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Microbe of the WeekMycobacterium marinum
• The aquarium or fish tank disease,first reported in 1962
• Rare but important if not treated
• Living example-Karen Bahr the Biology Department Administrative Assistant
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Mycobacterium marinum Infection
• Commonly found in aquariums and infected fish, reptiles or amphibians
• Never transmitted from an infected human to another human
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How do I get the Infection?
• ・ when in contact with water from an aquarium or fish tank
• when handling, cleaning, or processing fish
• while swimming or working in fresh or salt water.
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Mycobacterium marinuminfection
• Contracted when small cuts or abrasions exposed to aquarium water or fish amphibians etc
• Usually results in superficial nodulars or ulcerated lesions on hands and fingers in the case of aquarium transmission
• Swimming pool transmission same symptoms on elbows, knees and feet.
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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Mycobacterium marinumInfection
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Mycobacterium marinumDiagnosis
• Hardest part is the diagnosis. Difficult to culture using normal diagnostic media and incubation temperature and often goes undiagnosed for long periods
• Culture on Mycobacterium medium called Lowenstein-Jensen or LJ at 32C. Will not grow at 37C
• It is photochromogenic which means it produces a pigment when exposed to light thus this is diagnostic
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Mycobacterium marinumDiagnosis
• After culturing do an acid fast stain and then antibiotic susceptibility
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Mycobacterium marinumTreatment
• Surgical aspiration often done• Antibiotic treatment often for 2-12
months. • Minocycline combined with
rifampin(rifamicin). Most potent rifamycins +clarithromycin
• Wound dressing often silver based with collagen
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Mycobacterium marinumPrognosis
• Excellent recovery if treated with antibiotics and surgery
• If untreated can lead to death
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MICROBE OF THE WEEK
• Infection usually results because of antibiotic therapy which disturbs normal bacterial flora of colon.
• Cause- C. difficile releases 2 toxins, A and B. A is an enterotoxin and B is a cytotoxin. Both bind to receptors on the intestinal mucal cells compromising fluid absorption + retention
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MICROBE OF THE WEEKClostridium difficile
• Disposition to: Hospitalization, antibiotic therapy, Age (elderly). Most common antibiotics implicated are chephalosorins, ampicillin/amoxicillin and clindamycin
• Mechanism: Spores of bacteria prevalent in hospitals. Ingestion or surgical contamination of patient. Spores germinate in colon and colonize producing toxins.
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MICROBE OF THE WEEK
• Symptoms. Mild to moderate watery diarrhea(rarely bloody)
cramping, anorexia, fever, dehydration, abdominal tenderness.
Diagnosis. Conclusive diagnosis depends on detection of toxin in stool. Fibroblast tissue culture-24-48h(94-100%). Commercial enzyme immunoassay kits (69-87%). Less sensitive but very quick (hours)
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MICROBE OF THE WEEK
• Treatment. Usually Vancomycin or Metronidazole. Organism is very susceptible to vancomycin. It is resistant to cephalosporins, ampicillin/amoxicillin, and clindamycin and aminoglycosides.
• Support therapy. Hydration.
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MICROBE OF THE WEEK
HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND PEPTIC ULCERS
95% of peptic ulcers and gastritis
Also correlation between infection and gastric cancer
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Helicobacter pylori
Gram negative spirocheteColonizes gastric mucous secreting cells
•Grown best under microaerophilic conditions
•Causes disease via urease, proteases and phospholipase combined with a cell mediated immune response
•50% of world population infected
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Helicobacter pylori
Gram negative spirocheteColonizes gastric mucous secreting cells
•Grown best under microaerophilic conditions
•Causes disease via urease, proteases and phospholipase combined with a cell mediated immune response
•50% of world population infected
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Helicobacter pylori
Gram negative spirocheteColonizes gastric mucous secreting cells
•Grown best under microaerophilic conditions
•Causes disease via urease, proteases and phospholipase combined with a cell mediated immune response
•50% of world population infected
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Helicobacter pylori
Identification • a biopsy with subsequent culture • breath test for urea • stool antigen assays •urease detection in biopsy
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Helicobacter Pylori
Treatment •PeptoBismol combined with metronidazole and tetracycline or amoxicillin
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Helicobacter pylori