![Page 1: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners
Center for Confidence
Creating Confident Individuals
September 18, 2008
![Page 2: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
“I don’t divide the world into the weak and the strong, or the successes and the failures… I divide the world into the learners and nonlearners.”
- Benjamin Barber
![Page 3: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Mindsets
• Fixed Mindset: Intelligence/talent is a fixed trait
…Myth of the natural
• Growth Mindset: Intelligence is a malleable quality; a potential that can be developed
…Talent is a starting point
![Page 4: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mindsets
• Which mindset is correct?• Which mindset is most popular?• Do students hold the same mindsets across
domains?• Are the mindsets related to students’
ability?• Are the mindsets themselves fixed or can
they be changed?
![Page 5: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What Do Mindsets Do?
The 7th Grade High Transition
![Page 6: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What Do Mindsets Do?
GoalsLearning is Most Important:
“It’s much more important for me to learn things in my classes than it is to get the best grades.”
Looking Smart is Most Important:
“The main thing I want when I do my school work is to show how good I am at it.”
![Page 7: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What Mindsets Do
Effort BeliefsEffort is positive: “The harder you work at something, the better
you’ll be at it.”
Effort is negative: “To tell the truth, when I work hard at my school
work it makes me feel like I’m not very smart.”
![Page 8: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What Mindsets Do
StrategiesResilient: “I would work harder in this class from now on.” “I would spend more time studying for the tests.”
Helpless: “I would spend less time on this subject from now on.”“I would try not to take this subject ever again.”“I would try to cheat on the next test.”
![Page 9: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Math Achievement in Junior High School
7272.5
7373.5
7474.5
7575.5
7676.5
77
Fall Year1
Spring Year1
Fall Year2
Spring Year2
FixedGrowth
growth
fixed
![Page 10: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Question “Who was the Union general at the battle of Gettysburg?”
* Subject
typesresponse and confidence
1.5 s 2 s
* Correctanswer
1.5 s
Ability-Relevant Feedback
Learning-Relevant Feedback
1 s
Paying Attention to Learning
or
![Page 11: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fixed Mindset Instructions
“The test you are about to take, the verbal portion of the MCAT, is a measure of your verbal intelligence and verbal reasoning ability…”
![Page 13: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Growth Mindset Instructions
The test you are about to take… is not a measure of verbal ability; rather it is a measure of your current level of reading comprehension, retention, and speed. All of these can improve considerably with practice.
![Page 14: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mindset Instructions on MCAT Problems
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
FIXED GROWTH
25.9% increase
![Page 15: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
How are Mindsets Communicated?
Messages We Send to Students
![Page 16: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
How Are Mindsets Communicated?
Intelligence Praise: “Wow, that’s a really good score. You must be smart at this.”
Effort Praise: “Wow, that’s a really good score. You must have tried really hard.”
[Control Group: “Wow, that’s a really good score.”]
![Page 18: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Effects of Intelligence vs. Effort Praise
• Mindset: Fixed vs. Growth
• Goals: Looking smart vs. Learning
After Difficult Trial:
• Confidence: Low vs. High
• Motivation: Low vs. High
• Performance: Decreased vs. Increased
![Page 19: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Number of problems solved on Trial 1 (before failure) and
Trial 3 (after failure).
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
Trial 1 Trial 3
Effort PraiseControl PraiseIntelligence Praise
Num
ber
of P
robl
ems
Solv
ed
![Page 20: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Lying Students who misrepresented their scores
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Intelligence Control Effort
Type of Praise Given
![Page 21: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Changing Mindsets
![Page 22: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Math Grades(Blackwell, Trzesniewski, & Dweck)
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Before After
Control
BraInology
![Page 26: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Percent Identified as Increasing in Motivation
9
27
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Control Growth
![Page 27: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Replicated several times: Motivation, Grades, Achievement Test Scores
• Reduced gender gap in math; race gap in grades and on standardized tests.
![Page 28: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Brainology
5 Computer Modules
Teachers’ Guide
![Page 29: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Visit to Brain Lab
![Page 30: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Mad Scientist
![Page 31: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Brain Experiments
![Page 32: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Learning Brain
![Page 33: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Have you changed your mind about anything?
