Modern Ages

Modern Ages

S. XV - XVIII

Beginning

The Discovery of America (1492).

2 ) The Protestant Reformation (1517).

The End

French Revolution (1789)

1) The capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453

Other events:

Concepts: the modern age1.- Economy

- Development of trade between Spain an America: gold ,…- Exploration(America) and discoveries.- Economic transformation.

2.- Society. - development of cities and the middle ages

3.- Religion - Intolerance: Protestantism Catholicism ( inquisition)

muslims and jews 4.- Politics,

- Absolute monarchies5.- Science -scientific and technical discoveries6.- Art and culture.

- Art and literature in Spain. the renaissance, the baroque, the enlightment

7.- The Spanish Monarchy.- Habsburg Dynasty .- The Bourbon Dynasty

The Catholic kings • The marriage in 1469 of Isabel I and Fernando II, united the kingdoms o Castile and Aragon, Later, in 1496 they were called the Catholic Kings.During their reign: they conquered Granada kingdom and discovered America Unified their kingdoms Increased their power and created a modern state Were intolerant toward other religions, and persecuted Jews and Muslims.

The discovery of America In 1492, Christopher Columbus started a journey to the East Indies, in order to find a route to improve the spice commerce.He did it with the money from the Catholic Kings of Spain. During that journey, Colombus discovered America.

Spain 16th century

The expedition left on the 3rd August 1492 with three ships ( Santa María , Pinta and Niña) and reached the island of San Salvador on the 12th of October 1492

Columbus thought that the Earth was round. He believed he had reached the Indies in his journey. Columbus died believing he had reached the East by sailing west, but instead he had discovered a “new world.”

A New World

Economy During the 16th century Spain was the most powerful nation in Europe, gold and silver arrived from America there were many voyages of discovery and Spain conquered many territories.Religion: Spain fought many wars against Protestant and Muslims countries. Inquisition: people were judged if they were not “good” catholics

The 16th CenturyThe kings in this period belonged to the house of Austria ( Habsburg) the first one was Charles I (grandson of the Catholic Kings) and Felipe II, his son

Carlos IFelipe II

Spanish Empire Total Expansion

The next Hapsburg king are: Felipe III, Felipe IV and Carlos II

The 17th century

Spain was a country IN CRISIS Crisis in Society: the population declined because of plague epidemics, bad harvests, expulsion of Moors , emigration to America, etc… there was an increase of beggars and poors.Crisis in Economy : Commercial activity declined because decrease of populationCulture and Art: important period for literature and Art called “ The golden Age”: Cervanes, Lope de vega, Velázquez

The end of the Hapsburg kingsCharles II died childless in 1700Succession War began: there were two candidates: Felipe de Anjou ( French) and Carlos de Austria . Spain lose power in Europe A new dynasty replaced the Habsburg: The Bourbon Dynasty Felipe V was the first of the Bourbon dynasty which continues to reign today

The Bourbon Dynasty

Felipe V

•Absolutist monarch•He centralised the government•Chose new officials to control his lands•Eliminated many local laws and institutions and created new ones for the whole empire

The 18th century

The 18th century was the period of the Bourbon kings. Felipe V, Fernando VI, Carlos III and Carlos IV

The reforms of the 18th century:•Agricultural production improved (introduction of corn and potato) •Industry developed •Trade with America increased

The next Bourbon king were: Fernando VI and Carlos III

Carlos III

He was king during the EnlightenmentHe started many new plans to modernize SpainHe improved Spain´s system of roads and He modernized agricultureHe establisehed the Royal Factories to promote industry

The next Bourbon king were: Carlos IV, Fernando VII, Isabel II, Alfonso XII, Alfonso XIII And Juan Carlos I and Felipe VI (current monarch)

The enlightment:It is a cultural , scientific and political movement developed in France , consequence: first democratic ideas

Exploration and discoveries• During the 15th and 16th centuries, many geographic discoveries took place. : maps, compass, astrolabe, carabel

In 1492, Christopher Columbus started a journey to the East Indies, with the money from the Catholic Kings of Spain. During that journey, Colombus discovered America.

Economy

Economic transformation

Agriculture was the main economic activity

International commerce increased

European countries produced more coins

The first bank accumulated money and charged interest for loans.

