Witzenmann GmbH
Östliche Karl-Friedrich-Str. 13475175 PforzheimPhone +49 - (0)7231 - 581- 0Fax +49 - (0)7231 - 581- [email protected]
Metal Bellows Manual
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Met
al B
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Updated version of metal bellows manual.
As at: January 2010
Technical changes reserved.
Technical data can also be downloaded as a pdf file at www.flexperte.de
You can also request our calculation and configuration software Flexperte. It contains all of the technical principles required for the configuration of expansion joints, metal hoses, metal bellows and pipe hangers.
E-Mail: [email protected]
Manual of metal bellows
Manual of metal bellowsContents
4.3 Pressure and buckling resistance 62
4.4 Fatigue life 67
4.5 Angular and lateral deformation 71
4.6 Torsion and torsional buckling 73
4.7 Bellows spring rates 75
4.8 Reaction force and hydraulic diameter 76
Section 5 Production testing at Witzenmann 78
5.1 Testing and analysis options 80
5.2 Typical testing for metal bellows 82
Section 6 Technical tables 86
6.1 Bellows selection from manual 88
6.2 Bellows selection with Flexperte 94
6.3 HYDRA stainless steel bellows (preferred dimensions) 95
6.4 HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves 116
6.5 HYDRA bronze bellows (preferred dimensions) 126
6.6 HYDRA diaphragm bellows, standard profiles (preferred dimensions) 130
6.7 HYDRA diaphragm bellows, narrow profiles (preferred dimensions) 144
6.8 Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows 154
6.9 HYDRA load cells 162
6.10 HYDRA precision tubes 164
Section 7 Data sheets 172
7.1 Material data sheets 174
7.2 Corrosion resistance 200
7.3 Conversion tables and formula symbols 239
7.4 Inquiry specifications 250
7.5 Documentation for other products 251
Manual of metal bellowsContents
Section 1 Witzenmann – the specialist for flexible metal elements 4
Section 2 Products and production methods 6
2.1 HYDRA metal bellows (corrugated bellows) 8
2.2 HYDRA precision bellows 12
2.3 HYDRA diaphragm bellows 14
2.4 HYDRA load cells 16
2.5 HYDRA precision tubes 18
2.6 Bellows materials 20
2.7 Cuffs and connecting parts 24
2.8 Joining technology 29
2.9 Quality management 31
2.10 Certifications and customer-specific approvals 35
Section 3 Typical bellows applications 38
3.1 Valve shaft bellows 40
3.2 Valve shaft bellows for nuclear power plants 42
3.3 Vacuum applications 43
3.4 Expansion joints 44
3.5 Solar applications 45
3.6 Sliding ring seals 47
3.7 Sensors and actuators 48
3.8 Metal bellows accumulator 50
3.9 Bellows couplings 51
3.10 Metal bellows for modern vehicle engines 52
Section 4 Bellows calculation and characteristics 56
4.1 Stress analysis for metal bellows 58
4.2 Load stresses 60
4 5
1 | Witzenmann, the specialist for flexible metal elements
Solution competenceFlexible metal elements are used when-ever flexible components must be sealed in a pressure-, temperature- and media-resistant manner, when deformations of pipe systems caused by changes in temperature or pressure must be compensated, when vibrations occur in piping systems, when media must be transported under p ressureor when a high vacuum must be sealed. They include e.g. metal bellows, diaphragm bellows, metal hoses or expansion joints.
Witzenmann, the inventor of the metal hose and founder of the metal hose and expansion joint industry is the top name in this area. The first invention, a metal hose which was developed and patented in 1885, was followed by a patent for the metal expansion joint in 1920.
Global presenceAs an international group of companies with more than 3,000 employees and 23 companies, Witzenmann stands for innovation and top quality. In its role as technology leader, Witzenmann provides comprehensive development know-how and the broadest product programme in the industry. It develops solutions for flexible seals, vibration decoupling, pressure dampening, compensation of thermal expansion, flexible mounting or transport of media. As a development partner to customers in industry, the automotive sector, building equipment area, aviation and aerospace industry and many other markets, Witzenmann manufactures its own machines, tools and samples, and also has comprehensive testing and inspection systems.
An important factor in its cooperation with customers is the technical advice provided by the Witzenmann compe-tence centre located at the Pforzheim headquarters in Germany. Here, teams of highly-qualified engineers work closely with customers to develop products and new applications. Our experts support customers from the first planning stage up to series production.
Better productsThis type of broad-based knowledge results in synergy effects which can be experienced in each product solu-tion. The variety of application areas is nearly limitless. However, all product solutions have the following in com-mon: maximum safety, even under sometimes extreme operating condi-tions. This applies to all Witzenmann solutions — ranging from highly-flexi-ble metal hoses or expansion joints for use in industry to precision bellows for high-pressure fuel pumps, piezo injectors or pressure sensor glow plugs in modern vehicle engines.
Witzenmann
6
2 | Products and production methods
7
2.1 | HYDRA metal bellows (corrugated bellows) 8
2.2 | HYDRA precision bellows 12
2.3 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows 14
2.4 | HYDRA load cells 16
2.5 | HYDRA precision tubes 18
2.6 | Materials 20
2.7 | Cuffs and connecting parts 24
2.8 | Joining technology 29
2.9 | Quality management 31
2.10 | Certifications and customer-specific approvals 35
8 9
2.1 | HYDRA metal bellows (corrugated bellows)
Metal bellows are thin-walled cylindrical components. Their surface area features a corrugated structure which is perpendicu-lar to the cylinder axis. Because of this cor-rugated structure, the bellows are highly flexible during axial, lateral and/or angular deformation. At the same time, they are pressure-resistant, tight, temperature- and corrosion-resistant as well as torsion-resistant. Metal bellows are the preferred construction element anytime a combina-tion of these properties is required; for example
• as pressure and temperature resistant sealants for valve shafts,• as circuit breaker in high-voltage facilities,• as flexible seals in pumps and pressure accumulators,
• as flexible as well as pressure- and temperature-resistant sealing element in modern gasoline injectors and glow plugs,• as mechanical couplings,• as tight spring elements in sliding ring seals or • as tight and mechanically stress-free duct through container walls.
When configured correctly, HYDRA metal bellows are robust and maintenance-free components with a high degree of opera-tional safety and a long service life.
HYDRA metal bellows are manufactured from thin-walled tubes by hydraulic shap-ing. Depending on the requirement profile, they can be designed either with one or multiple walls. Single-walled bellowsfeature low spring rates and are used par-ticularly in vacuum technology. Multi-plied
bellows are very pressure resistant and at the same time very flexible. They are used as e.g. valve shaft seals for operating pres-sures exceeding 400 bar.Witzenmann generally manufactures the thin-walled tubes used to manufacture bel-lows of metal bands with a wall thickness of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm with longitudinal welding using a continuous-drawing proc-ess (Figure 2.1.2. above left). These semi-finished products are also marketed in a separate piping program. Alternatively, longitudinally-drawn tubes or deep-drawn sleeves can also be used as semi-finished products. During the production of multi-plied bellows, several finely graduated tube cylinders are telescoped before the bellows is pressed (Figure 2.1.2. above
right). During the pressing of the bellows, a cylinder portion is separated using outside and inside tools, subsequently hydraulic liquid with inside pressure is applied. The liquid pressure shapes the sealed tube section into the pre-corruga-tion. In the next work step the tool is axially closed and the actual bellows corrugation is formed as the pre-corruga-tion straightens up. Usually bellows corrugations are produced consecutively using the individual corrugation method. Using the same principle, more elaborate tools would allow for multiple corrugations to be formed in one step (simultaneous procedure, Figure 2.1.2. below), which is a more economic method when large num-bers of units are produced.
2.1 | HYDRA metal bellows (corrugated bellows)
Figure 2.1.1.: HYDRA metal bellows with (left) and without (right) connecting parts
Flexibleand
pressure resistant
10 11
The height and hence flexibility of the bellows corrugation is limited by the duc-tility of the material which is used. Using austenitic stainless steels and nickel-based alloys, the individual corrugation method achieves ratios between outside and inside diameter for bellows corruga-tions of between 1:1.5 (nominal diameter 15) and 1:1.3 (nominal diameter 150). The simultaneous procedure results in some-what lower diameter ratios.
