MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT SCHEME
IN THE SUBJECT OF
BOTANY
Entitled
“Role of An Aeromycoflora In Hospital Ward
From Latur,District Latur Maharashtra State”
FILE NO. : 47-124/12 (WRO)
SUBMITTED TO
THE JOINT SECRETARY. UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION,
Western Regional Office,Ganeshkhind, Pune-7
BY
DR.DEEPAK BHAGWANRAO CHATE SHRI MAHATMA BASWESHWAR
MAHAVIDYALAYA, LATUR-413512 (MAHARASHTRA)
2018
INDEX
Chapter No. TITLE Page No.
1
INTRODUCTION
1-2
2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3-4
3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
5-5
PHOTOGRAPHS, TABLES AND GRAPHS 6-38
4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
39-42
5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
43-44
6
BIBLIOGRAPHY
45-47
Chapter 1
Introduction
Aerobiology is a branch of palynology which deals with the studies of fungal
spores, microorganism’s pollen. Aerobiology has many applications it is concentrate on
applications of Aerobiology in human health, particularly in respiratory allergy such as
Asthma, skin allergy. Aerobiology involves daily monitoring of atmospheric airborne
fungal spores and by using various fungal spore trap or samplers either volumetric or
non-volumetric. The data generated or analyzed with respect to fungal spores, pollen and
their relative abundant. The ultimate aim of basic aerobiology study is to make fungal
spore calendar. Aerobiological work is done in various centers in India such as
Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Patna, Kerala, UP, Delhi etc. Before going into details of
application of Aerobiology it is must to remember scientific contribution made by
Charles’s Bleckley(1873), David Douglas Cunningham (1889), Leonard Noon(1911),
Fred Campbell Meier (1930), T-Sreeramulu (1948), D.N. Shivpuri (1962), B.N
Bapat(1994) and others.
Aerobiology gained importance due to its relevance in allergy, Charle’s Blackley,
Physician from Manchester, UK from the 1st time experimentally proves the role of air
born fungal and pollen count in allergy. T-Sreeramulu trained brilliant student in
aerobiology. Some of them are A-Ramlingam, B.P.R.Vitthal and S.T.Tilak. D.N.Shivpuri
director of V-T Chest institute, Delhi for the 1st time conveyed physician the importance
of Aerobiology in clinical aspects of allergy and Immunotherapy in India.B.N.Bapat in
Pune carried out excellent work on food allergy and role of ‘parthenium’ on Congress
grass.
Important step to treat respiratory and dermal allergy is Immunotherapy this
involves immunizing patients against harmful effect of air born fungal spores.
Immunotherapy helps allergy sufferers 30%-90%. Allergy patients are happy even if their
suffering is reduced by 50%. Awareness of allergy airborne pollen and fungal spores
among the doctors, allergy patients and public in general is most important. This can be
achieved through mass media such as Newspaper; Television this attempt is done in
Bangalore University Bangalore by Dr.Shripad and other research students. Weekly
pollen monitoring results were published in The Times of India Newspaper this can be
done by aero biologist in other centers.
Chapter 2
Review of Literature Survey of indoor environment of the hospital wards has brought out valuable
information on the allergenic forms. Species of Aspergillus and Penicillium are the
dominant forms. The hospital operations theatre survey has also indicated the presence of
few forms but in low concentrations
Sherma and Dutta (2001) reported fungal airspora of Medical wards, Medical
colleges, Asam using petriplates exposures method. They found Aspergillus
sp.contributing 33% of the total populations whereas Penicillium contributing
15.2% of the total population. The lowest fungal population was observed in the
operation theatre where only 12 fungal forms were identified of which Aspergillus
and Penicillium contributed 40.6%and 21.9% of the total population respectively
Vermaand Chile (1992) reported Aspergillus as a most dominant type isolated
from the air of medical college hospital, Jabalpur
Singh, Gangal and Singh (1994) reported aeroflora from hospitals of Delhi, While
Giri and Saoji (2003) from Nagpur. They found indoor spores concentrations
much lower in the hospital areas receiving filtered air as compared to the
controlled environment. However in the ventilated hospital ward. The
concentration of aeromycoflora was found to be similar to that of outside air
Agashe and Anuradha (1996) reported airborne fungal concentrations in a hospital
ward in Bangalore. There found a total of 4331 spore/ cm².The dominant fungal
components were Cladosporium (28.2%) and Aspergillus (10.7%)
Verma and Soni (1997) reported Aspergillus as the most dominant type from
Victoria hospital and Allergy clinic, Jabalpur.
