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Mineralisation of CO2 in Solid Waste: Manufactured Carbonated Aggregates
Professor CD Hills
Carbon8 SystemsEngineering Science, University of Greenwich
[email protected] and [email protected]
LCM 2017, 3-6th September, Luxembourg
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The climate ‘problem’ and solutions?
• The emissions ‘gap’ -that required to maintain a 2oC warming limit, relative to projected emissions will be 8-12 Gt by 2020*
• There are emerging options for CO2 utilisation (CDU), as CCS is unlikely to deliver in the short term:
• Is potential to use Gt of CO2 as feedstock in:
•Chemicals
•Fuels
•Plastics
•Minerals (as carbonate)
* UN Emissions Gap report 2013 ** Freedoniagroup. com
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Limestone is a geologically stable material
Pre-Cambrian limestone, Maine
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Options for mineralising CO2
Option Status Issues Value
Injection into the geosphere (into reactive rocks)
Field demonstration at small scale
Kinetics – very slowWho will pay?
No
Mine and bulk treat reactive rocks in a reactor, dispose
Laboratorydemonstration
Cost/energy penaltyWho will pay?
No
Mine, dissolve, extract metals, mineralise residue, dispose of ‘insolubles’
Laboratory/pilotdemonstration
Cost/energy penalty/market issues
Yes
Divert CO2-reactive wastes (from landfill) into aggregates / fillers / geotechnical media
Commercial (6 years), market accepting
Costs (needs a gate fee) Yes
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Transmitted light photo-micrograph
Carbonated aggregates – has a natural analogue
The carbonated aggregate structure is analogous to a Pisolith: displays a ‘characteristic’ growth pattern
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Global context for manufactured aggregates
• The world market for construction aggregates is ca. 48 Gt (2015)
• Mineralised CO2 cemented manufactured aggregates are likely to be non-disruptive
• Are fit for purpose/a suitable replacement for virgin stone
• Gt of CO2-reactive wastes are available worldwide and often close to point-source of CO2
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Aggregate production in the selected EU countries (Mt)
Country Sand &
Gravel
Crushed
Rock
Marine
Aggregates
Recycled
Aggregates
Re-
Used
on Site
Manufactured Total
Production
Denmark 37 0 6 2 0 0 45
Sweden 13 73 0 0 0 2 88
Finland 32 44 0 2 0 0 78
UK 49 121 12 52 2 12 248
Austria 63 33 0 4 0 2 102
Belgium 13 45 6 15 0 1 80
Germany 231 207 10 68 0 29 545
Italy 63 88 0 4 0 0 155
Poland 168 64 0 5 7 11 255
Ireland 6 22 0 0 0 0 28
Netherlands 50 0 12 18 0 0 80
France 111 182 6 20 4 323
Total 836 879 52 190 9 61 2027
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CO2 sequestration potential for wastes by country: APCr, IBA, Steel Slag, CFA, C&D, Red Mud
A realistic prediction for CO2 potential is appx. 6 Mt sequestered each year, producing 122Mt of aggregate (6% of Europe’s aggregate production)
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UK manufactured carbonated aggregates
6 years of commercial use (users = small and multinational companies)
Meets End of Waste (‘EoW’)
2 UK plants, 5 by ca. 2021 (ca. 500kt/yr), with EoW for construction blocks
Suitable for e.g. :
pipe bedding
sub-base for roads, geotechnical fill,
ready-mix concrete
higher value products
Is waste treatment focused, but ‘know-how’ is transferable to geologically-derived materials
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Needs
A level regulatory ‘playing field’ in EU/elsewhere for End of Waste (EoW)
Low cost point sources of CO2
Effective carbon pricing (incentive)
Harmonization of taxes
An embodied carbon marking scheme
Public awareness of benefits
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Conclusions
Manufactured carbonated aggregates natural (Earth-made) analogues
Are fit for purpose
Commercially available in the UK for 6 years
Mt quantities of CO2 could be mineralised this way, to meet an estimated 6% of the EU aggregate needs
A lack of harmonization means the technology cannot be widely adopted in the EU (i.e. drivers and market forces different in member states)
A level regulatory playing field , low CO2 price and carbon pricing are needed