increase of cement paste compressive strenght
by 100-250 kg/cm2
when doping this Crent to
the C3A as cement interphases.
Experimental
Making mineral additives
Kaolin from Khongor-Ovoo deposit of
Dornogovi province’s was employed in this
T
107
p 107-112
Alkaloids from cultivated plant of Peganum harmala L
S. Javzan
1, D. Selenge
1, Y. Jamyansan
1,
J. Nadmid2, Yu Ouynbileg
3
1. Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Techology, Mongolian
Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 51, Mongolia
2 Mongolian University of Science and Technology, School of Materials Technology
3Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences,Ulaanbaatar 51, Mongolia
Abstract: Alkaloids such as 1H-cyclopenta(b) quinoline, 2.3.5.6.7.8-hexahydro-9-amino-;
Vasicinone(1H-Pyrrоlo[2.1-b]quinazolin-9-one,3-hydroxy-2.3-dihydro) and harmine were isolated
from cultivated plant of P. harmala. Four unknown alkaloids were isolated from P. harmala for the
first time: 2.2.6.6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidone., Quinoline, 2.3.4-trimethyl-., Pyridine, 2-phenoxy-4-
amino- and 4-(3-Propynyloxy)- quinazoline. Their structures were determined by GC-MS.
Keywords: GC-MS, alkaloids, harmine, Peganum, Zygophyllaceae
Introduction he genus Peganum (Zygophyllaceae)
comprises 6 species, that are widely
distributed in Northern America,
Mediterranean regian, Russia and Mongolia.
There were found 3 species- Peganum
nigellastrum Bunge, Peganum harmala L and
Peganum multisectum Maxim in
Mongolia[1]. One of them- Peganum harmala
(P.harmala) is commonly found in the
Dzungarian Gobi, Transaltai Gobi,
Depression of Great lakes, Valley of Lakes,
Mongolian Altai and Gobi [2]. This plant has
been used as a Chinese traditional medicine
against a rheumatism, an abscess, an
inflammation and so on[3]. In traditional
Mongolian medicine it is used as antitussive
and antidote and it also eliminates yellow
liquorstasis[4]. At the same time, P. harmala
is well-known traditional herbal medicine in
China and Asian countries for the treatment
of a variety of human ailments[5] and skin
diseases[6]. Its seeds showed narcotic,
anthelmintic and antispasmodic effects and
have been employed in the cases of asthma
and rhematism treatments [7]. Many
components such as alkaloids, flavonoids,
stroides and amino acids have been isolated
from P. harmala [8-10]. The β-carboline type
alkaloids-harmine and harmaline were
discovered in P.harmala and are well known
as a central nervous system(CNS) stumlant
[11] and hypotensive substances,
antispasmolitic, antihistaminic, vasorelaxant,
antibacterial, sedative effects, cytotoxic,
antivirus activities and narcotic effect
(vasicinone) [12-13]. Thus, the alkaliod
fractions of three plants of the genus
Peganum showed anti-tumor activity.
Previously, alkaloids, (+-)-vasicinone, 6-
hydroxy-6.8.9.11-tetrahydro[2.1-
b]quinazolin-11-one, (+-)-vasicine, (+-)-
vasicinolone, deoxyvasicinone, 6.7.8.9-
tetrahydro-pyrido[2.1-b] quinozolin-11-one,
peganine, tetrahydroharmine, harmaline,
harmine, harmalol, harmol[14-15], dipegine,
dipeginol[16] and desoxypeganine[17] were
T
113
p 113-116
Phytochemical study on Berberis sibirica Pall.