Kulshrestha and Chauhan (2001) reported Aspergillus as the 1st major component
in the mycoflora contributing 34.6%, 37.2% and 32.60% inside Medical College
District Hospital and G.G. Nursing home in Agra city respectively
Govind et.Al (2002) reported cultivable fungi in Asthmatic patient’s bed rooms
and inside hospital ward in Kerala. They found Aspergillus Niger as predominant
type and cladosporium was recorded at second positions whereas Penicillium sp.
eas recorded abundance.
Shanty (2001) carried out investigation of the indoor airspora of T.B.Chest ward
of S.R.N. Medical college hospital. Allahabad using gravity slide and petriplates
exposure method for one year from oct.1997 to Sept.1998. 56 types of fungal
spores and 17 types of colonies were recorded from the indoor air of hospital
ward. Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Fusarium were the most dominant forms of
indoor airspora. Month of April and October recorded from the indoor maximum
concentration of spores and colonies while month of January and June recorded
minimum concentration. Incidence of airspora in the indoor hospital environment
has been compared with that of outdoor environment.
Chapter 3
Materials and Methods MIMSR MIT medical college and hospital is located in Latur (18˚24´28.6452˝N
and 76˚34´36.3612˝E). It was established in 1990 and has 22 wards separate for male and
female patients with facilities as per norms more than 25000 patients visited annually
with all necessary facilities available.
This hospital is committed providing diagnosis of disease and team management
of patients care with 610 beds. 160 doctors constructed area of hospital 4,95,000. The
present investigation was carried out in MIMSR MIT Medical college and hospital, Latur
(Maharashtra in two halves of year the first half (period A) 1st July 2014 to 30th Dec
2014 and 2nd half (period B) 1ST Jan 2015 to 30th June 2015.In first half there was
collection of data slide preparation, in 2nd half (period), observation result analysis.
Present investigation was carried out with the help of Tilak Air Sampler and
petriplates exposure. It has been used for wide verity of airborne particles, Airborne
particles deposited on rotating drum. The cello-tape smeared on rotating drum which
provides the data for 8 days on one complete rotation. Petri-plate containing PDA media
was used and 15 min time given to the exposure. The exposed petriplates incubated at
27˚C and allows developing colonies.
Plate 1
Air Sampler in Hospital Ward
Air Sampler Fixed Patient’s Room
Plate 2
Air Sampler Fixed in Operation Theatre
Cellotape Fixed On Rotating Drum(Internal View Of Air sampler)
Plate 3
ALTERNARIA
ASPERGILLUS
Plate 4
CHEATOMIUM
HELMINTHOSPORIUM
Plate 5
TEICHOSPORA.
TETRAPLOA
Plate 6
BISPORA
CURVULARIA
Plate 7
HETEROSPORIUM
CERCOSPORA
Plate 8
NIGROSPORA
Month-Wise concentration of Aeromycoflora Inside the Hospital ward – Latur (MS)
(1st July 2014 to 31st Dec. 2014
July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec.
