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‘Migration crisis’ in the media: Making or reflecting a ‘crisis’?
A Departmental Project
1
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The study
• Across European spaces and across time – Content analysis of influential
‘serious’/broadsheet press across 8 countries + Arab-language European press
– Discourse analysis of same media
– Discourse analysis of social media
– Visual analysis of media representations
• Communicative architecture of the border – qualitative study in Greece
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Researching narratives of the “migrant crisis” in European press
Rafal Zaborowski & Myria Georgiou
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UK: The Guardian, The Times, The
Independent, The Daily Telegraph
Ireland: Irish Independent
The Irish Times
Hungary: Magyar Nemzet
Népszabadság
Serbia: Vecernje Novosti
Blic
Germany: Süddeutsche Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Greece: EFSYN
Kathimerini
Czech Republic: Pravo
Lidove Noviny
France: Le Monde
Le Figaro
Arab European press: Al-Hayat
Al-Araby Al-Jadeed
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APRIL first mass drownings
JULY developing security measures (Hungarian razor-wire fence, Merkel and the crying refugee)
SEPTEMBER the death of Alan Kurdi
NOVEMBER Paris attacks
• 2 newspapers from each country (4 for UK)
• 20 articles / newspaper for each period
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Coverage intensity and sampling
• Differences between Western and Eastern European press
April – low coverage in Serbia, Hungary; high in Western European countries
By September – high coverage across countries
• 1200 articles for the 3 periods (in reality around 1500 articles coded)
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Violence
Fear Contemplation
Pity
Active
Pa
ssiv
e
Militarisation Humanitarian
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Narratives of migration
• Reasons for coming to Europe: – geopolitical (Greece, France)
– economy (UK)
• Negative consequences: – geopolitical (France, Hungary)
– economic and cultural (UK, Greece)
• Positive aspects: – moral (Greece, Ireland)
– uncertain (UK)
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Competing narratives (East/West and left/right?)
“Europe/country has ethical responsibility towards refugees”
VS
“Europe/country has responsibility to protect its own people”
• UK: A distant problem (and keep it like that); focus on (British) volunteer/tourist stories
• Serbia: positive national response to refugees (unlike neighbours and many EU countries); praise of own citizens for sympathetic stance
• Greece: Greece carries the burden, Greeks compensate for lack of institutional support
• France: the need to uphold French values
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Differences across time: securitisation
• Gradual shift from humanitarianism to militarization
• Need for European co-ordination
• From sufferers to perpetrators
• UK; Greece; Hungary: Security and border control
• UK; France; Ireland: Terrorism fear and control
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Continuities across time: voiceless others
• The Telegraph: Refugees hardly ever speak – stark contrast to frequently quoted state actors
• Irish Independent: Refugees and migrants are spoken about
• Hungarian press: Female refugees are silent, only seen, never quoted
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Our next steps
• Discourse analysis of the gathered data • Social media analysis
Thank you.
[email protected] [email protected] @myredtowel
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UK Press:
The
silenced
voices of
citizens
Sadichchha Pokharel
Leah Selig Chauhan
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The Times
- Right-wing
- Compact
- Owner: News UK
- Average circulation
(January 2016) : 404,155
The Telegraph
- Right wing
- Broadsheet
- Owner: Telegraph media
group
- Average circulation
(January 2016): 472,033
Broadsheets/quality press with highest
circulation
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Dominating
sources
➔ UK/EU government
David Cameron, Angela Merkel,
Viktor Orbán
➔ Police/border force
French police, Hungarian police
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Citizens rarely quoted
Times sample size: 60
Number of articles specifically about
citizens’ experience: 1
“Bavarians humiliate Merkel over
migrants” -Bavarian PM humiliated
her, no citizen mentioned/quoted.
“Anti immigrant hate crimes soar in
Germany” – neither citizens nor
migrants quoted.
“Public abandons support for Syrian
refugees coming to Britain” –no
citizen directly quoted.
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Why does this matter?
Coverage too
government-
centric. Classic
case of media
being the lapdog
of the elite?
Politicians do
not necessarily
represent the
opinion of
common citizens
Citizens are not
given the chance
to speak out on
an issue that
seriously affects
them
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Elite media = “agenda-setting media”
(Noam Chomsky)
Divert attention away from camps/borders
Citizen voice ignored = impact on Britain’s
migration policies?
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MEDIA AND MIGRATION
PROJECT FINDINGS ON THE
FRENCH SAMPLING
Pauline Vidal, Lisa Elkhoury
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INTRODUCTION
48 articles coded.
Periods:
- From the 13th to the 24th of July, 2015.
- From the 16th to the 27th of November, 2015.
Two newspapers:
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COMMON GROUND
Syrians perceived as the only legitimate refugees.
A crisis which is ahistoricised and depoliticised.
Consequence: focus on short-term solutions.
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DIVERGENCES
Politics of Pity - Refugees as victims
- “Vulnerability as bare life”
(Chouliaraki, 2010)
Empathy moral imperative to
care
“France, land of asylum”
Solution: relocation schemes
within the EU.
Politics of Violence - Refugees as perpetrators
- Confrontation refugees/borders
police
Fear link with terrorism: terrorists
as outside agents.
Solution: border control, sending
the military.
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THE VOICE OF REFUGEES
Focus on the management of the refugee
crisis at both the European and national level
rather than on what asylum seekers and
refugees have to say/what they feel.