In order to remove the bellows from the tool, the profile may not be undercut subsequent to the pressing of the bellows (Figure 2.1.3. left). Such sinus-shaped or u-shaped non-undercut profiles are used for e.g. very low profile heights (flaring) or extremely pressure resistant bellows. Usually the bellows is also compressed in the direction of the axis, creating an undercut profile (-profile, Figure 2.1.3. right). The advantages of the -profile include a significantly lower spring rate per corrugation, and a shorter corrugation length. At the same production length, a bellows with a -profile has more cor-
rugations than a sinus-shaped profile and is therefore able to compensate larger movements.
Bellows with bottomsBellows with bottoms can be manu-factured directly from deep-drawn or extruded sleeves. Bronze and tombac are particularly well-suited materials for this purpose. Stainless steel sleeves can also be produced by deep drawing or reverse extrusion; however, this involves a far more elaborate process. Since the produc-tion of the sleeves usually requires a spe-cial tool, for cost reasons this method is only recommended for larger quantities.
In the case of smaller quantities or multi-plied bellows, it is more cost-efficient to solder turned or pressed workpieces into bronze bellows. Discs which are welded to the bellows to form a bottom are rec-ommended for stainless steel bellows. A weld connection to swivel or press work-pieces is also possible.
2.1 | HYDRA metal bellows (corrugated bellows)
Figure 2.1.3.: Non-compressed (left) and compressed bellows profile (right)
Figure 2.1.2.: Production of metal bellows in simultaneous procedure
2.1 | HYDRA metal bellows (corrugated bellows)
Tube productionTubewelding
Form tube Tubeseparation
Close toolSeal tube
Apply inside pressure p to tubeFollow up with tool
Open toolOpen seal
Join tube
Interim step with multi-layer bel-lows
Bellows manufacturing
12 13
HYDRA precision bellows are used in the automotive industry as high-pressure resistant and flexible seals for piezo sen-sors and actuators. Applications such as gasoline injectors or pressure sensor glow plugs require a tolerance of pulsating pres-sures of approx. 300 bar on a permanent basis. Bellows with significantly increased pressure resistance, e.g. for a direct needle seal of diesel injectors, are also available.
Precision bellows can also be used as highly flexible, non-pressure bearing seals. To displace large volumes, these bellows require a high range of movement; in addi-tion, they usually also require a service life of more than 109 load cycles. These preci-sion bellows are used in modern gasoline pumps, pressure accumulators or pressure attenuators.
HYDRA precision bellows are developed especially for specific operating conditions. Development services also include the mathematical verification of temperature and pressure resistance as well as service life, and a validation and re-qualification under near-application conditions.
2.2 | HYDRA precision bellows 2.2 | HYDRA precision bellows
Figure 2.2.1.: HYDRA precision bellows Figure 2.2.2.: HYDRA precision bellows production under clean-room conditions
As of 3 mm diameter
14 15
HYDRA diaphragm bellows consist of dia-phragm discs, which are welded together in pairs. Figure 2.3.2. shows the schematic structure of a diaphragm bellows as well as a typical diaphragm bellows profile in the form of a metallographic cut. Dia-phragm bellows feature high specific expansion compensation (up to 80% of production length), very low spring rates as well as a high hydraulic cross-section. Pressure resistance is usually limited to a few bars. Therefore diaphragm bellows are especially suited for low-pressure or vacuum applications.HYDRA diaphragm bellows are used in measurement and control devices, vacuum technology, aerospace and aviation indus-try, medical technology, specialised con-trols and instrument engineering, sliding ring seals as well as volume compensation
units in oil-cooled high-voltage facilities.By virtue of their design, diaphragm bellows are subject to high notch stresses at the weld seams. To guarantee a long service life, tensile stress should be mini-mised as much as possible. This can be achieved by dividing the axial displace-ment into 80% compression (shorten bellows) and 20% stretching (extend bellows). Other load distributions should be installed pre-stressed into the bellows.
2.3 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows 2.3 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows
Figure 2.3.2.: Diaphragm bellows profile as a diagram (left) and as a metallographic cut (right)
Additional items which are available on request are:• Diaphragm discs (Figure 2.3.3 above),• Diaphragm discs with flat bottom (Figure 2.3.3 centre) as well as• Diaphragm discs (Figure 2.3.3 below)with wall thicknesses of 0.1 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.25 mm and 0.3 mm. These diaphragm discs lend themselves to condi-tions where working strokes or volumes displaced are small, and a high degree of system rigidity is required.Figure 2.3.3.: HYDRA diaphragm discs: rilled dia-
phragm discs (above), rilled diaphragm discs with
flat bottom (centre) as well as flat diaphragm discs
(below)
Figure 2.3.1.: HYDRA diaphragm bellows
Highly flexible
16 17
HYDRA load cells are used to absorb changes in volume. Their advantages include high volume compensation with minimal reaction pressure, corrosion and temperature resistance as well as long-term diffusion tightness and long service life.
Due to their functionality, HYDRA load cells are not very pressure resistant. However, pressure resistance can be significantly increased through the use of support rings or specially profiled cores.The pressure-volume characteristic curves for HYDRA load cells are non-linear (Figure 2.4.2.); the related increase in volume δV/δp decreases as pressure increases.
HYDRA load cells are manufactured of drawn stainless steel diaphragms with special profiling, which are welded to
each other at the circumference. Standard connections include easy-to-mount brass clamp ring connections. Other connections are available on request. Installation pos-sibilities include, among others, column configurations, whereby multiple cells can be coupled to achieve greater volumes.
One application area of HYDRA load cells includes the compensation of temperature-dependent volume changes for insulating oils in high-voltage converters. In this case, the insulating oil is hermetically sealed to the outside within the load cell, thus pro-tecting the inside area of the insulator.
2.4 | HYDRA load cells 2.4 | HYDRA load cells
Figure 2.4.1.: HYDRA load cell
Figure 2.4.2.: Characteristic curve for a HYDRA load cell (diagram)
Highvolume com-pensation
Pres
sure
Displaced volume
18 19
Thin-walled stainless steel tubes with a longitudinally welded butt weld are manu-factured as semi-finished products for the manufacture of metal bellows. Whereas 1.4571 is a standard material, the majority of sizes is also available in stainless steel 1.4541, 1.4828 as well as titanium, nickel or nickel-based alloys Inconel 625, Incoloy and Hastelloy. The tolerances for tube diameter and length are in the range of ±0.1 mm. The maximum production length of a tube is 6.50 m; shorter dimensions are available in any length.
2.5 | HYDRA precision tubes 2.5 | HYDRA precision tubes
Figure 2.5.1.: HYDRA precision tubes
Extremely thin-walled
21
Bellows materials must feature a high degree of deformability. For this reason, metals with a face centred cubic structure are preferred. The most significant material families for bellows production are auste-nitic stainless steels, nickel and nickel-based alloys as well as bronze. Materials are selected on the basis of requirements as regards media and corrosion resistance, temperature resistance as well as yield strenght and fatigue resistance.
Table 2.6.1. provides an overview of avail-able bellows materials and their suitability for corrugation and diaphragm bellows production.
The standard material for metal bellows is the Ti-stabilized austenitc stainless steel 1.4571. It features a high corrosion resist-ance, a high yield and fatigue strength, an
excellent workability and weldability aswell as a favourable material price.
In the case of metal bellows, because of the method used, Ti(CN)-precipitations discharges which are typical for titanium-stabilised materials are configured parallel to the bellows surface, so that they do not impair the performance of the bellows either as a mechanical notch or possible diffusion path.
Stainless steel 1.4404 or 1.4441, which often are not titanium-stabilised, are used in food, medical and vacuum technology applications. These materials feature higher degrees of cleanliness as compared to 1.4571, as well as slightly reduced yield strenght, minimally reduced fatigue resist-ance and higher tendency for heat frac-tures during welding.
2.6 | Bellows materials 2.6 | Bellows materials
Table 2.6.1.