The first modern factories appeared

Voyages of Columbus, Magellan-Elcano and Vasco da Gama

SocietyDuring the modern age, society was divided into three groups:

NobilityNobility

ClergyClergy

CommonersCommoners

•Royalty•Members of the upper class

Nobility

They had special privilegesThey could governThey didn´t have to pay taxesThey had their own courts of law

Clergy

•Church officials (such a bishops and priests)

Commoners

Burghers – middle class (lived in towns and cities)

Beggars (lived in towns and cities)

Peasants (lived in the country)

They became a powerful social and economic group including:•Merchants•Doctors•Lawyers•Artisans•Shopkeepers

-Formed the largest social group-They were usually very poor-Some of them lived in terrible conditions

Important changes occurred during this period

The origin of modern states Religious conflicts The origin of Modern Science

Politics, religion and science

The origin of modern statesAt the beginning of the16th century, European monarchies dominated an unifed territory, created permanent armies, chose diplomats and ambassadors, developed a very organised administrations and collected new taxes to pay for their armies

Religious conflictsThe Modern Age was a time of religious intolerance and conflicts

Martin Luther published criticisms of The Catholic Church

European Christians divided into two groups: Catholics and Protestants

There were religious wars between Catholics Protestants and Muslims

In some Catholics countries there was an institution called the Inquisition

The origin of Modern ScienceBegins the development of modern science because of the invention of printing (Gutenberg 1543)

Some of greatest thinkers:

Copernicus's heliocentric theory says, the sun is the center of the solar system

Leonardo da Vinci designed many unusual machines

Miguel Servet discovered the pulmonary circulatory motion

Other great thinkers were Galileo, Descartes, Bacon, Pascal, Newton, Limaeus and Jenner.

The main artistic styles of the Modern Age were:

Renaissance Baroque Neoclassical

Downing College, Cambridge

Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man

David by Bernini

Art And Culture

The Renaissance style Main

characteristics:This style is typical in the 15th and 16th centuries.It was inspired by ancient Greek and Roman artSome of most famous Renaissance artist are Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael

Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci is a master piece of Renaissance

Michelangelo’s Pietà

The Baroque styleThis style was typical in the 17th century and the first half of the 18 century.It used lots of curved lines, decoration and dramatic effects, such as contrasts between light and dark areas.Some of most famous Renaissance artist are Bernini, Rembrandt, Rubens and Caravaggio.

Main characteristics:

Caravaggio, Supper at Emmaus 1601

Rembrandt van Rijn, The Night Watch or The Militia Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq, 1642

Tomb of Pope Alexander - Chigi VII by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1671-1678

THE NEOCLASSICAL STYLE

This style was typical of the second half of the 18th century.It returned to the classical styles and concepts of ancient Greece and Rome.This style was especially important in architecture.

Main characteristics:

L'École Militaire on the Champ de Mars, Paris by Ange-Jacques Gabriel

The Pantheon Paris, France by Jacques-Germain Soufflot .1757

The Death of Marat by Jacques Louis David (1793)

Art and Literature in SpainIn Spain there were great artists who made an important contribution the world of art and literature. At the beginning of the 16th century, the most important painter in Spain was Doménikos Theotokópoulos EL Greco

Portrait of An Old Man (presumed self-portrait of El Greco), circa 1595–1600

El Greco was a painter Renaissance-ManneristCharacteristics of his painting•Elongation of faces and hands •Likes to fill all the space of the picture.•Richly colored, with a predominance of yellow ocher•Religious themes

The Burial of the Count of Orgaz (1586–1588, Santo Tomé, Toledo), now El Greco's best known work, illustrates a popular local legend.

Spanish Golden Age (Painting)For the Golden Age refers to the classical era of the Spanish

culture, essentially the XVI century Renaissance and the Baroque of the XVII century.

Painting:In the golden age, there were great painters like Ribera (el españoleto), Ribalta, Murillo, Zurbarán, Machuca ... and especially Velazquez

Beggar Boys Eating Grapes and Melon,, by Murillo.

St.Mary Magdalene, o St. Thais , 1641 by Ribera

St. Hugh of Cluny in the Refectory of the Carthusians,(1630-35) by Zurbaran

Diego Velázquez

Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velázquez, known as Diego Velázquez, was a Baroque painter, considered one of the leading exponents of Spanish painting and master painters.

Las Meninas (1656).

Also in the Golden Age in Spain had great writers such as:Quevedo (El Buscón, Gongora Lope de Vega (Fuente Ovejuna,Rimas,El Perro del Hortelano,La Hermosura de). Calderon de la Barca (Comedies -.

Ret rato de Francisco de Quevedo

Félix lope de Vega y Carpio

D. Luis de Góngora, by Diego de Velázquez

Literature

Pedro Calderón de la Barca

Tirso de Molina (fray Gabriel Téllez )

Cover of the first edition of Don Quixote (1605).

... and possibly the most important writer of the Golden Age Miguel de Cervantes is the masterpiece of Spanish literature, Don QuixoteMiguel de Cervantes Saavedra. (Baptised in October 1547; died 23 April 1616) . He was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered the first modern novel is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written. His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes").

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

Don Quixote is considered the most influential work of literature from the Spanish Golden Age and the entire Spanish literary canon. As a founding work of modern Western literature, and one of the earliest canonical novels, it regularly appears high on lists of the greatest works of fiction ever published. In one such list, Don Quixote was cited as the "best literary work ever written".Other works may be La Galatea, Rinconete y Cortadillo, Novelas Ejemplares, Los trabajos de Persiles y Segismunda y Los Baños de Argel.

The End