Tot
al
Temperature 27˚C 27˚C 27˚C 27˚C 25˚C 23˚C
Humidity 73% 65% 72% 78% 80% 85%
Rain fall 165mm 122mm 180mm 168mm 175mm 180mm
Spores No. of spores
Alternaria 27 33 35 35 41 44 215
Aspergillus 40 40 44 47 57 63 291
Bispora 25 32 33 31 37 39 197
Cercospora 16 19 23 26 28 33 145
Cheatomium 11 10 12 16 19 21 89
Cladosporium 37 33 41 48 51 57 267
Curvularia 19 16 27 31 31 35 159
Diplodia 20 18 23 27 30 32 150
Epicoccum 7 7 11 14 17 21 77
Hyphal
Fragment 26 20 33 37 36 39 191
Fusarium 16 22 19 26 27 30 140
Helminthospo
rium 21 22 20 25 29 32 149
Hypoxylon 12 11 14 17 21 23 98
Mucor 22 20 23 27 27 33 152
Nigrospora 9 12 14 17 22 25 99
Penicillium 38 37 38 52 55 59 279
Periconia 8 6 11 14 17 21 77
Phytopthora 10 8 13 17 22 25 95
Pleospora 9 9 10 12 14 17 71
Rhizopus 17 15 21 26 29 32 140
Smut spores 13 17 21 24 27 31 133
Spegazzinia 9 11 13 16 16 21 86
Teichospora 05 04 08 11 15 15 58
Tetraploa 07 05 11 16 19 22 80
Torula 07 07 14 14 17 21 80
Unidentified 22 20 25 28 20 29 144
Xylaria 05 03 08 11 15 15 57
Total 458 457 565 665 739 835 3719
Monthwise percentage contribution of an Aeromycoflora inside Hospital ward (m3/
of air)
July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Total
Spores % of spores
Alternaria 5.89 7.22 6.19 5.26 5.54 5.26 5.78
Aspergillus 8.73 8.75 7.78 7.06 7.71 7.54 7.82
Bispora 5.45 7 5.84 4.66 5 4.67 5.29
Cercospora 3.49 4.15 4.07 3.90 3.78 3.95 3.89
Cheatomium 2.4 2.18 2.12 2.4 2.57 2.51 2.39
Cladosporiu
m 8.07 7.22 7.25 7.21 6.9 6.82 7.17
Curvularia 4.14 3.5 4.77 4.66 4.19 4.19 4.27
Diplodia 4.36 3.93 4.07 4.06 4.05 3.83 4.03
Epicoccum 1.52 1.53 1.94 2.1 2.3 2.51 2.07
Hyphal
Fragment 5.67 4.37 5.84 5.56 4.87 4.67 5.13
Fusarium 3.49 4.81 3.36 3.9 3.65 3.59 3.76
Helminthosp
orium 4.58 4.81 3.53 3.75 3.92 3.83 4
Hypoxylon 2.62 2.4 2.47 2.55 2.84 2.75 2.63
Mucor 4.80 4.37 4.07 4.06 3.65 3.95 4.08
Nigrospora 1.96 2.62 2.47 2.55 2.97 2.99 2.66
Penicillium 8.29 8.09 6.72 7.81 7.44 7.06 7.5
Periconia 1.74 1.31 1.94 2.1 2.30 2.51 2.08
Phytopthora 2.18 1.95 2.3 2.55 2.97 2.99 2.55
Pleospora 1.96 1.96 1.76 1.8 1.89 2.03 1.9
Rhizopus 3.71 3.2 3.71 3.9 3.92 3.83 3.76
Smut spores 2.83 3.71 3.71 3.6 3.65 3.71 3.57
Spegazzinia 1.96 2.40 2.3 2.4 2.16 2.51 2.31
Teichospora 1.09 0.87 1.41 1.65 2.02 1.79 1.55
Tetraploa 1.52 1.09 1.94 2.4 2.57 2.63 2.15
Torula 1.52 1.53 2.47 2.1 2.3 2.51 2.15
Unidentified 4.80 4.37 4.42 4.21 2.7 3.47 3.87
Xylaria 1.09 0.65 1.41 1.65 2.02 1.79 1.53
Total 12.31 12.2 15.1 17.8 19.8 22.4 100%
Groupwise total number of spore concentration of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward
(m3/ of air)
Class:- Phycomycetes
Groupwise percentage contribution of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward (m3/ of air)
Class:- Phycomycetes
Spores July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec Avg. %
Mucor 4.80 4.37 4.07 4.06 3.65 3.95 4.08
Rhizopus 3.71 3.2 3.71 3.9 3.92 3.83 3.76
Total 8.51 7.57 7.78 7.96 7.57 7.78 7.85
No. of spores 292
Spores July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec Total
Mucor 22 20 23 27 27 33 152
Rhizopus 17 15 21 26 29 32 140
Total 39 35 44 53 56 65 292
Groupwise total number of spore concentration of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward
(m3/ of air)
Class:- Ascomycetes Spores July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec Total
Cheatomium 11 10 12 16 19 21 89
Pleospora 9 9 10 12 14 17 71
Teichospora 05 04 08 11 15 15 58
Xylaria 05 03 08 11 15 15 57
Hypoxylon 12 11 14 17 21 23 98
Total 42 37 52 67 84 91 373
Groupwise percentage contribution of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward (m3/ of air) Class:- Ascomycetes
Spores July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec Avg.%
Cheatomium 2.4 2.18 2.12 2.4 2.57 2.51 2.39
Pleospora 1.96 1.96 1.76 1.8 1.89 2.03 1.9
Teichospora 1.09 0.87 1.41 1.65 2.02 1.79 1.47
Xylaria 1.09 0.65 1.41 1.65 2.02 1.79 1.53
Hypoxylon 2.62 2.4 2.47 2.55 2.84 2.75 2.63
Total 9.92
No. of spores 373
Groupwise total number of spore concentration of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward
(m3/ of air)
Class:-Basidomycetes
Spores July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Avg%
Smut
spores
13 17 21 24 27 31 133
Total 13 17 21 24 27 31 133
Groupwise percentage contribution of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward (m3/ of air)
Class:-Basidomycetes
Spores July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Avg%
Smut Spores 2.83 3.71 3.71 3.6 3.65 3.71 3.57
Total 2.83 3.71 3.71 3.6 3.65 3.71 3.57
No. of spores 133
Groupwise total number of spore concentration of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward
(m3/ of air)
Class :- Hyphal Fragment
Spores July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total
Hyphal Fragment 26 20 33 37 36 39 191
Total 26 20 33 37 36 39 191
Groupwise percentage contribution of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward (m3/ of air)
Class :- Hyphal Fragment
Spores July Aug Sept Oct. Nov Dec. Avg.