Available bellows materials, standard materials are indicated in bold
Materialnumber
Material type/Trade name
Suitability for Comment
1.4541 Titanium-stabilised austeniticstainless steel
++ ++1.4571 ++ ++ Standard material1.4404 Titanium-free austenitic
stainless steel++ ++ Food and vacuum technology
1.4441 ++ ++ On request1.4828 Scale-resistant stainless steel + +1.4876 Incoloy 800 H ++ ++ Suitable for temperatures over 550 °C1.4564
17-7 PH ++ +Hardened stainless steel1.4568
– AM 350 + +2.4816 Inconel 600 + + On request2.4856 Inconel 625 ++ ++ Standard materials for high pressures,
temperatures and/or increased corrosion requirements2.4819 Hastelloy C-276 ++ ++
2.4610 Hastelloy C-4 + – High degree of acid resistance2.4617 Hastelloy B-2 + –3.7025 Pure titanium, Grade 1 + +3.7035 Pure titanium, Grade 2 + +2.4360 Monel + – On request2.4060 Pure nickel + –2.1020 Bronze CuSn6 ++ –2.1030 Bronze CuSn8 ++ –
Corrugated Diaphragm bellows bellows
Compre-hensive
know-how
20
22 23
In the valve area, bellows made of nickel-based alloys are used with higher corro-sion requirements as well as at high pres-sures and temperatures. Standard materi-als include 2.4819 and 2.4856. Based on their higher yield strenght, bellows made of these nickel-based alloys are also more pressure resistant than similar bellows made of austenitic stainless steel.
The service life of bellows made of nickel-based alloys at room temperature is shown in figure 4.8.1. as compared to the service life of austenitic stainless steel bellows. The use of nickel-based alloys is advantageous for up to approx. 50,000 load cycles. In contrast, once the number of load cycles increases, the fatigue resistance of austenitic stainless steels is higher.
In the high-temperature range, the serv-ice life of nickel-based alloys is generally higher than that of stainless steels.
For special applications, hardened stainless steel or hardened nickel-based alloys may also be used. These materials are subjected to heat treatment following the bellows formation, which results in a consider-able increase in yield strenght and fatigue resistance. These features are countered by reduced corrosion resistance, higher material costs as well as the extra heat treatment process during production.
2.6 | Bellows materials2.6 | Bellows materials
Figure 2.6.2.: 50% S-N-curve at room temperature for metal bellows made of austenitic stainless steel,
nickel-based alloys and hardened stainless steel in comparison.
Hardened stainless steel
Load cycles ND
amag
e pa
ram
eter
P (M
Pa)
Nickel-based alloys
Austenitic stainless steel
24 25
The bellows cuffs are used to connect the bellows with their connecting parts. This connection must meet the same require-ments as the bellows with regard to tight-ness, temperature and media resistance, pressure resistance and service life. For this reason the connection must be select-ed and executed carefully. It is mainly
governed by the connection type and the stress on the bellows.The following standard cuffs are available:
Bellows without machined cuffsBellows with these cuffs can be supplied in all types on short notice.
2.7 | Cuffs and connecting parts 2.7 | Cuffs and connecting parts
Figure 2.7.1.: Bellows cut off at inside lip (left) and cut off at outside lip (right)
B-cuffThis type is simple and cost-effective to produce from a bellows corrugation, either by punching or turning. The connecting part geometries are simple. The B-cuff is suitable for laser, microplasma or arc welding. Bellows with up to 1 mm total wall thickness are welded without, where-as bellows with larger total wall thickness are welded with additional materials.A disadvantage of the B-cuff is the notch effect of the round seam and its position-ing in a mechanically stressed zone. For this reason this type of connection is not recommended if large load cycles are required, or in the case of (pulsating) inside pressure loads. On the other hand, the B-seam is well suited for valve shaft bellows with high outside pressure loads, since in this case the effect of the outside pressure is to close the notch and hence increase the service life. Other advantages of the B-cuff include the low produc-tion length and the gap-free connection between bellows and connection part on the outside of the bellows. The latter is particularly important for bellows applica-tions in the food industry and vacuum technology.
S-cuff / Ja-cuffThe S-cuff is formed through rolling from a bellows corrugation. In this case the weld seam is positioned in such a way that only very little mechanical stress occurs. The S-cuff is recommended for dynamic and highly-stressed components. This type is suitable for welding, soldering and glue joints.The design of the connection parts is more elaborate than for B-cuffs, since the bel-lows must be placed on the connecting part in a manner that is nearly gap-free, to ensure a high-quality weld.
Figure 2.7.2.: Metal bellows with B-cuff and
connecting part
Perfect fit
27
For glue-based or solder connections, the connecting part should be fitted with a slot that corresponds with the cuff (compare also figure 2.7.1.). For larger series, the S-cuff can be produced hydraulically by expanding the J-cuff (Ja-cuff).
J-cuffThe J-cuff is an easy-to-manufacture cylin-drical cuff with the diameter of the outgo-ing tube. Similar to the S-cuff, it is suitable for weld, solder and glue connections. A J-cuff connection can be done gap-free, and is frequently used for vacuum valves. The gap-free joining of the J-cuff to the connecting part is more elaborate than pressing the S-cuff, hence it has only lim-ited suitability for large series.
V-cuffThe V-cuff enables the detachable joining of bellows with tubes or other bellows using V-cuff clamps. This connection is also used for high-temperature applica-tions, such as exhaust lines in large engines. The V-cuff is a special unit which is made with a special tool kit.
Geometry of the connecting partsThe geometry of the connecting parts must be adapted to the selected cuff form and joining method. For thermal joining methods, care must be taken to ensure consistent heat input into the thin-walled bellows and the thick-walled connecting part, using weld lips, among others. They are targeted cross-section reductions at the connecting part, which reduce heat outflow from the weld zone.
Advantages and disadvantages of the individual cuff forms are illustrated in Table 2.7.1. The preferred connecting part geometries and dimensions for standard cuffs of HYDRA metal and diaphragm bellows are listed in section 6.
Figure 2.7.3.: Metal bellows with S-cuff and connecting part
Figure 2.7.5. Metal bellows with V-cuff, V-cuff-clamp
and connecting part
Figure 2.7.4.: Metal bellows with J-cuff and connecting part without (left) and with head ring (right)
2.7 | Cuffs and connecting parts2.7 | Cuffs and connecting parts
28 29
B-cuff Ja- / S-cuff J-cuff V-cuff
Producibility forthin-walled bellows ++ + ++ – 1)
thick-walled bellows ++ – 1) + – 1)
Fatigue resistance + ++ ++ +Pressure resistance under
inside pressure + ++ ++ – 2)
outside pressure ++ ++ + – 2)
Tightness ++ ++ ++ – 2)
Detachability – – – ++ 2)
Suitability forwelding ++ ++ + –soldering – ++ ++ –gluing – ++ ++ –clamping – – – ++
Table 2.7.1.1) Requires special tools2) Clamp connection
2.7 | Cuffs and connecting parts
Bellows and connecting parts made of steel, stainless steel, nickel or nitrogen-based alloys, titan or the respective material combinations are usually welded together. This technology, in connection with proper weld seam preparation and the appropriate design of the weld lip, rep-resents the ideal integration of the bellows into its functional system. For commonly-used material combinations the welding procedures are certified acc. to AD data sheet H1.
Welding methods available at Witzenmann include arc welding with and without additional materials, microplasma weld-ing, electric resistance welding as well as continuous and pulsating laser welding methods. The latter are especially suited for welding round seams with minimal heat input and are free of temper colours. Another advantage of laser welding is its minimal effect on the structure of the base
materials, as heat is applied on a very lim-ited area. At the same time, laser welding requires more mechanical preparation of the joining area and finer tolerances for the connecting parts.
In welding, the material combination bel-lows / connecting part has a great influ-ence on the quality of the weld seam. Optimal welding results are obtained with the use of titanium-stabilised stainless steels 1.4541 or 1.4571 as connecting mate-rials. This applies both to bellows made of austenitic stainless steel 1.4541 or 1.4571 as well as bellows made of nitrogen-based alloys, such as 2.4819 (Hastelloy C 276) or 2.4856 (Inconel 625). Bellows made of 1.4541 or 1.4571 with connecting parts made of stainless steel 1.4306, 1.4307 or unalloyed quality steels, e.g. 1.0305 are also very suitable for welding. The material combination 1.4404 / 1.4404 is more difficult to weld due to heat fracture
100 %Perfection
2.8 | Joining technology
Advantages and disadvantages of individual cuff forms
30 31
tendencies in the case of a non ferritic primary solidification.Soldering is the most commonly used joining method for non-ferrous metals or connecting parts. Application examples include bellows for circuit breakers or actuator bellows for thermostat valves in heaters. Bronze bellows are usually soft soldered with the usual tin solder. In addition, there are also special soft solders for temperatures up to approx. 220 °C. To prevent bellows cuffs from annealing dur-ing open-flame soldering, we recommend slot soldering. Hard soldering is not rec-ommended for non-ferrous metals, since the high soldering temperatures glow out the cuff corrugations and hence signifi-cantly reduce service life.
