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METALS IN PENNSYLVANIAN BLACK SHALES FROM ORE FLUIDS NOT FROM SEAWATER
Illinois
METALS IN PENNSYLVANIAN BLACK SHALES
FROM ORE FLUIDS NOT SEA WATER
sphalerite in Stark shale, N MO
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Zinc in Pennsylvanian black shales, Kansas City
Coveney 1979 Economic Geology
The Hushpuckney black shale, one of several metal-rich beds in Kansas City, contains >0.2 wt % Zn (>2000 ppm).
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Typical metal values for metalliferous Pennsylvanian black shales, central USA
Mecca-type shales>20% Corg + <1% P2O5
Heebner-type shales <20% Corg + >1% P2O5
Zn 3350 3020 1620 1930Mo 1430 2260 80 86Ba 300 290 360 190
V 2850 3170 790 1050U 165 140 39 64
from Schultz & Coveney, 1991, Chemical Geology
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Metalliferous Pennsylvanian black shales contain abundant Mo.
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IllinoisBasin
Mo Pb
Tri-State
UMV
Cherokee Basin
Forest CityBasin
Arkoma Basin
Shale Basins and MVT Ore Districts
SalinaBasin
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Hydrothermal dolomite + crystalline kaolinite* * or dickite (Schroeder & Hayes 1968; Keller 1988)
IllinoisBasin
Mo Pb
Tri-StateCherokee
Basin
Forest CityBasin
Arkoma Basin
SalinaBasin
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Sphalerite in Mecca Qu. Shale equiv., central MO
1 cm
SalinaBasin
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Sphalerite in Pennsylvanian black shales
Hushpuckney Shale Mbr, Kansas City MO
from Coveney 1979 Economic Geology
from Coveney 1984 C.R. IX ICC
Mecca Quarry Shale Mbr, Parke Co. IN
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Sphalerite cleat in Stark Shale
sph
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from JC Cobb, U IL dissertation, 1981
sph. cleat in coal
Sphalerite in coal
1 cm
sph
MVT mineralization occurs
in other beds as well.
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MVT minerals, sphalerite and kaolinite in Pennsylvanian limestone. Stark KS
sphal
kaolinite
Bethany Falls limestone mbr., Stark, KS
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hydrothermal passageways hydrothermal passageways
Bethany Falls Limestone, North Farlinville KS
Hydrothermal venting through root casts or burrows Bethany Falls Limestone
North Farlinville KS
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back
kaolinite
sph
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Kaolinite in hydrothermally corroded limestone
U.S. Hwy 36 Livingston Co MO
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Keller’s SEMof sugary white kaolinite in Winterset limestone,
Kansas City MO
from W.D. Keller, 1988, Clays and Clay Minerals 36,154
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Mineralized tubes with dolomite, calcite, sphalerite and kaolinite
Bethany Falls Limestone, Mound City KS
Mineralized tubes with hydrothermal dolomite, calcite, sphalerite and crystalline kaolinite
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Dolomite veinlets I-470 Kansas City
ferroan dolomite+ tr sphal.
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MVT minerals in Pennsylvanian limestone, Kansas City MO
barite
ferroan dolomite
wall of Central United Methodist Church
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A mid-Mississippian to mid-Pennylvanian DRM or CRM paleopole
for Stark Shale fits with syngenetic magnetism
Kawasaki et al. 2007 Geophysical Journal International
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Log-Log plots Mebl sh vs. Mes.w.from HD Holland Econ. Geol. 1979
Mineralization of black shales has been attributed to sea water* but this conclusion depends on log-log plots that minimize deviations from the
central trend.*Brongersma-Sanders 1966 Geol. Rundschau;
Heckel 1977 AAPG Bulletin; Holland 1979 Economic Geology
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x for molybdenum in shales and muds
Mecca Quarry shale 1500 ppmCarioca Trench 150Black Sea 77 Kau Bay, Indonesia 100 average black shale 100 average shale 3
Turekian and Wedepohl, 1961; Holland 1979, 1984; Calvert 1990; Middelburg 1990; Dean et al. 1999; Zheng et al. 2000 GCA;
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after Coveney, Goebel & Ragan 1987 Economic Geology
Th for primary fluid inclusions in sphalerite; calcite dates (yellow)
251 Ma
66 Ma136 Ma
39 Ma
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Zn & Pb ore deposition
53-96o
65-12218-24%
o
NaCl65-122
18-24% o
NaCl65-122
18-24%
o
NaCl
oil
251 Ma
Pennsylvanianblack shale deposition
~290-251 Ma 73-8110%
o
NaCl
66 Ma
52-730%
o
NaCl
39 Ma
73-84o
53-800-11%
o
NaCl53-80
0-11% o
NaCl53-80
0-11% o
NaCl
oil
137 Ma
modern
<52 C 0-23%
o
NaCl
0 Ma
Alleghanian orogeny etc.
100200 0 Ma
Laramide Orogeny
300 Ma
late calcitedeposition
from Coveney et al 2000, Geology
Chronology for MVT ores, petroleum migration, regional tectonics, and black shales
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Sources of metals for shales
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Key Facts
• Zinc, Mo and other metals are widespread in Pennsylvanian shales.
• MVT minerals are ubiquitous throughout the central US craton in Paleozoic strata.
• Hydrothermal sphalerite occurs in shales, limestones, and coals of the US craton.
• Ores formed during the late Paleozoic.• Hydrothermal fluids traversed the region for long
periods.
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Zn in shale from sea water????
• No. • More likely the Zn for sphalerite in the shales
came from the same source as the Zn in the MVT ores, having been transported by regional flow of basinal brines.
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Hydraulic head ca. 300-250 Ma
Ouachita Mtns
Ap
pal
ach
ian
sA
ncestral R
ocky M
tns
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A chronology for mineralization from basinal brines in the U.S. Midcontinent
• Early venting of hydrothermal fluids to Pennsylvanian seas and sediments with deposition of trace MVT ore and gangue minerals in accumulating Paleozoic sediments and rocks.
• Shales, mainly gray, sealed hydrothermal systems. • Continued hydrothermal activity plugged minor passageways and
led to formation of major ore deposits. • Dates on calcite gangue show that sporadic migration of basinal
brines continued for >100 million years.• Even today basinal brines from the Rockies reach central MO.• Hydrothermal basinal brines were the sources of metals for black
shales.
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THANK YOU!
Metals in Midwestern Pennsylvanian shales did not come from sea water.