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mMOM: Efficient Mobile Multicast Support Based
on the Mobilityof Mobile Hosts
YUNGOO HUH and CHEEHA KIMPresented by
Kiran Kumar Bankupally
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AgendaAgenda
TerminologyTerminology IntroductionIntroduction Some implementation detailsSome implementation details mMOM: mobility based MObile mMOM: mobility based MObile
Multicast supportMulticast support Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation ConclusionsConclusions
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IntroductionIntroduction
Necessity Necessity What is multicasting?What is multicasting?
• sender sends a single datagram to the sender sends a single datagram to the multicast address, and the routers take multicast address, and the routers take care of making copies and sending them care of making copies and sending them to all receivers that have registered to all receivers that have registered their interest in data from that sender.their interest in data from that sender.
• One way streaming mediaOne way streaming media Mobile IP!!!!Mobile IP!!!!
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Mobile IPMobile IP
Mobile IP is a Protocol that allows Mobile IP is a Protocol that allows mobile device users to move from mobile device users to move from one network to another while one network to another while maintaining a permanent IP addressmaintaining a permanent IP address
A Mobile IP consists ofA Mobile IP consists of• HA-Home AgentHA-Home Agent• FA-Foreign AgentFA-Foreign Agent
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Cont..Cont..
Home AgentHome Agent• stores information about mobile nodes stores information about mobile nodes
whose permanent address is in the whose permanent address is in the home agent's networkhome agent's network
Foreign AgentForeign Agent• stores information about mobile nodes stores information about mobile nodes
visiting its network care-of addresses, visiting its network care-of addresses, which are used by Mobile IP which are used by Mobile IP
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More on Mobile IPMore on Mobile IP
Mobile IP protocol defines the following:Mobile IP protocol defines the following: an authenticated registration procedure by which an authenticated registration procedure by which
a mobile node informs its home agent of its care-a mobile node informs its home agent of its care-of-address of-address
an extension to ICMP Router Discovery, which an extension to ICMP Router Discovery, which allows mobile nodes to discover prospective allows mobile nodes to discover prospective home agents and foreign agentshome agents and foreign agents
the rules for routing packets to and from mobile the rules for routing packets to and from mobile nodes, including the specification of one nodes, including the specification of one mandatory tunneling mechanism and several mandatory tunneling mechanism and several optional tunneling mechanisms. optional tunneling mechanisms.
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Mobile IP & multicastMobile IP & multicast
Two types of multicastingTwo types of multicasting• Remote SubscriptionRemote Subscription• Bidirectional TunnelingBidirectional Tunneling
Relating this to the course.Relating this to the course.
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Remote SubscriptionRemote Subscription
MH moves to a foreign network, it subscribes to the multicast group on the foreign network.
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Cont…..Cont…..
Advantages:-• option is simple and provides optimal
routing efficiency Disadvantages:-
• will overload the multicast routers for multicast tree management
• suffer from packet losses at roaming, owing to the set-up time associated with multicast subscription (later it was rectified)
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Bi directional TunnelingBi directional Tunneling
When MH is away from its home network, a bi-directional tunnel between its HA and FA is set up.
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Cont…..Cont…..
Advantages:-• guarantees multicast packet delivery
against roaming • handles the mobility of both the source
and recipients Disadvantages:-
• the routing path for packet delivery may be far from optimality
• tunnel convergence problem can occur
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mMoMmMoM
Mobility based mobile multicast Mobility based mobile multicast supportsupport
Uses Registration ProcessUses Registration Process FA maintains List of MH registrationsFA maintains List of MH registrations
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The ProcessThe Process
MH moves first to a foreign network, a bi-directional tunnel to its HA is set up in mMOM as the BT option
If MH does not switch its foreign network, it must perform re-registration to its HA via the FA again before the expiration of its lifetime
Implies Temporal Locality in FA Network
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Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
Analytical ModelAnalytical Model Analytical ResultsAnalytical Results
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Our PartOur Part
AssumptionsAssumptions• single multicast group with one source• source is a fixed host and other
members of the multicast group are MHs.
• Group membership does not change dynamically and there are M MHs belonging to the multicast group
• each network has only one FA
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Cont….Cont….
• MH’s re-registration time and residence time in FA are exponential random variables with parameters τ and μ, respectively.
• Networks are homogenous and are distributed in n × n matrix with each node has exactly four neighbors.
• MH is assumed to move to one of four directions randomly with equal probability
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Our network StructureOur network Structure
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Final AssumptionFinal Assumption
• the interarrival time of MHs at a FA is exponentially distributed with mean rate λ.
λ = μ/(n2 − 1)(first proof)
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Markov chain describing the behavior of MH under the n × n homogenous networks
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Here we go……Here we go……
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The limiting Probabilities are!!!!!The limiting Probabilities are!!!!!
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Substituting that in the equation above Substituting that in the equation above gives yougives you
Where 0 < a, b < n+ 1
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The given diagram reduces toThe given diagram reduces to
Markov chain for describing the arrival rate of single MH to FA positioning (a, b) under the n × n homogenous networks.
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Back to the problemBack to the problem
Each state is represented by (α, β)
• α indicates the number of MH serviced by the FA,
• β is either 0 (denoting that the FA is not involved in
the multicast service) 1 (denoting that the FA is already in the
multicast service)
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Markov chain describing the behavior of FA under mMOM.
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RepresentationRepresentation
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Markov chain describing the behavior of FA under mMOM.
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By assuming
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Now the equations reduce to
the probability Pk in nothing but the steady state probability in M/M/∞//M model shown!!!!!!!
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EquationsEquations
Thus the number of MHs in the FA isThus the number of MHs in the FA is
given bygiven by
And then these set of equations were given
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More……More……
multicast tree management overhead (Em)• number of join and leave operations per
unit time, the overhead in RS, BT, MoM, and mMOM can be expressed as follows
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And more…And more…
expected number of tunneling paths to FA (nd)
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Analytical ResultsAnalytical Results
AssumptionsAssumptions• Departure Rate (Departure Rate (μ)=1=1• ratio of the mobility rate to the re-
registration rate (MRR)MRR= μ/τ
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The tree management overhead
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The expected number of tunneling paths
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The tree management overhead
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The expected number of tunneling paths in FA
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The total cost CT
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ConclusionConclusion
Improved efficiency in terms of optimal delivery path and frequency of multicast tree reconfiguration
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Future WorkFuture Work
how to handle the co-located care-of-address approach in mMOM
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