Prerequisite for all soldering methods is ensuring the bellows is thoroughly wetted with the solder, which requires a very clean bellows surface.
Glue-based or force-fit connections are of minor importance. Worthy of mention is the cost-effective flange connection for bellows with loose, i.e. rotating flanges.
Figure 2.8.1.: Example of a solder or glued connection
Figure 2.8.2.: Metal bellows with rotating flanges
Witzenmann's quality assurance system not only ensures that our products meet the high quality requirements, but also guarantees the highest degree of service quality for its customers. Our quality assurance system is audited on a regular basis.
Quality assurance is organised in two lev-els. Central quality assurance has respon-sibility over superordinate organisational and technical quality assurance measures. The quality agencies of our product areas assume quality planning, quality direction and quality inspection as part of order processing.
The quality assurance department is inde-pendent from production on an organisa-tional level. It may issue instructions to all employees who carry out tasks which have an influence on quality.
Precise controls of suppliersWe only work with suppliers with whom we have concluded a quality assurance agreement, and who are certified accord-ing to ISO 9001, at minimum.
For semi-finished products such as bands, sheet metal, tubes and wires we require test certificates which are aligned accord-ing to the purpose of the component. Incoming inspections conducted at receiv-ing and material laboratories ensure that deliveries conform with our order and approval specifications. In this vein, we sometimes additionally restrict and define in more detail ranges for materials which are permissible according to DIN or other data sheets.
2.9 | Quality management2.8 | Joining technology
32 33
Production monitoring and traceabilityOperational monitoring which forms a part of the production process is tasked with the responsibility of monitoring and maintaining production equipment, as well as ensuring proper production as per the prescribed manufacturing documents. Our PPS system and archived production papers guarantee that all products can be fully tracked.We have on hand approval reports as per EN 10204 - 3.1. for all bellows materials.
Complete monitoring of welding methodsWelding work is regulated by written instructions. Welders are certified as per EN 287-1 (EN ISO 9601-1) / EN ISO 9606-4. The most important and most com-monly used welding methods are verified through process inspections. The supervi-sion of welding activities corresponds with the corresponding requirements according to the AD Data Sheet HP3.
Monitoring of measuring and test facilitiesAll measuring and test facilities are regu-larly checked for accuracy and reliability. Calibration dates are confirmed with monitoring indicators.
Approval testsPrior to delivery, all products are subject to measurement and visual testing, i.e. a visual inspection of bellows, weld seams and connecting parts as well as an inspec-tion of installation and connecting dimen-sions.In addition, other approval testing as per customer specifications may also be car-ried out, including
• Leakage testing,• Spring rate measurements,• Pressure resistance testing at room
temperature,• Pressure resistance testing at operating
temperature,• Load cycle testing in a non-pressurised
environment at room temperature,• Load cycle testing in near-operating
conditions.
The type and scope of the tests is coordi-nated with the customer. The testing can be monitored by a Witzenmann repre-sentative authorised to provide approvals, by an authorised representative of the customer, or an external certified agency. Series components are tested for re-quali-fication as per ISO TS 16949.
Test certificatesTest certificates for the material used can be requested; band material which is usu-ally in stock can be confirmed by way of test certificate 3.1. or 3.2. as per DIN EN10204.Possible certificates related to the testing undertaken are listed in DIN EN 10204 (see Table 2.9.1.)
2.9 | Quality management 2.9 | Quality management
34 35
Description Testcertificate
Type Content of certificate Conditions Confirmation of certificate
2.1 Plant certificate non-specific Confirmation of con-formity with order.
As per the delivery conditions in the order or - if required - in accordance with official regulations and also applicable technical rules
by manufacturer
2.2 Test report Confirmation of conformity with order with informa-tion on results of non-specific testing.
3.1 Inspection certificate 3.1
specific Confirmation of conformity with order with informa-tion of results of specific testing.
by manufacturer's representative in charge of approvals who is independent of the production department.
3.2 Inspection certificate 3.2
Confirmation of conformity with order with informa-tion of results of specific testing.
In accordance with official regulations and also applicable technical rules.
by manufacturer's representative in charge of approvals who is independent of the production department, and by representative in charge of approvals as authorised by the ordering party, or the representative in charge of approvals named in official regulations.
Table 2.9.1.
Test certificate as per DIN EN 10204
2.9 | Quality managementTest certificate as per DIN EN 10204
In 1994, Witzenmann was the first company in the industry to be certified according to DIN ISO 9001. Today, Witzenmann GmbH possesses the following general quality and environmental certifications:
• ISO TS 16949:2002• DIN EN ISO 9001:2000• ISO 14001:2004• EN 9100:2003• Pressure equipment directive• AD2000 – Data sheet W0/TRD100• AD2000 – Data sheet HP0 and DIN EN 729-2• KTA 1401 and AVS D100/50
2.10 | Certifications and customer-specific approvals
Worldwideleader
Shipping
LRSLloyd’s Register of Shipping UK
Other
BAMFederal Agency for Material Research and Testing Germany
VDEAssociation of Electrical Engineering, Electronics Germany
VdSGerman Association of Property Insurers Germany
FM Factory Mutual Research USA
LPCB – Loss Prevention Certification Board UK
RTN – RosTechNadzorFederal Supervisory Authority for Ecology, Technology and Nuclear Energy Russia
36 37
2.10 | Certifications and customer-specific approvals 2.10 | Certifications and customer-specific approvals
Specific approvals (selection)
Gas/Water
DVGW German Gas and Water Association Germany
ÖVGWAustrian Association for Gas and Water Austria
SVGWSwiss Association for Gas and Water Switzerland
AFNOR Gas Association Française de Normalisation France
Shipping
GLGermanischer Lloyd Germany
ABSAmerican Bureau of Shipping USA
BVBureau Veritas France
DNVDET NORSKE VERITAS Norway
38
3 | Typical bellows applications
39
3.1 | Valve shaft bellows 40
3.2 | Valve shaft bellows for nuclear power plants 42
3.3 | Vacuum applications 42
3.4 | Expansion joints 43
3.5 | Solar applications 44
3.6 | Sliding ring seals 46
3.7 | Sensors and actuators 46
3.8 | Metal bellows accumulator 47
3.9 | Bellows couplings 48
3.10 | Metal bellows for modern vehicle engines 49
41
Metal bellows are used for the gland-free sealing of high-quality valves. This type of valve design features absolute tightness, high pressure-, temperature-, media-, wear-resistance. In this case the metal bel-lows is used as a flexible, pressure-bearing seal, and compensates the relative move-ments between the valve plate and hous-ing when the valve opens or closes (Figure 3.1.1. / 3.1.2.). Valve shaft bellows are usu-
ally multi-layered in order to achieve short production lengths. Pressure is hence distributed over multiple thin layers. The bellows corrugations are mainly stressed during bending, so that corrugations that are made up of many thin layers are able to tolerate larger deformations than those which consist of one or fewer thicker layers (compare Fig-ure 3.1.3.). Accordingly, permissible move-
Multi-layer structure
3.1 | Valve shaft bellows 3.1 | Valve shaft bellows
Figure 3.1.1.: Valve with metal bellows as shaft sealing
ment increases with the same production length, and pressure resistance increases as the number of layers increase.
The bellows material is determined by the ambient medium and operating tempera-ture. The preferred material for tempera-tures up to 550 °C is austenitic stainless steel 1.4571. For higher temperatures or with very aggressive media, nitrogen-based alloys, such as 2.4819 (Hastelloy C 276) or 2.4856 (Inconel 625) are also available. In addition to increased corro-sion resistance, nickel-based alloys also feature higher strength and heat resistance values than austenitic stainless steel, and
are therefore more pressure and tempera-ture resistant. The layer structure of the bellows (number of layers and thickness of individual layers) is determined by the operating pressure. To prevent the bellows from buckling, outside pressure should always be applied to valve shaft bellows.