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THE POLITICS OF NAMING
“Refugee”, “Migrant” and “Asylum Seekers” are terms used interchangeably in our sample.
Period 16/11/2015-27/11/2015, Le Figaro
91 times refugees, 35 times migrants, 10 times asylum seekers Period 13/07/2015 - 24/07/2015 Le Monde 97 times migrants, 52 times migrants, 17 times asylum seekers
Consequences on national citizens’ attitudes towards them.
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CONCLUSION
Construction of an “other” that we need to manage and control: either violent or passive/victimized.
Discourses of violence vs. discourses of pity and vulnerability.
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Afroditi Koulaxi
Antonis Dimitriadis
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Choice of Newspapers
KATHIMERINI: Conservative EFSYN: Left-leaning
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Initial Proposition
Expectations: Respective political stances lead to distinctive reporting
EFSYN: Humanitarian Approach (Sympathetic)
People are called refugees
Voice of refugees
Emotions held by refugees
KATHIMERINI: Conservative Approach (Detached)
People are called migrants
Comment on the influx of migrants in Greece
Statistics to present a well-rounded picture of the problem
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10.07.2015 10.09.2015
Images - EFSYN
09.09.2015 15.09.2015
18.11.2015 23.11.2015
July Phase
September Phase
November Phase
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16.07.2015 17.07.2015
July Phase
September Phase
Images - KATHIMERINI
07.09.2015 08.09.2015
20.11.2015 20.11.2015
November Phase
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Headlines - EFSYN Ξεκίνησε η ανέγερση του φράχτη της ντροπής
Construction of the fence of “shame” has begun
Συμβιβασμός - παρωδία για το μεταναστευτικό
Compromise – Parody about migration crisis
4.000.000 οι ξεσπιτωμένοι και κατατρεγμένοι Σύροι πρόσφυγες
Displaced and persecuted Syrian refugees add up to 4,000,000
Ο τρίχρονος Αϊλάν αλλάζει τις προτεραιότητες της Ε.Ε. 3-Year old Aylan changes the priorities in the EU
Λέρος: ατέλειωτος θρήνος και πόνος
Leros: boundless lament and pain Αλλοι 4... Αϊλάν στο Φαρμακονήσι
4 more…Aylans in Farmakonisi
Ζώνη Σένγκεν... για λίγους κι εκλεκτούς Schengen Zone…only for the chosen ones
Βουβή οργή στη «νεκρή ζώνη» Ελλάδας-ΠΓΔΜ
Silent fury at Greece-FUROM «buffer zone»
Ενα σωσίβιο ως ενθύμιο του «εγκλήματος»
A lifejacket as a memento of the “crime”
July
September
November
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Headlines -KATHIMERINI Η πορνεία και τα ναρκωτικά είναι πια κομμάτι του Πεδίου του Αρεως
Prostitution and drugs being parts of the Pedion Areos Park
3.000 συλλήψεις παράτυπων μεταναστών σε 5 ημέρες
3,000 arrests of illegitimate migrants within 5 days
Σε αδιέξοδο ο δήμος και η Περιφέρεια για τους μετανάστες Municipality and Regional State are in stalemate about refugees
«Δεν δημιουργούν κανένα πρόβλημα, δεν υπάρχουν γκρίνιες, φασαρίες» «No problem caused by them (refugees), no whining or troubles»
Θρηνούν συζύγους, παιδιά, αδέλφια
They mourn their spouses, children and siblings
Νεκρό ένα μωρό στο Αγαθονήσι, καθημερινά έκτροπα
Dead baby found in Agathonisi, daily riotings
«Σύροι αντικαθεστωτικοί» οι δύο συλληφθέντες στην Κω «The two arrested men in Kos are Syrian anti-government dissidents»
800.000 ευρώ το κόστος νοσηλείας προσφύγων
Refugees’ hospitalisation cost adds up to €800,000
Προωθούσαν μετανάστες χωρίς καταγραφή They transferred migrants without registration
July
September
November
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Voice of Refugees
Share of refugees quoted per period
Key Takeaways
KATHIMERINI: Refugees are mostly and temporarily quoted following Aylan’s Death
EFSYN: Refugees regularly/consistently
quoted, even after the Paris Terrorist Attacks
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Conclusion and Final Remarks
Conclusion:
Reality reflects expectations about reporting differences and distinctions
Significance for the audience:
The narratives of each newspaper will prescribe different civic participation/action
For a well-rounded picture consuming news from several media outlets
EFSYN KATHIMERINI
July Humanitarian Detached
September Humanitarian
Slightly Humanitarian
November Humanitarian Detached
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Thank you for your attention!
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The visuality of a ‘crisis’ Photojournalism and the representation
of refugees
Lilie Chouliaraki & Myria Georgiou
36
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Vulnerability as bare life
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Vulnerability as bare life
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Vulnerability as pity
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Vulnerability as pity
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Vulnerability as hospitality
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Beyond vulnerability and Otherness
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Conclusions • Media (can/do) support a possibility of an encounter
with strangers – common humanity even if others suffer • Media (can/do) support informed publics and shared
responsibility …but what‘s missing • Europe’s narrative of ‘the crisis’ is one of threat to its
territory, values, identity, and security • Balanced debate • More and better contextualization – history; war;
geopolitics • Recognition of who these people are and what they bring
to Europe and to Europe’s ethical space
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Critical questions
• Do media support ethical citizenship?
or
• Do media support citizenship of numbness and indifference?
And with what consequences?