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Modeling 3D Urban Spaces Using Procedural and Simulation‐Based Techniques
Computational Building Design
Peter WonkaArizona State University
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CGA‐Shape
• Procedural Modeling of BuildingsPascal Mueller, Peter Wonka, Simon Haegler, Andreas Ulmer, Luc Van Gool.Siggraph 2006
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Results: Shape Interaction
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Mayan Architecture and Temples
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Editing of CGA‐Shape Grammars
• Interactive Visual Editing of Grammars for Procedural ArchitectureMarkus Lipp, Peter Wonka, Michael WimmerSiggraph 2008
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Overview• Problem #1: no direct artistic control
– Solution: instance locators• Problem #2: text‐based grammars
– Solution: visual grammar editing
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Markus Lipp, Peter Wonka and Michael Wimmer 7
Direct Artistic Control!
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Visual Rule Editing
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Modeling Buildings from Floorplans
• Computer‐Generated Residential Building LayoutsMerrell, Schkufza, KoltunSiggraph Aisa 2010
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Design Overview
Set of Floor Plans3D ModelArchitectural Program
Rooms & Adjacencies
Client’sHigh‐level
Specifications
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Learning Structural Relationships
• Train a probabilistic graphical model.– Compactly represents the
structure of the data.– Bayesian Network
• Nodes – probabilities • Edges – conditional
dependencies• Sample from conditional
distributions– Use high level specifications
Bayesian Network
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Metropolis Algorithm
• Objective Function
• Each iteration, propose a new building layout• Accept with probability
Building Layout
Constant
Cost Function
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Proposal Moves
• Slide a wall
Split into two collinear walls
Slide the entire wall
Snap walls together
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The Cost Function
AccessibilityTerm
DimensionTerm
Floor CompatibilityTerm
ShapeTerm
Evaluates the quality of the layout
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Floor Plan Optimization
200 Iterations
2,000 Iterations
20,000 Iterations
100,000 Iterations
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Different Styles of Architecture
Cottage Italinate
Tudor Craftsman
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17
Results
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Results
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Results
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Procedural Extrustions
• Interactive Architectural Modeling with Procedural ExtrusionsKelly and WonkaACM TOG
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Example
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Example
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Example
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Results
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Results
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Deforming Architecture
• Structure‐Preserving Reshape for Textured Architectural ScenesMarcio Cabral, Sylvain Lefebvre, CarstenDachsbacher, George Drettakis
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OverviewPieces
Systems of equations
Constraintsgeometry+ textures
Solve System for geometry
Result
OfflineOffline
OnlineOnline
User interaction
Solve Systems for textures
For each
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Geometry Reshape
• piece = set of textured faces
• one or several openings (portals)
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User control• User controls few vertices.• System computes other vertices positions.
– Trying to satisfy constraints
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Reasonable behavior
• Preserve wall angles
• Preserve contacts(e.g. pillars)
• Allow some flexibility in edge length– Long edges more flexible than short ones– As little change as possible
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Geometry Reshape
• To be preserved– Angles Edge directions– Contacts
• Flexible– Edge lengths– Relative positions of contacts
Strict constraints: Enforce
Soft constraints:Minimize
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Limitations and Future Work
• Portals must be compatible• Detail tiles have strong limitations• 3D models must have indexed textured faces
– It is the case with most game models
• Self collision / Intersection• Add feedback from texture rigidity constraints to geometry
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Reshaping 3D Architecture
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Pipeline
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Finding the longest path
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More Results
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Masonry Building Design
• Procedural Modeling ofStructurally‐Sound Masonry BuildingsWhiting, Ochsendorf, DurandSiggraph Asia 2009
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Procedural Buildings for Simulation
structurally stable• will look more realistic
• suitable for physical simulations
• react to external forces
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Goals
Generate models that are structurally sound
• Inverse Statics
• Special case of brick structures
• Parametric Models as input
unstable input stable output
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Related work structural analysis
geometric configuration
rigid block assemblage [Heyman 1995]
linear constraint formulation[Livesley 1978, 1992; RING software]
elastic material
masonry
vs.
analyze material stress
wrong physical model for masonrynot deformable
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procedural building generation
analysis method for masonry
inverse problem
Overview
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ProceduralModel
feasible?Analysis
parameters
Optimization loop
Update Parameters
model fromoutput
parameters
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Typical Parameters
• building height• thickness of columns,
walls, arches• window size• angle of flying buttresses
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model #blocks #params #iters time/iter
Cluny 986
4579
10549
45.7 s57.3 s70.0 s106.6 s
arch 10 2 6 0.1 s
SainteChapelle
486
35710
4968
12.5 s26.5 s29.3 s40.1 s
tower 96 32 6 12.5 s
barrel vault 140 1 8 0.6 s
performance
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Modeling of Facades
• Instant ArchitectureWonka, Wimmer, Sillion, RibarskySIGGRAPH 2003
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Modeling of Facades
• Input: Target building design• Output: Textured 3D models of building facades
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Modeling of Facades
• Approach: Split grammars– Used instead of L‐systems– L‐systems simulate growth in open spaces (better for plants and road networks)
– Buildings have stricter spatial constraints and their structure does not reflect a growth process
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Modeling of Facades
• Take Photograph• Create abstraction
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Modeling of Facades
• Facade Subdiv(“Y”,3.5,0.3,1r){ firstfloor | ledge | floors}
• Floors Repeat(“Y”,3){floor}
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Modeling of Facades
• floor Repeat(“X”,tile_width){ Tile }
=
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Modeling of Facades
• Tile Subdiv(“XY”, …){ Wall | Wall |…| A | Wall | … }
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Synthesis of Mass Models
• Continuous Model SynthesisMerrell, ManochaSIGGRAPH Asia 2008
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• Inspired by texture synthesis
Example Model
Output Model
Modeling of Mass with Facades
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• Approach:– maintain adjacency constraints between boundary features (e.g. faces, edges, and vertices)
– create planes parallel to the faces of the example model that subdivide the space into basic components to generate novel models
Modeling of Mass with Facades
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• Example
Modeling of Mass with Facades
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• Applied to buildings
Modeling of Mass with Facades
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• Applied to buildings
Modeling of Mass with Facades
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Free‐form Architecture
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Procedural Mesh Labeling