The number of corrugations and hence production length of the bellows is deter-mined by the stroke and the required service life. A typical load cycle number for blocking valves is 10,000 operations. Larger load cycle numbers with reduced stroke are required for bellows for regula-tor valves, among others.
Figure 3.1.3.: Stress distribution in one- or two-layer beams
ep ep/2
ep/2
40
42
Valve shaft bellows for nuclear power plants are sized according to the same technical configuration criteria as con-ventional valve shaft bellows. However, most of the time only 85% of the permis-sible pressure resistance is utilised. More documentation and testing are required in this case, and are determined by the rules of the Nuclear Committee (KTA) and the respective specifications of nuclear power plant operators on a case-by-case basis, and are governed by the requirement level at which the bellows was classified. Typical requirements include:
• testing and confirmation of calculation for pressure resistance and service life of the bellows by an independent individual in charge of approvals,• certification of materials and production methods as per KTA, EN 9001 and AD 2000; which also includes special approvals for welding methods and welding personnel,• tensile testing, hot tensile testing, grain size determination and testing of corrosion resistance of the strip steel,• X-ray and dye penetration testing on weld seams, as well as• leak testing, pressure and load cycle testing on bellows.
3.2 | Valve shaft bellows for nuclear power plants 3.3 | Vacuum applications
Metal bellows are also used in vacuum technology as flexible sealing elements. The main areas of application include shaft seals in vacuum valves as well as the seal-ing of circuit breakers (compare figure 3.3.1.). These are used in the medium-volt-age range, hence in grids ranging from 1 kV to 72 kV. They shut off power through the mechanically driven separation of two cop-per contacts in a vacuum area, and are con-figured for a high switching frequency with a high degree of freedom of maintenance.Based on the small differential pressures, vacuum bellows feature a single wall, and usually have a bellows profile with a high flexibility. This means narrow and high corrugations. Design criteria include the required stroke and associated service life, which usually ranges between 1,000,000 and 10,000,000 load cycles. Often a low spring rate for the bellows is also required, in order to achieve high switching speeds.
Bellows for vacuum valves are
welded with their connecting parts. A gap-free design of the weld seams are preferred to allow for a safe evacuation proc-ess, leading to a preferred use
of J- or B-cuffs. Bellows for high-voltage switches are soldered into the connecting parts. A process-safe soldering procedure is dependent on a bellows surface that is free of oxides and organic residues, necessitat-ing the integration of corresponding clean-ing processes into the production process.
Figure 3.3.1.:
High-voltage circuit
breaker with metal
bellows seal
43
Absolutelysafe
Absolutelytight
44 45
Expansion joints are used to compensate for thermal expansion and mounting mis-alignments in piping systems, as well as to absorb tube movements. The metal bellows forms the heart of each expansion joint, as it guarantees flexibility, tightness and pressure resistance. The main loads placed on axial expansion joint in plant settings generally involve the start-up and shutting down of equipment. For this reason, the required service life is usually only 1,000 load cycles. Significantly higher load cycle demands are placed on expansion joints which are used to compensate for thermal expansions in the exhaust equipment of large engines. In addition to start/stop processes, these applications generally also result in vibration loads, which must be tolerated on a permanent basis. Axial expansion joints can be used for smaller nominal diameters and/or low pressures. A typical building design – one bellows with two rotating flanges which are
attached with angular rings – is shown in Figure 3.4.1.. Bellows with weld cuffs are also often used as expansion joints. An example of such an application can be seen in Figure 2.1.1. In case of larger nominal diameters or higher operating pressures, expansion joints designs capable of absorbing reaction forces are preferred. These include lateral or pressure-released expansion joints. Comprehensive informa-tion on this topic, as well as our expansion joint product range can be found in the Witzenmann handbook of expansion joint technology.
3.4 | Expansion joints
Figure 3.4.1.: Axial expansion joint with rotating flanges
3.5 | Solar applications
Solar thermal is becoming a increasingly significant factor in energy generation; both for solar power plants as well as building technology. Combining materialswith different thermal expansion coef-ficients results in thermal expansions that must be compensated at all solar thermal facilities. In liquid closed loops, this is achieved with metal bellows.
Innovativeconnections
Universal applications
46 47
3.5 | Solar applications
Figure 3.5.1.: Flexible collector connection for building technology
3.6 | Sliding ring seals
Sliding ring seals are dynamic seals for rotating shafts. The main components are a spring-supported sliding ring and a counter ring, whose gliding surfaces are pressed against each other by spring force. One of the rings rotates with the shaft, while the other one is permanently mounted on the housing. When the medium enters into the small seal gap between the sliding surfaces, a grease film is produced and a sealing effect is obtained. Sliding materials used for this purpose include graphite, resin-bound carbon, metal or ceramic.To press the sliding rings, as well as to achieve secondary sealing between sliding ring and corrugation, or sliding ring and housing, metal bellows or diaphragm bel-lows are used in high-quality sliding ring seals. The latter is preferred for its shorter production length. Figure 3.6.1. shows an example of a sliding ring holder with a HYDRA diaphragm bellows.
Bellows for sliding ring seals must be pres-sure- and temperature-resistant, and also resistant against the transported media. In addition, the pre-load of the sliding ring seal may not relax during operation, which is why hardened bellows materials are often used for this purpose. Typical hardened materials for HYDRA diaphragm bellows include AM 350 or Inconel 718 (2.4668) for higher demands on corrosion-resistance.
Figure 3.6.1.: Sliding ring holder with HYDRA dia-
phragm bellows
Examples include collector tubes for solar power plants, or collector connections in building technology. Collector tubes are the heart of parabolic-trough power plants. They are configured along the focal line of parabolic mirrors; thermo-oil which is heated by thermal radiation passes through them. The heated thermo-oil is then used to generate steam for a conventional power plant. The collector itself consists of an outer sheathing tube made of layered and highly-transparent borosilicate glass, and an inner absorber tube made of specially-coated steel. The space inbetween is evacuated to prevent
heat loss. Metal bellows at both cuffs of the collectors compensate for the differ-ent thermal expansions of glass and steel, and ensure a vacuum-tight connection of both tubes. Similarly, solar collector fields used in building technology also involve the compensation of thermal expansion at the connection points of individual collec-tors, using flexible collector connections. Figure 3.5.1. shows a metal bellows design which can be attached on the copper pip-ing of the collectors. Hydraulically formed O-ring grooves and flanges are integrated for attachment purposes at the cuff of the bellows.
Flexiblesealing
48 49
Similar to a piston, metal bellows can con-vert pressure into force or movement and vice versa. For this reason they can be used as sensors and actuators, whose charac-teristic is defined by the spring rate and hydraulic cross-section of the bellows.The main demands placed on sensors and actuators are that they are free of hyster-esis and feature a constant characteristic curve, so that here too hardened bellows materials can be used to their advantage.Examples include the pressure-force con-
3.7 | Sensors and actuators
verter used to make fine adjustments to optical systems which is shown in figure 3.7.1 or sensors for gas-insulated switch-ing cabinets. These switching cabinets are filled with SF6 under positive pressure. In the case of a leak, pressure on the inside of the cabinet decreases. A gas-filled and hermetically sealed metal bellows is used as a sensor for the pressure in the switching cabinet.
Its length always adjusts as to create a force equilibrium of the spring force of the bellows and the pressure resulting from the bellows interior, and the pres-sure in the switching cabinet. A decrease in switching cabinet pressure results in an enlargement of bellows lengths and can thus be detected.
Other application examples of a metal bellows actuator are regulators for heater thermostats (Figure 3.7.2.). To this cuff, bronze bellows filled with alcohol are used. The alcohol enclosed in the bellows expands as temperatures rise, and as a result the bellows lengthens in an axial direction. The lengthening of the bellows is used to throttle the valve, and the capacity of the heater decreases. If room temperature decreases, the bellows becomes shorter again. This further opens the regulator valve and heating capacity increases again.