%
Hyphal Fragment 5.67 4.37 5.84 5.56 4.87 4.67 5.13
Total 5.67 4.37 5.84 5.56 4.87 4.67 5.13
No. of spores 191
Groupwise total number of spore concentration of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward
(m3/ of air)
Class-Deuteromycetes
Spores July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Avg%
Alternaria 27 33 35 35 41 44 215
Aspergillus 40 40 44 47 57 63 291
Bispora 25 32 33 31 37 39 197
Cercospora 16 19 23 26 28 33 145
Cladosporium 37 33 41 48 51 57 267
Curvularia 19 16 27 31 31 35 159
Diplodia 20 18 23 27 30 32 150
Epicoccum 7 7 11 14 17 21 77
Fusarium 16 22 19 26 27 30 140
Helminthosporium 21 22 20 25 29 32 149
Nigrospora 9 12 14 17 22 25 99
Spegazzinia 9 11 13 16 16 21 86
Tetraploa 07 05 11 16 19 22 80
Torula 07 07 14 14 17 21 80
Total 260 277 328 373 422 475 2135
Groupwise percentage contribution of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward (m3/ of air)
Class:- Deuteromycetes
Spores July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Avg%
Alternaria 5.89 7.22 6.19 5.26 5.54 5.26 5.78
Aspergillus 8.73 8.75 7.78 7.06 7.71 7.54 7.82
Bispora 5.45 7 5.84 4.66 5 4.67 5.29
Cercospora 3.49 4.15 4.07 3.9 3.78 3.95 3.89
Cladosporium 8.07 7.22 7.25 7.21 6.90 6.82 7.17
Curvularia 4.14 3.5 4.77 4.66 4.19 4.19 4.27
Diplodia 4.36 3.93 4.07 4.06 4.05 3.83 4.03
Epicoccum 1.52 1.53 1.94 2.1 2.3 2.51 2.07
Fusarium 3.49 4.81 3.36 3.9 3.65 3.59 3.76
Helminthosporium 4.58 4.81 3.53 3.75 3.92 3.83 4.07
Nigrospora 1.96 2.62 2.47 2.55 2.97 2.99 2.66
Spegazzinia 1.96 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.16 2.51 2.31
Tetraploa 1.52 1.09 1.94 2.4 2.57 2.63 2.15
Torula 1.52 1.53 2.47 2.1 2.3 2.51 2.07
Penicillium 8.29 8.09 6.72 7.81 7.44 7.06 7.5
Periconia 1.74 1.31 1.94 2.1 2.30 2.51 2.7
Total 66.73 70 66.66 65.91 66.74 66.07 67.05
No. of spores 2135
Groupwise total number of spore concentration of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward
(m3/ of air)
Unidentified Group
Groupwise percentage contribution of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward (m3/
of air)
Unidentified Group
Spores July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec Total
Unidentified 22 20 25 28 20 29 144
Total 22 20 25 28 20 29 144
July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Avg%
Unidentified
Group
4.80 4.37 4.42 4.21 2.7 3.47 3.87
Total 4.80 4.37 4.42 4.21 2.7 3.47 3.87
No. of spore 144
Graph of Temperature ,Humidity ,Rainfall
Alternaria
Aspergillus
Bispora
Cercospora
Cheatomium
Cladosporium
Curvularia
Diplodia
Epicoccum
Hyphal fragment
Fusarium
Helminthosporium
Hypoxylon
Mucor
Nigrospora
Penicillium
Periconia
Phytoptora
Pleospora
Rhizopus
Smut Spores
Spegazzinia
Teichospora
Torula
Unidentified Spores
Xylaria
Total Spores
Chapter 4
Result and Discussion
During the present investigation there were 25 fungal spores type and one
unidentified group and one hyphal fragments group. Investigation was carried out from
21st July 2014 to 31st Dec 2014. The investigation was carried with air sampling with the
help of Tilak Air Sampler, supporting to this work petriplate exposure also carried out at
fortnight interval during the present investigation.
