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Object-ProcessMethodology and Its
Application to the VisualSemantic Web
Pre-Conference Tutorial PT1ER-2003, ChicagoOctober 12, 2003
Dov DoriTechnion, Israel; MIT, USA
www.ObjectProcess.org
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What is Object-ProcessMethodology (OPM)?
A comprehensive patented systemsmodeling, engineering, and lifecyclesupport paradigmTwo major features:
Unification of function, structure andbehavior in a single modelBi-modal expression of the model viaintuitive yet formal graphics and equivalentnatural language
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OPM’s Building Blocks are Things:Objects and Processes
Object
Process
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States are situations of objects
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A process changes an object state
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A process generates a new object
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Combining Behavior with Structure
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Why Object-Process Methodology?
As the inherent complexity andinterdisciplinary nature of systems increases,the need for a universal modeling,engineering, and lifecycle support approachbecomes ever more essential.The unnecessary complexity and softwareorientation of UML – the current standardlanguage – calls for a simpler, formal, genericparadigm for systems development.
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Complexity Management
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Animated Simulation: Starting
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Animated Simulation: Engaging activated
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Animated Simulation: Locating occurs, Workpiece affected
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Animated Simulation: Gripping occurs, Couple generated
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OPM Elements: Entities and Links
Entities:ObjectStateProcess
Links:Structural linkProcedural link
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OPM Entities
Object: A thing that exists for some timeState: A situation at which an object can beProcess: A thing that transforms an object
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OPM Structural Links
Fundamental:Aggregation-participationExhibition-characterizationGeneralization-specializationClassification-instantiation
General:Unidirectional tagged structural relationBidirectional tagged structural relation
Links denoting persistent relationsbetween objects
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A structural relation between the whole and its parts
Aggregation-participation
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A structural relation between a thing and its features
Exhibition-characterization
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A structural relation between a thing and itsspecializations (known as the “is-a” relation)
Generalization-specialization
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A structural relation between a thing and its instancesClassification-instantiation
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A structural relation between two things whosesemantics is expressed through its tag
General tagged structural link
Unidirectionaltaggedstructural link
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A structural relation between two things whosesemantics is expressed through its tag
General tagged structural link
Unidirectionaltaggedstructural link
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A structural relation between two things whosesemantics is expressed through its tag
General tagged structural link
Unidirectionaltaggedstructural link
Bidirectionaltaggedstructural link
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Each tag results in a separate sentence.
Bi-directional tagged structurallink with two tags
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A structural relation between two things whosesemantics is expressed through its tag
Bi-directional tagged structurallink with one tag
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A structural relation between two things with anempty tag
Null tag structural link
Bidirectionalnull tag OPL
Unidirectionalnull tag OPL
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Structural relation can be associated with variousquantities
Participation constraints
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The aggregation-participation link can haveparticipation constraints on the parts
Participation constraints
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Each part in the aggregation-participation link canbe set separately
Setting participation constraints
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Trying to make a process part of an object results:
Syntax and Semantics ConsistencyChecking
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OPM Procedural Links
Agent linkInstrument linkConsumption/result linkEffect link
Links between a process and the object ittransforms or a state of that object
Event linksCondition linkException linkInvocation link
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Two Procedural Link Types
Enabling LinksAgent linkInstrument link
Transforming Linksresult/consumption/input/output linkEffect link… more
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Link objects that enable the process butare not transformed by it
Agent linkLinks a human or a group of humans that
trigger the process or participate in itInstrument link
Links a non-human object that the processrequires in order for it to occur or execute
Enabling Links
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Agent Link
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Instrument Link
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Procedural Links
Enabling LinksAgent linkInstrument link
Transforming Linksresult/consumption/input/output linkEffect link
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Creating a new object:Result link
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Consuming an existing object:Consumption link
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Changing object state
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State-specified objectgeneration
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States can be initial or final
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Object EssenceCan be informatical (default) or physical
Object-Process Diagram (OPD)
Object-Process Language (OPL)sentence(s)
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Processes transform objects
Three transformation options:Change an object stateCreate (generate) a new objectConsume (destroy) an existing object
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Enabling Links:Agent and Instrument
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Adding physical Instruments
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Systemic vs. environmental objects
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Raw Material is consumed, House created
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Complexity Management in OPM
Three refinement/abstractionmechanisms:
In-zooming/out-zoomingUnfolding/foldingState expression/state suppression