Figure 3.7.1.: Metal bellows actuators
3.7 | Sensors and actuators
Hysteresis-free
Figure 3.7.2.: Bronze bellows for radiator thermostats
50 51
Gas-loaded accumulators are used as energy storage in hydraulic systems. They consist of a gas and liquid space which are separated by a flexible diaphragm. The more liquid is pumped into the accu-mulator, the more the gas volume is com-pressed and storage pressure increases. Alternatively, liquid may be withdrawn, decreasing the storage pressure.Multi-layer diaphragms or rubber bubbles are often used as media separators. They are not however completely diffusion-tight and are subject to ageing. For example, if the diffusion of storage gases in brake systems is not permitted, or the accumulator must be guaranteed to be maintenance-free for long periods of time, the plastic diaphragm may be replaced by a metal or diaphragm bellows.To enable large working volumes, storage bellows feature thin walls, high flexibility and low pressure resistance.
These features are not critical during the storage operation, since the only pressure differential between the gas and liquid is caused by the spring rate of the bellows. To protect the metal bellows from damages, care must be taken to ensure that there are enough valves to prevent a complete emp-tying of the metal bellows storage cham-
ber, and hence always maintain the pressure bal-ance between the gas and liquid side.
3.8 | Metal bellows accumulator
Figure 3.8.1.: Section-
al model of a metal
bellows accumulator
3.9 | Metal bellows couplings
Metal bellows are flexible and torsion-resistant. For this reason they are well suited for use as maintenance-free corrugated couplings (figure 3.9.1.) for torsional transfer and to compensate for layer tolerances. Metal bellows couplings are loaded for torsion and rotating bend. The latter requires a fatigue-endurable configuration.In order to transfer large amounts of tor-sion and to safely prevent torsional buck-ling, coupling bellows are often short and have a large diameter.
Figure 3.9.1.: Metal bellows coupling
Diffusion-tight
Mainte-nance-free
52 53
Reductions in fuel consumption through efficiency increases as well as adherence to statutorily prescribed emission limits pose a significant challenge to future com-bustion engines. One important approach is to downsize the engines, i.e. reduce the cylinder capacity while maintaining capacity. This is made possible by turbo charging, an increase in injection pres-sures, improved engine management and spray-formed combustion processes for gasoline engines.
HYDRA precision bellows have proven themselves as reliable, highly flexible, pressure- and temperature-resistant seal-ants in piezo injectors, fuel pumps or pres-sure sensor glow plugs for such modern engines.Based on the smallest flow cross-sectionsand metallic seals, metal bellows in high-pressure fuel systems are subject to a maximum cleanliness requirements, which are met through production in clean rooms.
3.10 | Metal bellows for modern vehicle engines
Piezo injectorSpray-form direct injection reduces fuel consumption of gasoline engines at the same or even higher engine performance. Criteria for spray-form combustion consist of highly exact dosages and fine atomisa-tion of the injected fuel. These require-ments can be met with quick switching piezo injectors and injection pressures which exceed 200 bar. The key component of the injector is a piezo actuator, which extends with voltage and then opens the injection needle.
Any type of contact with the fuel would lead to a short circuit and destroy the piezo actuator. For this reason, a seal which can resist pulsating pressures of up to 300 bar and also allows for over 300,000,000 nee-dle movements is required. HYDRA preci-sion bellows meet these requirements with a component failure probability rate of less than 1 ppm.
3.10 | Metal bellows for modern vehicle engines
Figure 3.10.1.: Injector bellows (Witzenmann) and
piezo injector (Continental Automotive GmbH)
Temperature- and
corrosion- resistant
54 55
3.10 | Metal bellows for modern vehicle engines
In contrast to conventional glow plugs, the plug tip of the pressure sensor glow plugs is mounted for movement. Forces from the pressure in the combustion chamber which is acting on the plug tip is measured with a piezo-resistive sen-sor. A HYDRA precision bellows allows for a friction- and hysteresis-free transfer of combustion pressure to the piezo sen-sor. Furthermore it compensates for heat expansion during the glow operation, and seals the sensor and electronics from the combustion chamber.
Besides combustion chamber pressures and temperatures, this application also requires the metal bellows to tolerate a high degree of repeated loads in a man-ner that secures operations. The repeated loads are caused by the resonance ini-tiation of the glow plug tips which are mounted for movement by way of engine vibrations.
Fuel pumpHigh-pressure pumps are required to supply fuel to direct-injection gasoline engines. These pumps can be designed as one- or multiple-piston pumps with oil-lubricated pistons. HYDRA precision bellows ensure that the fuel is not con-taminated by pump oil. For each piston,
a bellows acts as a highly flexible seal and transfer element for pump move-ments. The bellows are mainly operated in pressure-compensated mode and must execute over 12,000,000,000 pump move-ments over the life of a vehicle.
Pressure sensor glow plugsTo ensure adherence to statutorily pre-scribed thresholds for NOx and CO2
emissions, an improved regulation of the combustion process in diesel engines is required. By performing an in-situ meas-urement of the pressure in the combus-tion chamber, the pressure sensor glow plug provides an important input signal. Besides reducing emissions, the optimised engine control which is achieved with the assistance of the pressure sensor glow plugs allows for the utilisation of higher combustion pressures. This is used to increase performance or downsize the engines.
Figure 3.10.2.: Pump bellows (Witzenmann) and high-
pressure fuel pump (Continental Automotive GmbH)
Figure 3.10.3.: Metal bellows (Witzenmann) and
pressure sensor glow plug (PSG, Beru AG)
3.10 | Metal bellows for modern vehicle engines
56 5756
4 | Bellows calculation and characteristics
57
4.1 | Stressanalysisformetalbellows 58
4.2 | Loadingstresses 60
4.3 | Pressureandbucklingresistance 62
4.4 | Fatiguelife 67
4.5 | Angularandlateraldeformation 71
4.6 | Torsionandtorsionalbuckling 73
4.7 | Bellowsspringrate 75
4.8 | Reactionforcesandhydraulicdiameter 76
58 59
4.1 | Stress analysis for metal bellows
Themainrequirementsformetalbellowsare
(1) media and corrosion resistance,(2) temperature resistance,(3) tightness,(4) pressure resistance,(5) flexibility and service life.
Corrosionandtemperatureresistancecanbeachievedbyselectingtheappropri-atebellowsmaterial.Thetightnessofthebellowsisguaranteedbytheproductionprocess.Pressureresistanceandservicelifeontheotherhandareensuredbytheappropriatebellowsdesign,andcanbeverifiedbycalculation.Theprincipalprocedureforpreparingastressanalysisformetalbellowsisshowninfigure4.1.1.Thestresseswhichoccurin
thebellowsaredeterminedonthebasisofthebellowsgeometryandoperatingloads–thesearepressure,torsionanddeformation.Suitablestressparameterscanbederivedfromthesestresses,andcomparedagainstthecorrespondingstrengthofthecomponent.Thecom-parisonprovidesthesafetyfactorsfortherespectiveloadstatus.Anessentialingredientinareliablestressanalysisisknowingexactlyhowstrongthecomponentis.Forthispurpose,Witzenmannhasperformedmorethan1,300pressureresistancetestsandmorethan1,600loadcycletests,ofwhichapproximately250areconductedunderoperatingpressureandathightempera-tures;thisdatabaseiscontinuouslyupdatedandexpanded.
StresscalculationandstressanalysesforHYDRAcorrugatedbellowsareillustratedbelow.However,thesameprinciplecanbealsoappliedtoconfigureHYDRAdia-phragmbellows,HYDRAdiaphragmdiscsorHYDRAloadcells.
4.1 | Stress analysis for metal bellows
Figure 4.1.1.: Principal procedure for the strength by calculation analysis for metal bellows
Configurationknow-how
OperatingloadsComponentgeometry
LoadingstressesDamageparameterP
LoadresistanceB
MaterialProductionmethod
SafetyfactorS=B/P
60 61
4.2 | Loading stresses
Abandoningthemembranestresses,whicharesmallascomparedtothebendingstresses,thefollowingappliestomeridional stress from axial movement(δ):
(4.2.1.)
Eisthemodulesofelasticityofthebel-lowsmaterial,sistheplythicknessoftheindividuallayer,nwisthenumberofcorrugationsandhistheheightofthecor-rugation.Cdisadimension-lesscorrectionfactor(Andersonfactor)whichdependsonthegeometryofthebellowscorrugation.Equation4.2.1.showsthatthepermissiblemovementofabellowscorrugation(flexibility)increasesaswallthickness(s)decreasesandcorrugationheight(h)increases.Increasingthenumberofcorrugations(nw)alsoincreasesthebellows'rangeofmovementsinceloadsonsinglecorrugationsarereduced.
