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CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Monday, January 23, 2012
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CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Monday, January 23, 2012
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Antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections caused by bacteria only
Infections are usually caused by bacteria or viruses
Antibiotics, therefore, do not cure all infections
Many infections like the common cold, flu, mild sore throat or diarrhea are caused by viruses
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Monday, January 23, 2012
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Antibiotics are medicines used to treat infections caused by bacteria only
Infections are usually caused by bacteria or viruses
Antibiotics, therefore, do not cure all infections
Many infections like the common cold, flu, mild sore throat or diarrhea are caused by viruses
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Monday, January 23, 2012
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Monday, January 23, 2012
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WHAT IF ANTIBIOTICS WERE USED INCORRECTLY?
No healing effect - If antibiotics are used for viral infections, there will be no effect on the illness
Antibiotic resistance - This occurs when one antibiotic no longer works on a specific type of bacteria
A stronger antibiotic will be needed to treat the infection caused by this resistant strain of bacteria
Monday, January 23, 2012
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WHAT IF ANTIBIOTICS WERE USED INCORRECTLY?
No healing effect - If antibiotics are used for viral infections, there will be no effect on the illness
Antibiotic resistance - This occurs when one antibiotic no longer works on a specific type of bacteria
A stronger antibiotic will be needed to treat the infection caused by this resistant strain of bacteria
Monday, January 23, 2012
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ANTIBIOTIC MECHANISMS
Monday, January 23, 2012
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ANTIBIOTIC MECHANISMS
Monday, January 23, 2012
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RESISTANCE
Monday, January 23, 2012
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RESISTANCE
Monday, January 23, 2012
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RESISTANCEMonday, January 23, 2012
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RESISTANCEMonday, January 23, 2012
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Mechanisms of resistance
Hawkey, P. M BMJ 1998;317:657-660
Penicillins,Cephalosporins
Tetracycline
Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to penicillins
MRSA penicillin binding protein
PBP2A
Imipenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosae
Monday, January 23, 2012
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DO YOU CONTRIBUTE TO RESISTANCE?
Monday, January 23, 2012
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DO YOU CONTRIBUTE TO RESISTANCE?
Monday, January 23, 2012
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DO YOU CONTRIBUTE TO RESISTANCE?
Monday, January 23, 2012
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DO YOU CONTRIBUTE TO RESISTANCE?
Monday, January 23, 2012
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Another factor that contributes to resistance is that when patients are prescribed antibiotics for a just cause, many do not finish their medication
This allows resistant bacteria to survive more easily
The practice of saving unused medication to treat themselves or others at a later date can also lead to resistant strains
DO YOU CONTRIBUTE TO RESISTANCE?
Monday, January 23, 2012
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DO YOU CONTRIBUTE TO RESISTANCE?
Monday, January 23, 2012
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DO YOU CONTRIBUTE TO RESISTANCE?
Monday, January 23, 2012
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Also contributing to antibiotic resistance is the widespread use of antibiotics to promote weight gain and to control disease in cattle, pigs, and chickens
Forty to fifty percent of antibiotics produced are used in livestock feed
This leads to an increase of resistant bacteria in these animals, which is then spread to humans
DO YOU CONTRIBUTE TO RESISTANCE?
Monday, January 23, 2012
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THE CONSEQUENCES OF RESISTANCE:Ecology of pathogenesis
Bacteria grow fast
High population densities
Great competition for resources
Pathogen = normal bacterium that has gained access to a new resource through new genes
--> Competitive advantage
Monday, January 23, 2012
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Monday, January 23, 2012
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Monday, January 23, 2012
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12 Steps to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance: Hospitalized Adults
1. Vaccinate2. Get the catheters out
3. Target the pathogen4. Access the experts
5. Practice antimicrobial control6. Use local data7. Treat infection, not
contamination8. Treat infection, not
colonization 9. Know when to say “no” to
vanco10. Stop treatment when infection
is cured or unlikely
11. Isolate the pathogen12. Contain the contagion
Diagnose and Treat Infection Effectively
Prevent InfectionUse Antimicrobials Wisely
Prevent Transmission
12 Steps to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance: Hospitalized Adults
Monday, January 23, 2012
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ANY QUESTIONS???
Monday, January 23, 2012