Models
AP HUG
Not These Underfed People
FRQ and Multiple Choice
• Every Year we will have this possibly one of these on the FRQs and will always be related on multiple choice.
• Models will help you or sink you. • Make this your first priority to get these in
your head for HUG terms. • 2007,08, and 10 exam was easy for those
who knew their models.
Stages in Population Growth
• Demographic Transition Model – 4 stages • Demography – study of population. • Stage 1 – Low- Growth Stage – high birth
rate and death rate lead to population that varies over time, with little long-term population growth.
• Ex. Bubonic Plague Many births and dead
Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 2 • High-Growth Stage – High birth rate and
declining death rate lead to sustained and significant population increase.
• Ex. – Industrial Revolution and advancement in science and improved standard of living. Europeans went all over the globe, made death rates drop in South America, India, and Africa
Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 3 • Moderate – Growth stage – declining birth
rate combined with already-low death rate to continuing population growth.
• Ex. 1900’s in USA – infant and child mortality rates dropped, people use to have many kids because of a chance they might die young and needed farm hands, no more.
Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 4 • Low-Growth or Stationary Stage – low
birth rate and low death rate lead to a very low rate of growth.
• Ex. Birth Rates are the lowest in the world where women are most involved in the labor force and educated. Europe and USA
Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 5?? • Many believe if a 5th stage was in the
model that pop growth would decline because the death rate would be higher than the birth rate.
Movement Models
• Zelinsky’s Mobility Transition Model – Links stages of movement to development.
• Phase 1 – Pre Modern – Ancient world, slow growth movement to cities.
• Phase 2 – Early Transition – Massive movement to cities.
• Phase 3 – Late Transition - Massive but slackened movement to cities.
Movement Models
• Phase 4 – Advanced Society – Cities have grown and more have popped up. Movement to cites is leveling off.
• Phase 5 – Future Super-advanced society – Countryside mostly gone, movement inter city now.
• Stouffer’s Intervening Opportunities - # of Migrants is related to # of opportunities.
Movement
• Lee’s Laws of Migration – 4 factors that make people migrate.
• 1. Factors linked to destination. • 2. Factors associated with the area of
origins of migrants. • 3. Obstacles between origin and
destination. • 4. Personal Factors.
Time-Space Prism
Laws of Migration Ravenstein’s Popular Laws
• 1. Every migration flow generates a counter-migration. Ex – Colonists and Natives or city gets too crowded.
• 2.Majority of migrants move a short distance. • 3. Migrants who move long distances usually
move to big cities. • 4. Urban residents are less likely to migrate than
rural folk. • 5. Families are less likely to make international
moves then young adults.
Gravity Model
• The gravity model is used to predict the movement of people, commodities, and ideas between two places. It is a modified version of Newton’s Law of Gravitation.
Larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places and places closer together have a greater attraction.
Language Diffusion
• Pacific Diffusion – Belwood’s model • American Diffusion – Greenberg
Hypothesis – 3 families of indigenous American languages, ancient migrations.
• Esperanto Experiment – Latin based made up language. East European hoped to make it a uniform language for the world. Still around today but not much interest.
Territory Morphology
Enclave of Canada
Exclave of USA
Enclave of Cuba
Exclave of USA
Geopolitical Theories • Alfred Mahan – Sea power Doctrine – acquire
overseas bases. Reach anywhere in the world. Ex. Hawaii and Guam.
• Ratzel – Organic Theory – Space is the state’s essential, life giving-force. Need room to expand.
• Mackinder – Heartland Theory (1904) – Who ever controls the resources controls the world. Heartland is considered Ukraine and Central Europe and surrounding areas.
Geopolitical Theories
• Spykman – Rimland Theory (1944) – Whoever controls area around heartland controls the world – navy blockade.
• Superpower theory of the future – USA and China.
• Containment Theory – Cold War – don’t let communism spread.
• Domino theory – Communism takes one the rest of surrounding states fall like……
Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller)
• Explains size and spacing of cities.
Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller)
Gravity Model
Burgess Concentric Zone Model
Central Bus. District
USA model of Urban Structure #1
Suburbs the ideal place to live.
Hoyt Sector Model
USA model of Urban Structure #2 Near railroads, Import Export
Near main roads
Focus on transportation
Multiple Nuclei Model
Burgess Hoyt
1. Industry 4. High Class 3. Med Class 2. Low Class 5. And 6. Service centers not in CBD
7. Heavy Industry
Urban Realms Model
City
Sub Sub
Sub Sub
Suburbs AKA Edge Cities.
Griffin-Ford Model Latin America
Asia and Africa
• SE Asia – Pacific Rim – Heavy shipping industry.
• Islamic Cities – Segregated Sunni and Shiites. Like high buildings, make shade.
• Sub-Saharan Africa – Many big cities on coast. Three different CBD in their cities. Market CBD, Remnant Colonial CBD, and Business CBD.
Bid rent theory the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases
Rostow’s Modernization Model
• 1. Farming • 2. Leadership rises • 3. Industrial
Revolution, Urbanization
• 4. International Trade • 5. High incomes and
production.
Traditional 1
Pre Takeoff 2
Takeoff 3
Drive to maturity 4
High mass consumption 5
Time
Steps to modernize
Core Periphery
• Three-tier Structure of world development.
• Core – Developed Countries
• Semi-periphery – Developing countries
• Periphery – Underdeveloped Countries
• AKA Wallerstien Model
Von Thunen Model
Wilderness
Distance at which farming becomes profitable.
Weber Model
Good to have factories between R and M
At same time least amount of transport cost and labor is beneficial.
Least Cost Theory
Hotelling Model
Classic example of Locational Interdependence – to maximize sales, will locate right next to each others territory in the middle of customer base.
Losch Model
Price Cost
Income Zone of Profitability
Distance Decay Distance Decay
Unprofitable Unprofitable
Customer demand and production costs determine this.
Hydrologic Cycle
Global Warming
Normal Greenhouse Effect. Keep heat in.