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METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Collection of Primary Data- Observation Method, Interview Method - Collection of Data through Questionnaires - Collection of Data through
Schedules MUHAMMED SABITH K
Mtech.-Structural EngineeringAWH Engineering College,Calicut
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What is Data Collection?
It is the process by which the researcher collects the information needed to answer the research problem
The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined and research design chalked out.
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In collecting the data,the researcher must decide:
Which data to collect?How to collect the Data?Who will collect the Data?When to collect the Data?
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The selection of a method for collecting information depends upon the :-
Resources availableCredibilityAnalysis and reportingResourcesAnd the skill of the evaluator
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Methods of Data Collection
Essentialy Two Types:
Primary DataPrimary data are those which are collected for the first time and are
original in character.
Secondary Data Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have through some statistical analysis.
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Collection of Primary Data
Primary Data may be collected through:
Experiments Surveys (sample surveys or census surveys) Interviews Observation Questionnaires Schedules
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Collection of Primary Data
Of the above, the important ones are:
1. Observation Method2. Interview Method3. Questionnaires4. Schedules
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1.Observation Method
Observation method is a method under which data from the field is collected with the help of observation by the observer or by personally going to the field.
In the words of P.V Young“Observation may be defined as systematic
viewing,coupled with consideration of seen phenomenon.”
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Steps For An Effective Observation
Determine what needs to be observed
Select participantsRandom/Selected
Conduct the observation(venue, duration, recording materials, take photographs )
Compile data collected
Analyze and interpret data collected
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Classification-1:-
Structured ObservationWhen the observation is characterized by a careful
definition of the units to be observed, the style of recording the observed information, standardized conditions of observation and the selection of related data of observation.
Unstructured ObservationWhen it takes place without the above characteristics.
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Classification-2:-
Participant ObservationWhen the observer is member of the group which
he is observing then it is Participant Observation.
Non-Participant ObservationWhen observer is observing people without giving any
information to them then it is Non-Paricipant Observation.
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Classification-3 :-
Uncontrolled ObservationWhen the observation takes place in natural contition
i.e., uncontrolled observation.It is done to get spontaneous picture of life and persons.
Controlled ObservationWhen observation takes place according to pre
arranged plans, with experimental procedure then it is controlled observation generally done in laboratory under controlled condition.
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Advantages of Observation
Produces Large quantities of data.All data obtained from observations are usable.The observation technique can be stopped or begun at any
time.Relative Inexpensive
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Disadvantages of observation
Interviewing selected subjects may provide more information,economically, than waiting for the spontaneous occurance of the situation.
It is expensive methodLimited information.Extensive Training is needed.
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2.Interview Method
The Interview Method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral- verbal responses.
Interviewer asks questions (which are aimed to get information required for study) to respondent.
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Steps For An Effective Interview
Prepare interview schedule
Select subjects/ key Respondant
Conduct the interview
Analyze and interpret data collected from the interview
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Classifications:-
Structured Interviews :In this case, a set of predecided questions are there.
Unstructured Interviews :In this case, we don’t follow a system of pre-determined
questions.Focused Interviews :
Attention is focused on the given experience of the respondent and its possible effects.
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Classifications:-
Clinical Interviews :Concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations
or with the course of an individual’s life experience.
Group Interviews :a group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed.
Qualitative and quantitative Interviews :divided on the basis of subject matter i.e., whether
qualitative or quantitative.
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Classifications:-
Individual Interviews :Interviewer meets a single person and interviews him.
Selection Interviews :Done for selection of people for certain Jobs.
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Advantages:-
More information at greater depth can be obtainedResistance may be overcome by a skilled
interviewerPersonal information can be obtained
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Disadvantages:-
It is an expensive MethodInterviewer biasRespondent biasTime consuming
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3.Questionnaires
A Questionnaire is sent ( by post or by mail ) to the persons concerned with a request to answer the questions and return the Questionnaire.
A Questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed in a definite order on a form.
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Steps For An Effective QuestionnairePrepare questions
(Formulate & choose types of questions, order them, write instructions, make copies)
Select your respondentsRandom/Selected
Administer the questionnaire(date, venue, time )
Tabulate data collected
Analyze and interpret data collected
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Classifications:-
Open-ended questionsThis gives the respondents the ability to respond in
their own words.Close-ended or fixed alternative questions
This allows the respondents to choose one of the given alternatives.Types:- Dichotomous questions and Multiple Questions.
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Essentials of Good Questionnaire
Should be short and simpleFollow a sequence of questions from easy to difficult oneTechnical terms should be avoidedShould provide adequate space for answers in
questionnaireDirections regarding the filling of questionnaire should be
given Physical Appearance – Quality of paper, ColorSequence must be clear
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Advantages:-
Low cost –even when the universe is large and is widespread
Free from interviewer biasResponddents have adequate time to think through the
answers.Respondents who are not easily approachable, can also be
reached convieniently.Large samples can be used.
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Disadvantages:-
Time consumingThe respondents need to be educated and cooperativeThis method is slowPossibility of unclear replies
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4.Schedules
Very similar to Questionnaire methodThe main difference is that a schedule is filled by the
enumerator who is specially appointed for the purpose.Enumerator goes to the respondents, asks them the
questions from the Questionnaire in the order listed, and records the responses in the space provided.
Enumerator must be trained in administering the schedule.
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Questionnaire Vs. Schedule
QuestionnaireQ generally send to
through mail and no further assistance from sender.
Q is cheaper method.Non response is highIncomplete and wrong
information is more.Depends on the quality of
questionnaire
ScheduleSchedule is filled by the
enumerator or research worker.
Costly requires field workers.
Non response is lowDepends on Honesty of the
enumerator.Relatively more correct and
complete
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR Co-OPERATION