A.Solongo
1, R. Istatkova
2, S. Philipov
2, S.Javzan
1, D.Selenge
1
1Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 210351, Mongolia
2Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,
Acad. G. Bonchev bl.9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria [email protected]
Abstract: From the aerial parts (700g) of berberis sibirica pall. 6 isoquinoline alkaloids of
protoberberine, protopine, benzophenantridine and proaporphine type were isolated. The known
alkaloids (-)-tetrahydropseudocoptisine, pseudoprotopine, (+)-chelidonine and (+)-glaziovine are
new for the family berberidaceae. from the aerial part ii (3.9 kg) 14 isoquinoline alkaloids of
aporphine, proaporphine, protoberberine, protopine, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline,
proaporphine-benzylisoquinoline and simple isoquinolin type were isolated and identified. The
aporphine alkaloid 1-o-methylisotebaidine and simple isoquinoline dehydrocorypalline have been
found for the first time in the family of berberidaceae. From the roots of b. sibirica 10 isoquinoline
alkaloids of protoberberine, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline, aporphine-
benzylisoquinoline and proaporphine-benzylisoquinoline type were isolated. 1,10-di-o-
methylpakistanine has been reported for the first time as a natural alkaloid. The known alkaloids (-)
-isothalidezine and (+)-armepavine have been found for the first time in the family berberidaceae.
all structures were determined by physical and spectral data.
Key words: berberis sibirica pall., 21 bisoquinoline alkaloids, 1,10-di-o-methylpakistanine
Introduction
erberidaceae is a large family of
flowering plants divided into 15
genera. The family contains about 570
species, of which the majority (about 450)
belongs to the biggest genus in this family -
Berberis
L. [1]. The Berberis
species have
been deeply investigated because of
biological active compounds, namely
isoquinoline alkaloids, containing inside [2,3
].
The genus Berberis
is represented by two
species in Mongolian flora. Berberis sibirica
Pall. is wide spread in Central and North
Mongolia -
Gobi and Altai regions. In the
traditional medicine the species is used as
antidote and antipyretic remedy, as well as for
rheumatism and excessive menstruation [4].
Experimental
Materials and methods. GENERAL. UV:
SESIL CE 8020, MeOH. IR: Bruker
IFS113V, KBr. MS: Hewlett Packard MSD
5973, 70 eV. 1H NMR,
13C NMR and 2D
experiments: Bruker DRX-250, in CDCl3,
with TMS as internal standard. Optical
rotation: Perkin-Elmer 241, MeOH. Vacuum
liquid chromatography (VLC): silica gel
(Merck, Kieselgel 60, 70-230 mesh). Column
chromatography (CC): neutra alumina
(Merck, Aluminiumoxid 90, act. II-III
Brockmann, 70-230 mesh). PTLC: Kieselgel
B
117
p 117-122
Recent and future of cement and concrete
industries- a root of our development
Ts.Erdenebat
1, J.Otgonlham
1, E.Oyunzul
1, R.Sanjaasuren
1
1Centre for Chemistry and Technology of New Materials,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National University of Mongolia
Abstract: This paper considers that cement and concrete industry is contributing to our country
development positively, and cement and concrete industry also can be reduced environmental
pressure by;- Continuously reducing the CO2 emission from cement production by increased use of
biofuels and alternative raw materials as well as introducing modified low energy clinker types and
cement with reduced clinker content or geopolymer cement and a new type concrete.
- Exploiting the potential of waste bricks, cement and concrete recycling to decrease the
emission of CO2 .
- Exploiting the thermal mass of concrete to create energy optimized solutions for heating
and cooling residential and office buildings.
Keywords: climate change, CO2 emission, brick, block, cementitious materials, cement and
concrete, building and policymakers
Introduction
eading branches of industry at present
in Mongolia are:
- Coal mining for electric power
station,
- Ore dressing plant (copper,
molybdenum, fluorspar, gold etc.),
- Manufacture of building materials
(cement, concrete, brick, lime etc.),
- Manufacture of food products
- Manufacture of light industry
(clothing, cashmere, wool, leather and
other products).
Cement is an essential material in today’s
society because, it major constituent of
concrete which act, as a fundamental element
of any housing, commercial or infrastructure
development. But the cost to manufacture
cement is expected to increase from year to
year, because of increasing energy prize.
Therefore scientists are attempting to prepare
OPC and other binding materials at lower cost
by using agricultural and industrial wastes
during clinkerization and by making blended
cements.
The measures are changed to decrease the
cost of production, conserve mineral
resources and protect the environment by
beneficial disposal of wastes. So blended
cements are usually blends of Portland
cement clinker with other finely ground
materials (known as mineral admixtures) that
take part in the hydration reactions and
thereby make a substantial contribution to the
hydration products.