Forthisreasonnarrowcorrugationprofilesareoftenusedforhighlyflexiblebellows,astheyallowforthemaximisationofthenumberofcorrugationsinagiveninstalla-tionspace.
Notconsideringthemembranestresses,thefollowingalsoappliestomeridional stresses resulting from pressure (p):
(4.2.2.)
wherebynListhenumberofbellowslayers,CPisagainadimension-lessandgeometrydependentcorrectionfactor(Andersonfactor).
Inaccordancewithequation4.2.2.,pressure-resistantprofilesfeaturealargeplythickness(s)and/orlargenumberoflayers(nL),aswellasalowcorrugationheight(h).
4.2 | Loading stresses
Figure 4.2.1.: Meridional stress on a two-layer
metal bellows at axial tension (left)
and outside pressure (right)
Loadingstressesarecausedbypressureaswellasdisplacementsorrotationsoftheconnectingcrosssectionsofthebel-lowstowardseachother.Thefollowingsectiondiscussesthestressesresultingfrompressureandaxialdeformation,sincethesearethemostsignificantloadsforbellows.Lateralandangulardeformationscanbeconvertedintoequivalentaxialdefor-mations(Section4.5)–torsionwillbediscussedseparatelyinSection4.6.Inthecaseoftypicalbellowsgeometries,thelargeststresscomponentisalwaysthemeridionalstress.Itisorientedinthelongitudinaldirectionofthebellows,paral-leltoitssurface.Bothpressureaswellasaxialmovementresultinbendingstressconditionswithdefinedstressmaximain
theareaofthecrests.Figure4.2.1.showsthisbywayofexampleforatwo-layermetalbellows.Thepositionofthestressmaximacorrespondswiththetypicalfrac-turepositionsoffatiguefractures.Sincesimilarstressconditionsalwaysexist,stressfrompressureandmovementmaybesuperimposedbywayofadditiontoanalysethecombinedloads.
h22nL·s2
Cp pB,meridional(p)
5E·s3nw·h2
CdB,meridional()
Optimisedgeometries
62 63
4.3 | Pressure resistance and buckling resistance
Thevolumedisplacedbythedeformationofbellowscorrugationsisoutlinedasafunctionofthepressureintheformshowninfigure4.3.2.Thepressure-volumecurvethusobtainedcorrespondstoastress-strain-curveinthetensiletest,andis
analysedinanalogueousmatter.Thenominalpresure(PN)ofthebellowsisthatpressurewhichatinitialloadingresultsina1%permanentchangetothevolumeenclosedinthebellowscorrugations(profilevolume).
4.3 | Pressure resistance and buckling resistance
Figure 4.3.1.: Corrugation
buckling of a metal bellows
under outside pressure
Figure 4.3.2.: Pressure-volume characteristic of a metal bellows and nominal pressure
determination as per the Witzenmann method
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30change of the profile volume [%]
pres
sure
[bar
] proof pressure pT = 1,3 PN
nominal pressure PN
1% change of the profile volume
Whensubjectedtooutsideoverpressure,metalbellowsusuallyfailbywayofcor-rugationbucklingwhichisprecededbyaplasticdeformationattheinnercrests(figure4.3.1.).Forbellowswithverymini-malcorrugationheight,ascomparedtothediameter,ovalisationunderoutsidepressureisalsopossible.However,thecorrugationheightofthebellowsprofileslistedinthetechnicaltablesisalwayslargeenoughthatthistypeoffailuredoesnotoccur.Thetypicaltypeoffailureassociatedwithinsidepressureloadsiscolumnbuckling(figure4.3.3.).Corrugationbucklingmayalsooccurunderinsidepressurewithveryshortbellows;forflatandthick-walledbel-lowsprofile,burstingwithfracturesthatrunparalleltothebellowsaxismayalsooccur.
Thepressureresistanceofmetalbellowsisdependentontheyieldstrenghtofthebel-
lowsmaterial,sothattheuseofahigher-strengthmaterialwiththesameprofilecanachieveanincreaseinpressureresistance.Pressureresistancedecreaseswithincreasingtemperaturesinaccordancewiththereductionintheyieldstrenght.
Plastic flow and corrugation bucklingFigure4.3.1.showsthedamageprofileforcorrugationbuckling.Damagebeginswithaplasticdeformationoftheinnercrestthroughaglobalexceedanceoftheyieldlimit;subsequentlytheprofilecollapses.Forthisreason,sufficientprotectionagainstincipientglobalplasticdeformationattheinnercrestisrequiredtopreventcorrugationbuckling.Theverificationmaybedonebycalcula-tionoronexperimentalbasis.Foranexperimentalrecordingofthepressure-volumecharacteristic,thebellowsisfixedaxiallyandincreasingpressureisapplied.
F+E
64 65
Nominalpressuremustbeequaltoorlargerthanthemaximumoperatingpressureatroomtemperature(designpressure(pRT)).WithhigheroperatingtemperaturesTS,themaximumpermissi-bleoperatingpressure(PS)decreasesinproportiontothereductionintheyieldstrengthofthebellowsmaterial.
(4.3.1.)
Pressurecapacity
(4.3.2.)
isdescribedastheratioofdesignpres-suretonominalpressure.
Forshorttimeperiods,itispossibletoobtainaproofpressure(pT)of130%ofnominalpressure.Higherproofpressures
maydamagethebellowsprofileandarethereforenotpermitted.Forsystemsinwhichtheproofpressureexceeds130%ofoperatingpressureatroomtemperature,thenominalpressureofthebellowsisdeterminedinaccord-ancewithequation4.3.3.bywayoftheproofpressure.Inthiscase,thenominalpressureishigherthanthepermissibleoperatingpressureatroomtemperature.
(4.3.3.)
Whenusingvalves,abellowswhosenominalpressurecorrespondswiththemaximumoperatingpressureatroomtemperaturemayalsobeused.Inthatcase,pressuretestingofthevalvemustbecarriedoutwhenthebellowsisremoved.
Theconfigurationcriteriatodeterminethenominalpressureofmetalbellowsbycal-culationconsistofthemaximummeridi-onalstressinthebellowscrestsaswellascircumferentialstressaveragedoverthe
bellowsprofile,wherebyconditions4.3.4.and4.3.5.mustbemet.Inthisvein,Cmdescribestheincreaseinmaterialstrengthascomparedtothevaluedeterminedforthestripsteelbywayofhardening,supporteffectsandstresstransfers.
(4.3.4.)
(4.3.5.)
Usingabellowsconfigurationcorrespond-ingtostandard,e.g.EJMA,AD2000,EN13445orEN14917,thevaluesforCmasindicatedintherespectivestandardareused.Thesedeviatefromeachotherandareusuallysmallerthanthevalueresultingfromtheexperimentalpressureresistancedetermination.OneexceptionistheASMEstandard,whichexplicitlyallowsforanexperimentaldeterminationofpressureresistance(ASME2007,SectionIII,
NB3228.2)Therecommendedmethod(ASME2007,SectionIII,II-1430)resultsinonlyminimallyhighernominalpressuresthantheWitzenmannmethod.
Column bucklingWiththeexceptionofveryshortbellows,thepermissibleinsidepressureofmetalbellowsislimitedbycolumnbuckling(figure4.3.3.).Sincethebucklingpres-sureisusuallysignificantlylowerthanthepressureresistanceofthebellowsprofile,metalbellowsshouldbeconfiguredwithoutsidepressureloads.Ifthisisnotpossible,bucklingmayalsobepreventedbyaninnerorouterguidanceofthebellowscorrugations.ThecolumnbucklingofbellowscanbecalculatedasEulerianbuckling,wherebythesumofthereactionforceofthebellows'insidepres-sureandthespringrateofthebellowsactsasthebucklingforce.Thefollowingappliestobucklingpressureundertheseconditions:
(4.3.6.)
4.3 | Pressure resistance and buckling resistance4.3 | Pressure resistance and buckling resistance
PS=pRTRP1.0(TS)RP1.0(20°C)
RP1,0(20°C)RP1,0(TS)
pRTpN
PSpN
P= = 1
umRP1,0(T)/1.5Rm(T)/3
min
max meridional
RP1,0(T)/1.5Rm(T)/3
Cm·min
cax
2E2(lf+)
4·cax··dhyd
2pK= +
pT1.3
pN
66 67
wherebydhydisthehydraulicallyeffectivediameterofthebellows(cp.Section4.7.)and
(4.3.7.)
theflexiblebellowslengths.Forabellowsfirmlyclampedonbothsidesthefollow-ingapplies:λE=0.5.
