Chapter 3 Section 2: Migration
VocabularyMigration
Immigrants
Urbanization
Rural
Urban
The movement of people from one place or region to another
People who move into one country from another
The movement of people to cities, and the growth of cities
Located in the countryside
Located in the cities and towns
Why People Migrate?More than 30 million people moved to the US from Europe
More than 41 million migrated here from Mexico
2.5 million migrated here from the Caribbean Islands
More than 1 million came from the Philippines, China and Vietnam.
800,000 immigrants have come from South Korea and India
Came during 1850-1930
Came since 1971
Came over the years
Slides Big Idea?
WHY WOULD PEOPLE WANT TO MOVE
HERE FROM OTHER COUNTRIES?
How has voluntary migration changed
from past years to
now?
Voluntary Migration
The movement of people by their own choice
People migrate b/c hardships “push” them to leave. The hope for a better life “pulls” people to a new area.
The PastPush-pull explains why Irish migration
happened in the 1840’s and 50’s.1.5 million people Irish cameWhy? Disease destroyed crop of potatoes
so hunger pushed people to migrate. Better economy pulled Irish families to US.
Present DayPush people to leave—economy, wars, limit of freedom due to gov’tPull people to come—economy, political
freedom
Push-Pull Theory
Involuntary
Migration
When people are forced to move (not their choice)
Ex. Britain sent prisoners to Australia in 1800’s to serve their sentences
Ex. War can force people to move as well
Biggest Involuntary Migration1500’s—1800’s: millions of Africans
enslaved and taken to European coloniesTraveled under inhumane (?) conditionsInitially established on East Coast and then forced to migrate again across the US
TransatlanticSlave Trade
Urbanization2 Reasons
why someone would move
from the country to
city.
1.) Growth on industry2.) ?
Since 1950—urbanization has paved way for suburbanization (movement of people to suburbs)
can replace valuable farmland w/ developmentsMost people rely on cars for transportation in suburbs
suburbs can lead to more pollutionPeople still move to pursue dream of home ownership
Cities and Suburbs
Urbanization happens on other continents as wellAsiaAfricaLatin America
In these countries:People move from the countryside to citiesOver the years the numbers have
increased
Cities are having a problem keeping upNot enough: schools, housing, jobs,
hospitalsTraffic Jams and crowds
But people still keep flocking to citiesIn the countryside:
Jobs are scarceLess land to farm on
Want a better life and cities seem to be the answer
Can cities possibly keep
up?
Appeal of Cities
Chapter 3 Section 3: Economic Systems
Vocabulary
System where people make, exchange, and use things that have value
Owners and workers
People who buy and use products
An economic system in which individuals own most businesses
An economic system in which the central government owns factories, farms and offices
Nations with many industries and advanced technology
Nations with few industries and simple technology
Economy
Producers
Consumers
Capitalism
Communism
Developed Nations
Developing Nations
Different Kinds of Economies
Economies differ from one country to another
In any economy producers sell products to consumers
1.) What will be produced?2.) How will it be produced?3.) For whom will it be produced?
Answers to these questions depend on type of economy
Owners decide how products are produced
Workplaces are privately ownedGovernment owns workplaces
3 Basic Economic Questions
Ownership depends on
Country
3 Types of Economies
CapitalismDefinitionAlso called “free-market” economy b/c
producers compete freely for consumer’s businessPeople can save money in banksBanks lend money to people and business in
return for interest (?)Banks pay interest to people who save moneyPeople can invest in businesses
CommunismDefinitionGov’t controls prices of goods and services, how much is produced and how much workers are
paidGov’t decides where to invest resourcesOnly a few countries participate in this
Mixed EconomySystem of mixed ownershipEx. In some countries gov’t may own some
businesses while others are privately owned
Industrial Revolution
Developed Nations
Developing Nations
Before—people would make their own clothes, goods, etcThen a great change happened—people invented machines to make goods quicker and cheaper
New technology
1/5 of world is thisIncludes: US, Canada, Japan and most European NationsUse factory made goodsMost live in towns and citiesMachines do most of the workMost citizens can get a good education and healthcareMost food is grown by commercial farmersUnemployment is a challengeIndustry and cars lead to pollution
Includes Africa, Asia and Latin AmericaDon’t have great wealthPrivate farmers who raise food for their familiesChallenges are: disease, food shortages, unsafe water, poor education, bad healthcare, political unrestWorking to confront these challenges
World Trade Patterns
More or less developedDifferent set of economic specialtiesProduce different products and goods
Countries trade w/ 1 another to take advantage of another’s strengths
Ex. US makes great computers, Saudi Arabia produces oilSo Saudi Arabia sells oil to the US and the US sells computers to Saudi Arabia
Countries have grown dependent of one anotherWe need oil, other countries need our goods
so we have to buy and sell
How economies
differ
Trade Happens
Interdependence
Developed nations Sell products made using technologySell foods, natural resources and simple
products
NAFTANorth American Free Trade Agreement
Created to reduce costs of tradeEuropean Union
European trade organization
Consumers benefit from alliances b/c they end up paying less for products from other countries
Trade Alliances
Ch. 3 Section 4 NotesPolitical Systems
VocabularyA body that makes and enforces laws
Region that shares a government
A region that belongs to another state
A state that is dependent of other states
A small city-centered state
A state containing several countries
A set of laws that define and often limit a government’s power
Government
State
Dependency
Nation-state
City-state
Empire
Constitution
Types of States
Nations
Nation-state vs.
Dependencies
Then: People lived in extremely small communitiesNow: Still some small communities but people primarily live in nations
Protect peopleResolve conflicts between individuals and social groupsNeeds met by government
Each has a common body of lawsNation-states often called nations
Every place in the world where people live if part of a nation-state or dependencyMost are large but some are tiny
Ex. Vatican City in Rome
1st real states formed in SE Asia over 5000 years agoMilitary leaders conquered large areas & ruled
` them as empires
1500—European rulers founded nation-statesestablished dependencies all around the world
When dependencies became independent they formed new nation states
Direct DemocracyAll adults take part in decision makingTowns in New England still practice thisDecisions made at town meetings
Tribal RuleMembers have say in group decisionsChiefs or elders make final decisionDecisions based on culture’s customs &
beliefs
How States Developed
Types of Government
Types of Government
Con’t…
Absolute MonarchyUp until 200 years ago this was most common
form of gov’tKing or queen inherits throne by birth They have complete controlFew of these exist today
Ex. Saudi Arabia
DictatorshipStill around todayJust 1 person rulesA dictator has almost total power over landNations ruled today:
Cuba, Libya and North KoreaMost dictators do not inherit power, use violence against their opponentsDeny people right to make their own decisions
OligarchyGov’t controlled by small group of peoplePolitical party, military group, religious group—
types of groups that can controlOther people have little say
Constitutional MonarchyMost monarchies are todayPowers of king & queen are limited by law
Ex. EnglandSet of laws established in constitutionKing & queen often looked at as symbol of
country only
Representative DemocracyGovernments run by representatives the people choosePeople indirectly hold power to govern & rule
They elect representatives who create lawsIf people do not like what person is doing they can choose to not re-elect them
Citizens can work to change lawsConstitution is governing lawsEx. United States
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
Nations make agreements to work together in alliancesMembers of alliance are called alliesAssist each other with defense
North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationAgree to defend any member who is attacked
Some are purely economic in purposeEuropean Union—economic unity among European nations
Dissolves disputes and promotes peaceAlmost all nations in world belong to thisSponsors other international organizations such as UNICEF
NATO
UNITED NATIONS