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In-zoomingExposing the details inside a complex process
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In-zoomingA new OPD is created with Building enlarged
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In-zoomingThe sub-processes of the Building process are
depicted inside the in-zoomed process ellipse
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In-zooming is recursive
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The OPL paragraph:
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Simulation by animation
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Simulation setup
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Animation parameter setup
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Green objects already exist
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Building started
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Building in-zoomed
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Foundation Constructing in-zoomed
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Foundation Constructing in-zoomed
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Certificate is being created
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Foundations are being created,Holes and Concrete consumed
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Foundations are ready,Steel and Concrete consumed
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Walls are being constructed,Nails and Lumber consumed
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Roof is being constructed,Tiles consumed
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House ready, Raw Material gone
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Downloading OPCAT 2: www.ObjectProcess.org
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Translating to UML DiagramsUse Case Diagram
Sequence Diagram
Statechart
Class Diagram
Deployment Diagram
Activity Diagram
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UML Use Case Diagram
Order Paying
Order Supplying
Product Ordering
Inventory Checking
Product Requesting
UserProduct Handling
1
1
1
1
<<include>>
11
11
<<include>>1
1
1
1<<include>>
11 11
Order Paying And Supplying11
11
<<include>>
1
1
1
1
<<include>>
<<include>>
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Example: Defining a JAVA Condition
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Example of a generated JAVA complex process// File OrderPayingAndSupplying.java representing the complex process OrderPayingAndSupplying
package OrderSystem;import opmTypes.*;public class OrderPayingAndSupplying extends opmProcess {
public OrderPayingAndSupplying () {}public boolean preConditionHolds (Boolean theInventoryEmpty) {
boolean check = true;if (! ( (theInventoryEmpty.booleanValue()==false) || (theInventoryEmpty.booleanValue()==true)))
check=false; return check; }
public void run (Boolean theInventoryEmpty, Order theOrder, Product theProduct, Receipt theReceipt) {
if (preConditionHolds (theInventoryEmpty)) {// Effect theOrder// Effect theProduct// Yield theReceipttheReceipt = new Receipt();OrderPaying theOrderPaying = new OrderPaying();theOrderPaying.run(theOrder, theReceipt);OrderSupplying theOrderSupplying = new OrderSupplying();theOrderSupplying.run(theProduct, theOrder);
}}
}
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ViSWeb – The VisualSemantic WebObjectives:
Unifying human and machine knowledgerepresentations with Object-ProcessMethodology (OPM)Enhancing the current Semantic WebtechnologyRepresenting knowledge over the Web in aunified way that caters to human perceptionswhile also being machine-processable.
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The Human-MachineLanguage Orientation Dilemma
Semantic Web major assumption:Humans and machines must each use a differentformat of knowledge representation.OWL Introduction: “…computational agentsrequire machine-readable descriptions of thecontent and capabilities of web accessibleresources. These descriptions must be inaddition to the human-readable versions ofthat information.” – NOT TRUE!
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Graphic Knowledge Representations:Concept Maps
Spider Flowchart Hierarchy System
Concept map of concept map (Adaptedfromhttp://classes.aces.uiuc.edu/ACES100/Mind/CMap.html)
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Graphic Knowledge Representations:Semantic Network
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Graphic Knowledge Representations:Conceptual Graphs
CG Display Form (DF) for "John is going to Boston by bus."
[Go]-(Agnt)->[Person: John](Dest)->[City: Boston](Inst)->[Bus].
CG Linear Form (LF) for "John is going to Boston by bus."
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Graphic Knowledge Representations:The OPM equivalent
The Person John exhibits the Location City.City is Boston.John handles Going.Going requires Bus.Going changes City to Boston.
OPD:
OPL:
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Graphic Knowledge Representations:Conceptual Graphs: Context
CG Display Form (DF) for "Tom believes that Mary wants to marry a sailor".
[Person: Tom]<-(Expr)->[Believe]->(Thme)-[Proposition: [Person: Mary *x] <-(Expr)<-[Want]->(Thme)-[Situation: [?x] <-(Agnt) <-[Marry] ->(Thme) ->[Sailor]]].
CG Linear Form (LF) for "Tom believes that Mary wants to marry a sailor".
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Graphic Knowledge Representations:The OPM equivalent
OPD:
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Graphic Knowledge Representations:RDF
"http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila has creator Ora Lassila",
and in general
"<subject> HAS <predicate> <object>".
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RDF – more realistic withRDF/XML Validation Servicehttp://www.w3.org/RDF/Validator/
<?xml version="1.0"?><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:s="http://description.org/schema/"> <rdf:Description about="http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila"> <s:Creator>Ora Lassila</s:Creator> </rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>
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ViSWeb: An OPM-Based VisualSemantic Web Spec Alternative
Ora Lasilla is the creator of WWW.w3.org/Home/Lassila.
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The ViSWeb Schema:Adding Class Information
Person is the creator of URI.
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Instantiating the ViSWeb Schema
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A more compact version:
The Person Ora Lasilla is the creator of the URI WWW.w3.org/Home/Lassila.
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OPM Namespace Specification
The namespace Semantic Web is at URL WWW.SemanticWeb.org/definitions.The namespace Documents is at URL WWW.Documents.org/definitions.
(Namespace declaration sentences)
The namespace Semantic Web defines the class Person.The namespace Semantic Web defines the class URL. (Class definition sentences)
The namespace Documents defines the relation 'is the creator of'.(Relation definition sentence)
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Default Namespace Specification
The default namespace Semantic Web is atWWW.SemanticWeb.org/definitions.The namespace Documents is atWWW.Documents.org/definitions.The namespace Documents defines the relation 'is thecreator of'.The Person Ora Lasilla is the creator of the URIWWW.w3.org/Home/Lassila.