In last 10 years at the Centre for Chemistry
and Technology of New Materials, National
University of Mongolia, our researchers have
L
123
p 123-125
Fatty acid, Tocopherol and Sterol Composition in
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) of Mongolia
Otgonbayar.Ch1, B.Matthaus
2, P.Odonmajig
1
1Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, MAS
2Max Rubner-Institute, Detmold, Germany
Absract: The content and composition of lipids isolated from seed and pulp of sea buckthorn were
investigated. Fatty acids and sterols were analyzed by CGC while tocopherols were analyzed by
HPLC. 12.67% glyceride was found in the seed. The oil of sea buckthorn seed oil showed low
lewels of saturated fatty acids in comparison with the buckthorn pulp oil. Palmitic (7.13%), oleic
(15.85%), linoleic (36.9%) and linolenic acids (31.11%) predominated in the seed oil. Palmitic
(29.17%), palmitoleic (32.86%), oleic (4.92%), vaccenic (9.35%) and linoleic (16.08%) fatty acid
was dominating in the pulp oil. The primary tocopherol of sea buckthorn seed and pulp oil were α-
tocopherol and γ-tocopherol (46.54mg/100g, 59.02mg/100g). Seed oil contains more
(94.34mg/100g) total sterols than pulp (90.25mg/100g) oil.
Keywords: Hippophae rhamnoide, seed oil, pulp oil, fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols
Introduction
ippophae (sea buckthorn) is a
deciduous spiny shrub or small tree
between two to four meter high,
widely distributed throughout the temperate
zone of Asia and Europe. The fruit
characteristics, Asiatic geographical
distribution and cultural practices of sea
buckthorn are reviewed [1]. Sea buckthorn
(Hippophae rhamnoides) is one of the
important natural resources of the
mountainous regions of China and Russia.
The plant grows naturally in sandy soil at an
altitude of 1,200-4,500 meters (4,000-14,000
feet) in cold climates, though it can be
cultivated at lower altitudes and in temperate
zones. Recently it has been extensively
planted across much of northern China, and in
other countries, to prevent soil erosion and to
serve as an economic resource for food and
medicine products. Mongolia has invested in
planting sea buckthorn, in the 2000s. The oil
is obtained from the whole berries, pulp or
seeds. Seed or pulp oil is usually yellow in
color represented by the occurrence of large
amount of carotenoids [2, 3]. The literature
describing the role of Hippophae in
prevention and control of cancer is
inadequate, however certain analysis the
known experimental research information on
anticancer by Hippophae available at present
[4]. The oil of sea buckthorn has general
nourishing, revitalizing, and restorative
action. It can be used for treatment of acne,
dermatitis, irritated, dry itching skin, sore
skin, skin ulcers, burns, scalds, cuts and tissue
regeneration. Sea buckthorn oil effectively
combats wrinkles, dryness and other
symptoms of malnourished or prematurely
aging skin and is utilized in anti aging skin
creams and lotions (5,6). Sea buckthorn oil is
one of the most imperative products obtained
from the sea buckthorn seed and pulp is now
commercially very important.
H
126
p 126-130
The Quality and Safety of Imported Food: The Danger of Pesticides
Batgerel Dugar1
1The head of united laboratory of Borders specialized inspection department in Zamin-Uud;
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: The analysis of pesticide residue in imported food by thin layer chromatography is
reported in this work. The pesticide residue was found in 34 samples of 11 kinds fresh harvested
vegetables during fall of 2011.
Keywords: pesticides, pesticide residue, thin layer chromatography
Introduction
ne of primary concerns of national
security is the quality of food
products. Especially in Mongolia,
over 70% of imported food products
supplying to whole country are transported
through the border at Zamiin-Uud (from a
report of food products which were
transported through the Zamiin-Uud border:
Specialized Inspection Station during 2008-
2009).
Due to the current economic crisis and lack
of goods produced in Mongolia, the
Mongolian Government has collected taxes
from both individuals and merchant groups
participating in international trade for
completing state budget. However, the quality
and safety of imported products is left outside
the control.
