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Microwave and optical spectroscopyin r.f. traps
Application to atomic clocks
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Microwave spectroscopy for h fi t t thyperfine structure measurements
Energy of a hyperfine state
Hyperfine coupling constants:A: magnetic dipole interactionB: Electric quadrupole interaction
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F t f i tFeatures of microwave spectroscopy:
N fi t d D l ff t b• No first order Doppler effect becauseof Dicke effect (ion oscillationamplitude < wavelength of radiation)amplitude < wavelength of radiation)
• Stable and accurate radiation sourcesavailable
• State preparation by laser or spectrallampp
• Resonance detection by flourescencelight
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Example I: Eu+Example I: Eu+
Optical spectrumof stable Eu+ isotopes 151, 153p ,
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Induced hyperfine transitions with Zeeman splitting
Uncertainty of resonances: 20 Hz in 10 GHz
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Results for Eu isotopesResults for Eu isotopes
I A [MHz] B [kHz]
First step towards systematic study of Bohr-Weisskopfff t (di t ib ti f ti tieffect (distribution of magnetization
over nuclear volume)
Need to measure nuclear g factors
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Example II: Hg+Example II: Hg+
Level diagram Optical spectrumgof Hg+ isotopes
Optical pumping of one ground state hyperfine level
p pof 199 Hg+ and 202Hg+
Optical pumping of one ground state hyperfine levelof 199Hg+ by accidental coincidence of 202Hg+ line with one hyperfine componentMicrowave transition between 199Hg+ hyperfine levelsMicrowave transition between 199Hg+ hyperfine levelsmonitored by change in fluorescence intensity
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Major, Werth (1973)
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Principle of Atomic Clocks
1.5 Hz (FWHM)
BW: 1 HzTime: 4 s
Atome, Moleküle oder Ionen-20 -10 0 10 20
Δν (Hz)
Oszillator
ν0
Detektor
νν0
Sννout
Regelungs-elektronik
νν0
Absorptions- signal
absorptionsignal
νν0Fehlersignal
dSdν
Accuracy: How accurately agrees νout with ν0?
Stability: To what extent fluctuates νout around ν0?
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Linear ion trap at JPL for microwave frequency standard
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40.9 GHz hyperfine transition in 199Hg+
R f i i h 11 1 i i iRamsey fringes with 11,1 s interrogation time
J. Tjoelker et al., JPL
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199Hg+ microwave clockUncertainty and stability
J. Tjoelker et al., Proc. 2003 Frequ. Contr. Sympj q y p
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199Hg+ hyperfine frequency shiftsg ype e eque cy s tswith He buffer gas pressure
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Frequency stability of 199Hg+ microwave standard
H-maser as reference
Red line: H-maser driftJ. Tjoelker et al, Prov. 2003 Frrqu.
Contr. Symp.
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Optical spectroscopyOptical spectroscopy
High resolution requires:
Cooling into Dicke regimeLong lived metastable statesLasers of high spectral purity
Optical clocks: Laser stabilization on narrowtransition to long lived metastable state,Measurement of laser frequency
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Required level diagram
Requirement to level scheme:Fast E1 cooling transitionFast E1 cooling transitionNarrow „clock“ transition
P
D
Cooling transition Clock
D
transition
S
Candidate ions: Hg+, Yb+, Sr+, Ca+, In+
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State detection using electron
shelvingshelving
detection Clock transition
itysc
ence
inte
nsflu
ores
observe quantum j li
time (s)
jumps online
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Example: 199 Hg+Example: 199 Hg+
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Linear ion trap at NIST for Hg+ optical clock
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Quantum-jump absorbtion spectra of the 2S1/2(F=0) - 2D5/2(F=2) transition in
199Hg+
J. Bergquist et al. (2002)
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Work at NRC Canada: single Sr+ optical clock
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S f t i t i i l i S + l kSources of uncertainty in single ion Sr+ clock
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Measured stability of a single Hg+ optical standardCs standard (solid line) for comparison
S. Diddams et al., Science 293, 825 (2001)
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Frequency stability of Hg+ optical standardvs. Ca standard(K.R. Vogel et al., Opt. Lett. 26,102 (2001))
σ(τ) =6.4 10-14 τ-1/2
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Measuring the frequency of optical transitionsp
Frequency comb techniqueHänsch Hall: Nobelprize 2005Hänsch, Hall: Nobelprize 2005
Femtosecond Laser into photonic fiberp
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Output of optical fiber:Discrete wavelength pulsesDiscrete wavelength pulses
at interval of laser repetition frequency
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The frequency of the 88Sr+ S-D transitionmeasured in two different traps (NPL, 2003)
Systematic frequency shifts [Hz]
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Potential future nuclear clock with 229Th
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Experiment at PTB Braunschweig
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Search for variation of the finestructure constant α in time by clock comparison
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Summary
Ion trap frequency standards operatein the microwave domain and optical pdomain
Stabilities below the 10-15 level have beenStabilities below the 10 level have been reached in both cases
O ti l f t hOptical frequency measurements have reached high precision
Further progress is expected with potential nuclear clock