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Adding Attributes
An identified property with structured value
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Adding Attributes
The corresponding OPD
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A better representation
The default namespace Semantic Web is atWWW.SemanticWeb.org/definitions.The Person Ora Lasilla is the creator of the DocumentWWW.w3.org/Home/Lassila.The Person Ora Lasilla exhibits the Employee ID WWW.w3.org/staffid/85740and the Email [email protected].
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A final RDF and OPM example
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A final RDF and OPM example
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A final RDF and OPM example
The default namespace rdfs is atWWW.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#.The namespace eg is at WWW.eg.org/egSpecs#. The namespace eg defines Work and Agent.Work and Agent are Resources.Document is a Work.Person is an Agent.Author is a Person.Document exhibits Author and Title.The Document Http://.../Proposal exhibits theAuthor Tim Berners Lee and the TitleInformation Management – A Proposal.
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Advantages of the VisWeb Paradigm
Graphic-text knowledge representation:The powerful graphic-text bimodalrepresentation of OPM is extended to theVisual Semantic Web paradigm.Rather than mentally parsing cryptic XMLscripts, knowledge is presented to the user in asubset of natural language as well asdiagrammatically.Puts to work the "two sides of the humanbrain," the visual and the lingual.
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Advantages of the VisWeb Paradigm
Visual navigability:diagrammatic display enables users to surf andnavigate the Web in a visual way in search forknowledge.Objects, processes, classes and links can behyperlinked to pertinent Web sites, whichthemselves may contain VSW or any othermultimedia knowledge representations.
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Advantages of the VisWeb Paradigm
Semantic sentence interpretation:the basis of the RDF framework is syntactic ratherthan semantic:It draws on the concepts of subject, predicate andobject, which are parts of speech used to analyzenatural language sentences from a syntacticviewpoint.The same semantics can be expressed by inversesyntactic expressions.VisWeb is based on a sound ontology of objectswith states and processes:
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Advantages of the VisWeb Paradigm
Semantic sentence interpretation (cont.):VisWeb is based on a sound ontology of objectswith states and processes:Objects are things that exist, (possibly at somestate)Processes are things that happen to objects andtransform them:
create or destroy them, orchange their state
Based on this ontology, sentences can beinterpreted semantically rather than syntactically.
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Advantages of the VisWeb Paradigm
Specification of system dynamics:Current work on the Semantic Web placesemphasis on declaratively specifying structuralknowledge, which relates to the static aspect ofsystems.A major part of the knowledge about a system isfunctional (what is its purpose) and dynamic (how itoperates).Since OPM combines function, structure, andbehavior in the same bimodal model, it provides asound infrastructure for representing systemdynamics and function in the ViSWeb model.
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Advantages of the VisWeb Paradigm
Complexity management:A major problem in real-life systems is theircomplexity due to the sheer amount of knowledgedetails.OPM has built in abstraction-refinementmechanisms, including in-zooming and out-zooming, unfolding and folding, and stateexpression and suppression.These provide for building hierarchies ofknowledge representation in general and over theWeb in particular, enabling navigation up anddown abstraction-refinement hierarchies.
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Summary
The Visual Semantic Web (VisWeb) paradigmproposes to unify human and machinerepresentations of knowledge.The foundation for this unification is OPM.OPM advocates the integration of a system'sstructure and behavior is a single, graphic andtextual model.Like OPM, the VisWeb model enables therepresentation of static and dynamicknowledge.
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Summary 2
VisWeb uses a combination of Object-ProcessLanguage (OPL), a subset of English, andObject-Process Diagrams (OPDs), anequivalent visual formalism.The advantages of this approach:
graphic-text knowledge representation,visual navigability,semantic sentence interpretation,specification of system dynamics, andcomplexity management.As noted in [7], "It is also important to understandthat this XML syntax is only one possible syntax for
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Summary 3
As noted in W3C RDF Documentation "It is also important to understand that this XMLsyntax is only one possible syntax for RDF and thatalternate ways to represent the same RDF datamodel may emerge."Indeed, the OPM-based approach torepresenting the Semantic Web on top of theRDF data model, is expressed
graphically, using OPDs, andtextually in Object-Process Language
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Future Work – Theoretical
Proceed in both the theoretical and practicalpaths.The theory will focus on extending the ideabehind the VisWeb paradigm to otherknowledge and system representation aspects.VisWeb should be able to also handleprocedural, dynamic behavioral aspects, aswell as functional ones.
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Future Work – Practical
The practical work will augment the currentcapabilities of OPCAT so it can
model the various VisWeb requirementsprovide the services of bi-directional RDF-VSWcompilation.
Design and build a Web crawler which willautomatically generate VSW representationsof knowledge stored in Web pages.Accomplishing even some of these goals willgreatly benefit the huge World Wide Web usercommunity.