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Mobile Phone Use, Brain Tumor Risk and Public Health Policyand Public Health Policy
J l M M k i Ph D DiJoel M. Moskowitz, Ph.D., Director
Center for Family and CommunitySchool of Public HealthSchool of Public Health
University of California, Berkeley
The Commonwealth ClubThe Commonwealth ClubNovember 18, 2010
Discussion/Action Item 1h CEAC April 7, 2011
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Overview
• Review studies of mobile phone use and tumor risktumor risk
• Results of 2010 Interphone Study paper• Trends in cell phone use in U.S.• Public health policy optionsp y p
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Meta-analysis: publication
• Mobile Phone Use and Risk of Tumors: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27(33):5565-72. 2009.
– Seung-Kwon Myung, National Cancer Center, S. Korea– Woong Ju, Ewha Womans University, S. Korea– Yeon Li Gee, Seoul National Univ. Hospital, S. Korea– Chih-Tao Cheng, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center,
Taiwan – Diana McDonnell, Gene Kazinets, and Joel M. Moskowitz, UC
Berkeley
http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/27/33/5565.abstract
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Meta-analysis: study selection
• One cohort studyOne cohort study – No association between cell phone use and
brain tumor riskbrain tumor risk– Weak study
23 case control studies• 23 case-control studies – 37,916 participants—12,344 patient cases &
25 572 t l25,572 controls
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Meta-analysis: case-control study
• What is a case-control study?y– Compare “cases” to matched “controls.”– Determine if characteristics differ between 2 groups.– “Exposure” is mobile phone use– Exposure is mobile phone use.– Compute Odds Ratio (OR)
• (Odds of having tumor for people using phones) ÷(Odds of having tumor for people not using(Odds of having tumor for people not using phones)
– OR interpreted as Relative Risk• < 1 = reduced risk 1 = no risk > 1 = increased risk• < 1 = reduced risk, 1 = no risk, > 1 = increased risk
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Meta-analysis: overall tumor risk
• Overall no association between• Overall no association between mobile phone use & tumor risk
(OR 0 98 23 t di )(OR = 0.98; n = 23 studies)
– High research quality–increased tumor risk- govt. or foundation-funded (OR=1.17; n = 8)g ( )
- Low research quality–reduced tumor risk- mostly industry-funded (OR = 0.85; n=15)
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Meta-analysis: brain tumor risk for 10+ years mobile phone use10+ years mobile phone use
• Overall increased brain tumor risk• Overall increased brain tumor risk (OR = 1.24; n = 8)
- High quality – increased risk; Hardell g q y ;(OR = 1.54; n = 4)
- Low quality – no risk; InterphoneLow quality no risk; Interphone (OR =1.00; n = 4)
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Meta-analysis: lessons learned
• Know • Don’t Know?– Increased brain tumor
risk for 10+ years– Results vary
– Longer durations– Heavier use
Children & teens– Results vary• Research quality• Research group
– Children & teens– 2005 and beyond– Other tumors & health
– 1994–2004Other tumors & health risks
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Interphone study
13 ti t l t d• 13 nation case-control study – funded by World Health Org. & Industry ($25 million)
• 2010 - overall results for 2 brain tumors reported2010 overall results for 2 brain tumors reported– meningioma (n = 2,409) and glioma (n = 2,708)– 2000-2004 - data collected
lif ti ll h < 100 h– average lifetime cell phone use < 100 hours• Numerous shortcomings bias
– Reduce estimates of tumor risk
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Interphone study: results• Meningioma Risk • Glioma Risk
– Any regular use --reduced risk
– Any regular use --reduced riskreduced risk
– After bias correction no risk
• likely due to bias– Heavy use (1,640+ hrs) --
increased risk (OR=1.40)( )• replicates in 44 tests• greater after bias
correction (OR=1 82)correction (OR 1.82)– Dose-response relationship
w/ more years of use• after bias correction• after bias correction
10-yr risk (OR=2.18)
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Tumor risk for 10+ yrs. cell phone use by study group & tumor typeuse by study group & tumor type
3
2
3
Relative ??
1
Relative Risk
of Tumor InterphoneHardell
??
0Acoustic Meningioma Glioma
Hardell?Neuroma
Tumor Type
Relative Risk: < 1 = protective, 1 = no risk, > 1 = harmful
Interphone results from Appendix 2 Table (corrects for bias)
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Mobile Phone Use in U.S.
1985 --203,000
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U.S. government position
U S Food and Drug Administration May 2010U.S. Food and Drug Administration, May 2010
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Public health policy options• U.S. govt. position
– Cell phones meet safety standardsCell phones meet safety standards– Wait for conclusive evidence– Invest in minimal research funding
• Our position– Precautionary principley p p
• Harm reduction approach• Safe use recommendations• Precautionary health warningsy g• Update safety standards
– Call for major government research funding initiativeg
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Precautionary Principle
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Policy: Precautionary warnings
HP1207, LD 1706, 124th Maine State Legislature, 2009-2010An Act To Create the Children's Wireless Protection Act
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Policy: independent research
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Contact information
Joel M. Moskowitz, Ph.D., Director
Center for Family and CommunityCenter for Family and CommunitySchool of Public Health
University of California, Berkeley
A CDC Center for Health PromotionA CDC Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research