• Yes … I imagine neurons making connections in my brain and I feel like I am learning something. (biggie)
• My favorite thing from Brainology is the neurons part where when u learn something there are connections and they keep growing. I always picture them when I’m in school (khadija)
![Page 34: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Teacher:Have you noticed changes?
• [In my class they] use the memory terminology every chance they get, “I’ll have to put that into my long-term memory,” “Sorry, that stuff is not in my long-term memory,” I guess I was only using my working memory” …They offer to practice, study, take notes, or pay attention to ensure that connections will be made.
![Page 35: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Conclusions
• Mindsets play a key role in motivation to learn
• Mindsets can be changed.
![Page 36: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Thank you!
![Page 37: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Feedback for a Growth Mindset
![Page 38: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Examples of Process Praise That Foster A Growth Mindset• You really studied for your English test
and your improvement shows it. You read the material over several times, you outlined it, and you tested yourself on it. It really worked!
![Page 39: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• I like the way you tried all kinds of strategies on that math problem until you finally got it. You thought of a lot of different ways to do it and found the one that worked!
• It was a long and hard assignment, but you stuck to it until you got it done. You stayed at your desk, you kept your concentration, and you kept on working. That’s great!
![Page 40: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• I like that you took on that challenging project for your science class. It will take a lot of work—doing the research, designing the machine, finding the parts, and building it. Boy, you’re going to learn a lot of great things.
![Page 41: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• “I know school used to be easy for you and you used to feel like the smart kid all the time. But the truth is that you weren’t using your brain to the fullest. I’m really excited about how you’re stretching yourself now and working to learn hard things.”
![Page 42: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Compare:
• “You did that project beautifully. You see, you are smart. I’m proud of you”
• “You did that project beautifully. Your practice and hard work really paid off. Are you pleased?”
![Page 43: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Criticism
• In a fixed mindset students must be protected from errors
• In a growth mindset, teachers must tell the truth
![Page 44: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Process (Constructive) Criticism
• “We all have different learning curves. It may take more time for you to catch on and be comfortable with this material, but you if you keep at it like this you will.”
• “Reading/writing/math is really hard for you. If you’re willing to work hard and do extra things, we can change that. Are you ready to start?”
![Page 45: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• “I liked the effort you put in, but let’s work together some more and figure out what it is you don’t understand.”
![Page 46: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• “Everyone learns in a different way. Let’s keep trying to find the way that works for you.”
• “I know you’re disappointed in your test grade. Let’s talk about how you studied and maybe we can figure out what went wrong.”
![Page 47: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• “When you talk, you’re so lively and full of energy. Let’s see if we can get that into your writing. Now, how could we say this…?”
![Page 48: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Other Growth Mindset Lessons
Enjoyment of Challenges
• “Let’s work on something hard that you can learn from, not something that you already know how to do.”
• “Boy, this is hard. This is what I call fun.”
![Page 49: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Struggle is Not a Bad Word
• “Who had a good struggle? Let’s share what we struggled with today”
• “Now that’s what I call a terrific struggle! Way to go!”
![Page 50: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
“Mistakes Are Our Friends”
• “Who thinks they made a really interesting mistake?”
• “Who else made a terrific mistake that will help us learn?”
![Page 51: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Learning and Improvement
• “Let’s go around and have each of you share something you learned today that you didn’t know before.”
• “That was a lot of hard work. Can you just imagine all the connections you grew today?”
![Page 52: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Bottom Line
• Knowing how to take on challenges, struggle, welcome mistakes, and improve--is what builds and maintains healthy confidence.
• This is what children need to know
![Page 53: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
And so do we as teachers…
![Page 54: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The End
Thank you!
![Page 55: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Mindsets: Creating Confident and Effective Learners Center for Confidence Creating Confident Individuals September 18, 2008](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649dc05503460f94ab44ed/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Pre-Med Chemistry GradesGrant & Dweck
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
Entity Incremental
MaleFemale