Renewable Energies:
Considerations on environmental
impacts and possible applications
I Brazilian Workshop on GC
Fortaleza
November 2007
www.cresesb.cepel.br
I – Introduction
• RE in the framework of the Brazilian Energy Mix and concern with the global heating
II - New Renewables: characteristics and applications
• Solar, Wind, Biomass, Small Hydro
III – Conclusions
I – Introduction
Brasil
RENEWABLE NOT RENEWABLE
0
20
40
60
80
100
World
14
86
4555
%
BRASIL- ENERGY MIX
84%
2%10%0%
2%2%0%
Hydro
Termo (Coal)
Termo (Natural Gas)
Termo (Nuclear)
Biomass
Termo (Oil)
Wind and Others
2005(Renewables: 84 %)
2030 (B1 Cenarium)(Renewables: 83,1%)
76%
3%9%
3%2%3%4%
2015(Renewables: : 83,7%)
80%
2%10%2%2%1%3%
Electrical Mix
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Cenário ACenário B1
Cenário B2 847,0941,2
1.045,6
1.243,8
37,2
TWh
1970 2005 6,7% per year1980 2005 4,5% per year
(2005-2030)A B1 B2 C
5,1%% 4,3% 3,9% 3,4%
361,3 (2005)
Cenário C
Eletricity:projection of consumption increase
Global Heating
SourceSource: Instituto de Pesquisa ambiental da Amazônia: Instituto de Pesquisa ambiental da Amazônia
CO2 Emission of Diverse Technologies (ton/GWh)
Coal (conventional plant) 1000Gas 500Wind 7PV (Photovoltaic) 5Large Hydro 4Solar Thermal 3Biomass -160
Externality Costs* (dolar cents per kWh)
Coal: 1,94 a 14,60Gas Turbine: 0,97 a 3,89Nuclear: 0,19 a 0,58Wind Farm: 0,05 a 0,24
••CostCost estimationestimation forfor thethe societysociety andand forfor thethe environmentenvironment dueduetoto thethe useuse ofof fossilfossil andand nuclearnuclear fuelsfuels
EUEU StudyStudy,, ExtermEExtermE -- WSJWSJ -- 20022002
TheThe energyenergy thatthatthethe SunSun sendssends totoearthearth isis aroundaround
10,000 times 10,000 times allall thetheworldworld
consumptionconsumption ofofenergyenergy
Fonte: Wikipedia
Global Solar Radiation
Average Annual Solar Radiation
II – New Renewables
Solar PhotovoltaicSolar Photovoltaic
Solar ThermalSolar Thermal
WindWind
BiomassBiomass
Small HydroSmall Hydro
Others: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etcOthers: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etc..
Main Renewable Sources
Em comparação de custos deve-se levarem conta o da rede de distribuição
TECNOLOGIA
POT
EN
CI A
L (G
W)
TA
MA
NH
O
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(K
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CN
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BIL
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CU
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IME
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(US$
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)
CU
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(US$
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(US$
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(US$
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EFI
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IA
DEMONSTRADA (GRID)
MÉDIA (GRID) SOLAR
FOTOVOLTAICA -
0.05 A10
- INTERMITENTE - GRID E OFF-GRID COMERCIAL
(OFF-GRID)
ALTA (OFF-GRID)
4.000 a
9.000
4a
20 0.
250 a
500
10 a
18
TORRECENTRAL
-30.000
A200.000
- BASE - GRID PRÉ COMERCIAL
ALTA
1.000 a
4.800
4a
23 0.
100 a
250
15 a
30
CILINDROS - 50.000 - BASE - GRID COMERCIAL ALTA
2.600 a
5.000
4a
23 0.
130 a
250
15 a
30
HE
LIO
TÉ
RM
ICA
DISCOS -20 a
50
- BASE -GRID E OFF-GRID DEMONSTRADA MÉDIA
800 a
5.100
15 a
23 0.
100 a
250
15 a
30
EÓLICA 30 300 a 2000
-INTERMITENTE -GRID E OFF-GRID COMERCIAL ALTA
700 a
1.200
4a
12 0.
35 a
120
25 a
45
BIOMASSA 27.7
10 a
50.000
-BASE -GRID E OFF-GRID COMERCIAL ALTA
500 a
2.500
6a
12
20 a
100
38 a
78
25 a
35
PCH’s
50 A
1.000
-VARIÁVEL -GRID E OFF-GRID COMERCIAL ALTA
1.000 a
3.000
6a
15 0.
35 a
102
60 a
85
Costs and State of the art
Solar PhotovoltaicSolar Photovoltaic
Solar ThermalSolar Thermal
WindWind
BiomassBiomass
Small HydroSmall Hydro
Others: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etcOthers: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etc..