Aspergillus was dominant spore type the spore concentration were (291/mᶾ of air)
7.82% ,followed by penicillium (279/ mᶾ of air) 7.5%, cladosporium (267/mᶾ of air)
7.17%, Alternaria (215/mᶾ of air) 5.78%, Bispora(197/mᶾ of air) 5.29%, Hyphal Fragment
(191/mᶾ of air) 5.13%, Curvularia (159/mᶾ of air) 4.27%, Mucor(152/mᶾ of air) 4.08%,
Diplodia ( 150/mᶾ of air) 4.03%, Helminthosporium (149/mᶾ of air) 4%, Cercospora
(145/mᶾ of air) 3.89%, unidentified (144/mᶾ of air) 3.87%, Rhizopus (140/mᶾ of air)
3.76%, Smut Spores (133/mᶾ of air) 3.57%, Nigrospora (99/mᶾ of air) 2.66%,Phytopthora
(95/mᶾ of air) 2.55, Chetomium ( 89/mᶾ of air) 2.39%, Spegazzinia (86/mᶾ of air) 2.31%,
Tetrploa(80/mᶾ of air) 2.15%, Torula ( 80/mᶾ of air) 2.15%, Periconia (77/mᶾ of air)
2.07%, Epicoccum (77/mᶾ of air) 2.07%, Pleospora( 71/mᶾ of air) 1.9%, Teichospora
(58/mᶾ of air)1.55%, where xylaria encountered (57/mᶾ of air) 1.53%, lowest in the
present investigation
During the present investigation among the groups Dueteromycetes was the most
dominant group (2491/mᶾ of air), followed by Ascomycetes ( 373/mᶾ of air)
Phycomycets(292/mᶾ of air) 7.85%, Hyphal Fragment (191/mᶾ of air) 5.13%, unidentified
group (144/mᶾ of air) 3.87%, Basidomycetes (133/mᶾ of air) where as Oomycete
contributed (95/mᶾ of air) 2.55%. Duteromycetes represented 16 spore types of which
Aspergillus, Penicillium. Cladosporium, Alternaria, Bispora,Curvularia,
Helminthosporium,Fusarium were common spore types Ascomycetes represented as 5
spore types Hypoxylon were found to be dominant spore types (98/mᶾ of air) 2.63%,
followed by Cheatomium(89/mᶾ of air) 2.39%, Pleospora (77/mᶾ of air) 2.07%,
Teichospora (58/mᶾ of air) 1.55% , Xylaria (57/mᶾ of air) 1.53/mᶾ of air). Phycomycetes
represented 2 (two) spores types mucor were founded dominant (152/mᶾ of air) 4.08%
followed by Rhizopus (140/mᶾ of air) 3.76% . Basidomycetes contributed (133/mᶾ of air)
3.57%. represented 1 spore type phytopthora (95/mᶾ of air) 2.55%. The investigation also
include the study of hyphal fragment (191/mᶾ of air) 5.13% Unidentified (144/mᶾ of air)
3.87%.