Generally, most of the Mongolia people do
not have the ability to examine safe and
unsafe food products. Only the apparent
quantity and price of goods are taken into
consideration. Moreover, the inspection
control of the Mongolian Border Control has
weakened over the past 20 years. To these
reasons, Mongolians are unexpected
consuming either contaminated or expired
food. New research, recently released by the
Health Ministry, shows that the Mongolians
are suffering from unknown illnesses and the
average age of the young patient is getting
lower.
Since the Mongolia’s economic situation
has been improving, the government declared
the 2008 as “The Year of Food Security”
while two billion tugrugs has been donated to
the Zamiin-Uud Border Specialized
Inspection Station. Recently, the government
has announced its plan to “Bringing virgin
land under cultivation” and has given support
to farmers who plant potatoes, vegetables and
wheat. Measures have also been taken to
improve laboratories efficiency and
procedures of the State Specialized Inspection
Department and Border Specialized
Inspection Stations. So far, the influence of
imported food quality has positively revealed.
However, there are still many problems
related to food delivered to Mongolia as
follow:
a. Imported foods do not meet national
health standard.
b. Mongolia must reach global
development standards for food
quality and safety.
O
131
p 131-135
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Study on Cation
adsorption on Viscose Rayon Succinate
Khasbaatar Dashkhuu1 and Ung Su Choi
2
1Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences,
Peace avenue 13330, Ulaanbaatar 210351, Mongolia. 2Energy Mechanics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk gu,
Hawolgok dong 39-1,Seoul, Korea.
Abstract: Ion-exchange materials have been considered as suitable material for the recovery of
heavy metals in water. A viscose rayon succinate, synthesized from viscose rayon and succinic
anhydride in presence of DMSO, to remove trace bivalent metal ions such as Ag+
, Cu2+
, Ni2+
, Pb2+
,
Zn2+
and Cr3+
, was studied using FT-IR for the behavior of metal adsorption. Both esterification and
carboxyl bonding of viscose rayon succinate were assigned essentially at 1729 and 1693cm-1
,
respectively. And the essential band of bonding between metal and the material was determined at
1625cm-1
. The available adsorption capacity of this fiber was 6.2mequiv/g. The adsorption of metal
ions on the viscose rayon succinate follows the order of Cu2+
>Cr3+
>Ni2+
>Pb2+
>Zn2+
>Ag+ with
maximum adsorptions capacities 4.2, 1.42, 0.91, 0.83, 0.69 and 0.35 mmol/g, respectively.
Keywords: chelating fiber, cellulose, viscose rayon, metal adsorption, carboxyl group, FT-IR, pH selectivity
Introduction
s the high rate of industrial
development in the world,
contaminants of heavy metals in
wastewater originated from industries are
increasing as that influence to the balance of
our environment as well as human life. Some
cancers and serious diseases may be caused
from these metals [1-3]. There are lots of
methods including chemical precipitation [4],
electrolytic methods [5], and adsorption onto
activated carbon [6], membrane process [7],
and chelating polymer [8] to reduce the heavy
metals in wastewater.
More recently, researches have been
undertaken to extend to the design of
polymeric based ion-exchange fibers for the
removal of heavy metals. Several of designs
and applications of chelating fibers have
received increased attraction and been
investigated [8-10]. In particular, scientists
have intensified many efforts to modify fibers
in such a way that inherent fiber properties
are preserved [11]. Whereas, most chelating
polymers are composed of petroleum-based
synthetic polymers [12-14]. Furthermore, the
used synthetic chelating polymers often
produce on secondary environmental
pollution by contaminating the soil or air. In
addition, these are usually nonrenewable and
nondegradable [14].
Viscose rayon is regenerated from cellulose
which has renewability [15] and
biodegradability [16] and there is more
cellulose on earth than any other organic
substance [17]. Cellulose itself has a very
low ion exchange capacity [18, 19]. The ion-
exchange properties of cellulose are similar to
other ion exchange resins, but cellulose ion
exchangers are more finely divided than
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