Main Renewable Sources
PV Neurather See (Alemanha) 360kWp
PV – Grid Connected
Universalization: chalenges
Evolution of the residential eletrification rate (1970 a 2000)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 0
Urban Rural Total
Source: CEPEL-DTE Report - 211035/2003 - [email protected]
Solar PhotovoltaicSolar Photovoltaic
Solar ThermalSolar Thermal
WindWind
BiomassBiomass
Small HydroSmall Hydro
Others: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etcOthers: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etc..
Main Renewable Sources
Solar Heating
Direct Conversion of Solar Radiation
DishesDishes
CilindersCilinders
CentralCentral TowerTower
Direct Conversion of Solar Radiation
Solar PhotovoltaicSolar Photovoltaic
Solar ThermalSolar Thermal
WindWind
BiomassBiomass
Small HydroSmall Hydro
Others: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etcOthers: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etc..
Main Renewable Sources
Small Size (��10 kW)• Residential• Farms• Remote Applications
Intermediate Size(10- 500 kW)
• Hybrid Systems• Distributed
Generation
Large Size (500 kW - 2+MW)• Wind Farms• Distributed Generation
Wind Energy Applications – Electricity Generation
• High quality wind turbines technologicaly developedand produced in Brazil in commercial scale
• Clientes are not grid connected
• Complete system of 1 kW: R$12.000,00
• Complete system of 5 kW: R$ 45.000,00
• System of 10 kW: under development
Wind Energy Applications – Electricity Generation
Intermediate Size(10- 500 kW)
• Hybrid Systems• Distributed
Generation
• Costumer: Hospital supplied by the grid
• Load: 380 kW
• Monthly Average Demand:
- Peak: 345,5 kW- Out of Peak: 335,9 kW
A promissing feasibility study (preliminary results)
• Proposed alternative supply:
- Wind turbine and grid (peak and out of peak)- Diesel Generator as back up in peak hours with no
wind
• Total investment: R$ 2.536.410,00
• Yearly Savings: R$ 423.076,63
A promissing feasibility study (preliminary results)
A promissing feasibility study (preliminary results)
�Wind turbine considered
Large Size (500 kW - 2+MW)• Wind Farms• Distributed Generation
Aerogeradores de Série Protótipos
50 kW
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Ano
Diâ
met
ro d
o ro
tor (
m)
600 kW
500 kW
2,500 kW
1,500 kW
5,000 kW
7.000 kW
300 kW
414,44 MW
BIOMASS162,34 MW
PCH
Wind: 208,3 MW
5 wind farms
(Fonte: EMME,2007)(Fonte: EMME,2007)
785,08MW
December 2006
PROINFAElectric Energy Alternative Sources Incentive Program
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
JAN FEV MAR ABR MAI JUN JUL AGO SET OUT NOV DEZ
Vazã
o (m
3/s)
0
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
350.000
PRO
INFA
-Eó
licas
do
NE
(MW
h)
Wind - NE
Water Flow of São Francisco River
• It is not feasible, with the present technology, to store large amounts of energy generated by an intermitent source of energy as the wind.
• The combined utilization of Hydro and Wind, improves the energetic potential of both sources due to the seazonal complementary characteristics of them.
Wind Atlas
Wind Atlas
Substituindo Usina Nuclear por Energia Solar Fotovoltaicae Energia Eólica
Áreas Equivalentes Necessárias – 10 TWh/ano
Ilha Grande
Eólico 570 km2
Solar 69 km2
Solar PhotovoltaicSolar Photovoltaic
Solar ThermalSolar Thermal
WindWind
BiomassBiomass
Small HydroSmall Hydro
Others: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etcOthers: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etc..
Main Renewable Sources
Biomass
Biomass: Energy and Materials
Solar PhotovoltaicSolar Photovoltaic
Solar ThermalSolar Thermal
WindWind
BiomassBiomass
Small HydroSmall Hydro
Others: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etcOthers: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etc..
Main Renewable Sources
Small Hydro
Fonte: EPE – Apresentação PNE 2030
III – Conclusions
•Energy prices for energy generated by some renewable are approaching the prices of conventional sources
•With lower prices of equipment, production scale, with better natural source characteristics than previous expected and the growing concern with environmental impacts, the penetration of renewable energies can be higher than conservative nowadays forecast.
• Intermediate and small systems can be economically feasible in specific applications even with the present price conditions.
Centro de Referência para Energia Solar e Eólica Sérgio Brito – CRESESB www.cresesb.cepel.br
OBRIGADO PELA ATENOBRIGADO PELA ATENÇÇÃO!ÃO!
Hamilton Moss de Souza
www.cresesb.cepel.br