Lowest among the 9 groups. All these bio components are known as allergens. It
is also clear that meteorological parameters like temperatures , relative humidity and
rainfall have significant role in increase of aerbioparticles and allergic manifestation in
the patient. species of Aspergillus. Penicillium,alternaria ,curvularia cladosporium,
mucor, diplodia, helminthosporium, cercospora, rhizopus, fusarium, smut spores were
found to be prevalent in air during most of the month
Intradermal skin test on allergenic patient reveled that a good number of patients
showed positivity to a number of fungal antigens. Sensitivity to such allergens has also
been observed in different environments . Allergenic rhinitis was recorded as the
prevalent disorder . Such individuals have a higher risk of developing cough
/breathlessness. Common clinical observation also reveals that rhinitis, if unchecked
leads to bronchlasthma . The present work help in solving various problems related to
allerge
The Table Showing Concentration Percentage Of Different Colonies By Petriplates
Exposure During 1 July 2014 to 31st 2014
Sr.No. Name Of Colonies No. of
Colonies
Average Percentage
1 Penicillium 29 13.42%
2 Aspergillus 35 16.20%
3 Alternaria 23 10.64%
4 Cladosporium 27 12.5%
5 Bispora 21 9.72%
6 Hyphal Fragment 20 9.25%
7 Curvularia 20 9.25%
8 BactarialColonies 17 7.87%
9 Undefined 24 11.11%
Total 216 99.96%
Present Investigation was carried out in MIMSR-MIT Medical College and
Hospital, Latur(MS) During 1st July 2014 to 31st July 2014 In Patient’s Room :-
Supporting to air sampler petriplate exposure method also carried out during 1st July 2014
to 31st Dec 2014 Using Potatodextrose agar(PDA) medium. The Petridishes were exposed
for 30min.Perticularly near the patient bed at fortnightly intervals after exposure the
petridishes were incubated at 27˚C for four days. The colonies were counted identified on
morphological character with the help of literature.
During the petriplate exposure for six month from 1st July 2014 to 31st Dec
2014,216 colonies were trapped. These colonies were penicillium (29)13.42%,
Aspergillus (35) 16.20%, Alternaria 23 (10.64%), Cladosporium 27(12.5%), Bispora
21(9.72%), Hyphal Fragment 20(9.25%)Curvularia 20(9.25%) bacterial colonies 17
(7.87%) and unidentified 24 ( 11.11% ) , recorded in the Asthematic patient room .
However Aspergillus contributed highest percentage 35 (16.20%) , followed by
penicillum 29 (13.42%), cladosporium 27(12.5%), unidentified, Alternaria, Bispora,
Curvularia, Hyphal fragments, Bacterial colonies.
It was observed that Atmospheric spore concentration flucte with fluctuation in
the metrological factors, the effect of temperature, humidity and rainfall on the frequency
of fungal spores and bacterial colonies were observed
The majority of the colonies were developed during rain high humidity and low
temperature fungal population in hospital ward related to factors like cleanliness,
maintenance of hygienic conditions in bed room, microorganisms present in the air of
patients room affect the health of patient as well as the workers involved in hospital ward.
Environment paly’s significant role in precipitaltion of allergic disorders risk due
to biopollutants is very high among The workers and patient in hospital ward. The lowest
fungal traps were observed en the operation theatre .
Chapter 5
Summary and Conclusion
Studies on aeromycoflora of indoor air are relatively few in India. Clinical studies
have also been conducted at some centers in India to identify the potential fungal
allergens. Human being are known to suffer from major allergens such as fungal spores,
pollen grains, house dust mites and food stuff present in the atmosphere.
This study is being carried out to know role of aero allergnes in hospital ward.
Fungal spores formed the dominant air spore compared to pollen grains. Allergic rhinitis
is more common have been found during the present investigation. The present
investigation helps to focus alteration on detritus effects of fungal spores. These are
impacted on various substracts, indoor hazardous bioparticles which remain suspended in
air also cause of concern to habitat or patients workers in the closed environment.
Present study also helpful the hospital environmental including ward operation theatres
and density wards have helped to modify the concept of hygiene and sterilization and
clean environment.
The sensitivity of ungal spores which are trapped during the present investigation.
The spores like Alteraria, Penicillium, Bispora, Curvularia Helminthosporium, Diplodia,
Cercospora, Cladosporiu, Chaetomium, found occurrence of seasonal asthma due to
fungal spores in hospital ward.
During present study clinical investigations have provided the significance and
utility of treatment in preventing the effects of aeroallergens to sensitive individuals.
Important conclusions are
i) The present investigation makes an alteration of aerobiologist and clinicians
towards the hospital environment.
ii) The presents study also helpful to know frequency and concentration of indoor
fungi.
iii) Study is important to increasing awareness of aero allergen for clinical
investigations.
iv) The present study also provided additional information on fungal aerobiology of
indoor environment of hospital ward from India.
v) The present clinical investigations have provided the significance and utility of
treatment in preventing the effects of aero allergens to sensitive individuals.
vi) Present investigation provide aero allergenic calendar for clinical.
Chapter 6
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