ProtectionagainstbucklingshouldbecarriedoutwithasafetyfactorS>2.5.Analogoustothespringrate,thebuck-lingpressuredecreasesastemperatureincreases.Thedecreaseisproportionaltothereductioninthemodulesofelasticityofthebellowsmaterial.
BurstingTheburstingofbellowsisusuallypre-cededbyalargedegreeofplasticdefor-mation,sothatresistancetoburstingisalreadyprovidedbytheprotectionagainstplasticflow(equation4.3.5.).Forapplica-tionswhichexplicitlyrequireaminimumburstingpressureforthebellows,verifi-cationusingaburstpressuretestundernear-operatinginstallationconditionsisrecommended.Experimentalprotectionagainstburstingpressureisalsousefulforhigh-strengthmaterialswithanelasticlimitRP01/Rmnear1.
4.3 | Pressure resistance and buckling resistance
nw·lwlf=
Figure 4.3.3.: Column buckling of a metal bellows
under inside pressure (schematic)
4.4 | Fatigue life
Themaindamagemechanismwhichlimitstheservicelifeofbellowsisfatigueundercyclicalloads.Bellowsmaybesubjectedtocyclicalloadsintheformofarecur-ringdeformation,pulsatingpressureoracombinationofboth.Stressesinducedbysuchloadswhichoccuratdifferenttimesresultintheformationandgrowthoffatiguecracksinthematerialandfinallytofailurebywayoffatiguefractures.Onlyveryhighpulsatingpressurecausesadifferentdamagepresentation–failurethroughcycliccreepingandsubsequentcorrugationbuckling.Fatiguefracturesintheinnercrestrunninginthedirectionofthecircumferenceoratthetransitionoftheinnercresttotheflankcorrugationaretypicalformetalbellows.Inthesecasesthefractureisalwayslocatedatthebel-lowssidewiththelargerbend.Fracturesattheoutercrestonlyoccurwithstrongly
non-symmetricalbellowsprofilesoracharacteristicloadcombinationofpulsat-ingpressureandmovement.Figure4.4.1.onpage68showsfatiguefracturesontheinnercrestofabellowsontheleftside.Inthemetallographiccut(right),thefractureprogressionoriginatingfromthebellowssurfacewiththemorepronouncedbendcanbeseenclearly.Crackformationandgrowtharesubjecttostatisticalinfluencingfactors.Forthisreasonloadcycletestresultsfeatureaspread.
R+D
68 69
ThedependenceofthefatiguelifeontheloadisdescribedbyusingS-N-curves.Fig-ure4.4.2.showstheWitzenmannS-N-curveformetalbellowsmadeofausteniticsteel.Thediagramalsocontainsthetestresultsformetalbellows.TheyaredistributedintheformofastatisticalspreadaroundtheS-N-curve.
Besidestheactualcyclicalload(recurringdeformationand/orpulsatingpressure),thefatiguelifeisalsoaffectedbyprimaryandsecondarymeanstress,internalstressresultingfrombellowsproduction,microsupporteffects,pressurecapacityorfailuremode(fatiguefractureofalllayersorlayersfacingpressureandsubsequentcorrugationbucklingunderexcessivepressure).ThelifecalculationforageneralloadcyclecanbedonebyWitzenmannatrequest.
4.4 | Fatigue life4.4 | Fatigue life
Figure 4.4.2.: Witzenmann S-N-curve for austenitic stainless steel metal bellows. Tests marked with an arrow
were suspended without failure of the bellows
Figure 4.4.1.: Fatigue fracture at inner crest of a metal bellows in top view (left) and as a metallographic cut (right)
70 71
Inthespecialcaseofastaticpressureloadedbellows,loadcycles(N)maybeestimatedasafunctionofstroke(δ)andpressurecapacity(ηP)usingthetablesindicatedinSection6.1.
Wherebellowsarestressedatseveralloadlevels,overalldamageoradamage-equiv-alentloadcyclenumberforaconstantamplitudeloadcanbedeterminedusingadamageaccumulationcalculation.Thisisdonebyassumingthatthedamagesforeachloadlevelaccumulate.Anoveralldamageof100%correlateswithafailureprobabilityof50%:
(4.4.3.)
Damageaccumulationwithloadcyclenumbersinthefatiguelimit(N50%>1million),whicharederivedfromtheS-N-curveforaconstantamplitudeload,isnotconservative,sincee.g.priordamagefromlargeloadsisnottakenintoaccount.AmoreconservativeestimateisprovidedbytheelementaryMinerrule.Italsodeter-minestheloadcyclenumbersN50%forthefatiguelimitusingtheextendedS-N-curvefromthefatiguestrengtharea.
4.4 | Fatigue life
NrequiredN50%Loadlevel
D=
4.5 | Angular and lateral deformation
Metalbellowsmayalsodeformperpen-dicularlytothebellowsaxis.Thebasicmovementforms–displacementofbel-lowscuffsperpendiculartobellowsaxis(lateraldeformation)withoutanincline,oraninclineanddisplacementofbellowscuffsalongwithaconstantbendingofthebellows(angulardeformation)–isshownbyfigure4.5.1.Thistypeofangularorlateraldeformationfrequencyoccurswithexpansionjoints,forexample.Generally,itispossibletoillustrateanytorsion-freebellowsdeformationasacombinationofaxial(δ),lateral(λ)andangular(α)defor-mation.
Subjecttotheconditionsofelementarybendingtheory,equivalentaxialdeflec-tions(δäq)canbederivedforlateral(λ)andangulardeformations(α).Thesearetheo-reticalaxialdeflectionswhichleadtothesamestressorloadcyclesastheoriginallateralorangulardeflection.Thefollowingappliestoangularloads:
(4.5.1.)
Figure 4.5.1.: Axial, angular and lateral bellows deformation
axial angular lateral
Designknow-how
Dm2
äq= a
73
Thefollowingappliestolateraldeflection:
(4.5.2.)
Thedenominatorofequation4.5.2.con-tainsthecorrugationquantity,i.e.inthecaseofalaterally-loadedbellows,theequivalentaxialdeflectiondecreasesasthenumberofcorrugationsincrease.Sincethetolerableaxialdeformationofthebellowsalsoincreasesproportionallywiththenumberofcorrugations(equation4.2.1.),thepermissiblelateraldeformationisnotlinear,butratherdependentonthesquareofthenumberofcorrugations.Itisalsopossibletocalculatecompositedeformations.Itisimportanttonotetheprefixesoflateralandangulardeflection,aswellastakingintoaccountthattheangulardeflectionshowninfigure4.5.1.alwayscontainsadisplacementofthebellowscuffswiththeamount:
(4.5.3.)
Asaresult,thefollowingappliestoacombineddeformation,whichisdescribedbyadisplacement(λ)andincline(α)ofthebellowscuffstoeachother:
(4.5.4.)
Thesecalculationsaccuratelyapplytolongbellowsnotsubjecttopressureloads.Forlaterallyloadedshortbellows(lf≤Dm),thelateralshearactstodiffusetheload.Theequivalentaxialdeflectionasperequation4.5.4.thenrepresentsaconservativeestimate.Highoutsideorinsidepressureloads(p>0.25pK)changethebendinglineparticularlyforangulardeflectedbellows,sothatlocalbendingmaximaoccur.Thesecanreducetheservicelife.Anexactcalculationoftheloadforthesecasesgoesbeyondthescopeofthishandbook,however,moreinformationmaybeobtainedfromWitzenmann.
4.5 | Angular and lateral deformation
lf2
*= a
3Dmlf
3Dmnw·lw
äq= =
4.6 | Torsion and torsional buckling
Metalbellowsareflexibleandtorsion-resistant.Forthisreason,ascouplingbellowstheyarewellsuitedtotransfertorque(MT)andcompensateloadtolerances.Inthisapplicationcase,thetorsionresistanceandprotectionagainsttorsionalbucklingmustbeverifiedinadditiontoservicelifeunderlateraland/orangularloads.Averificationoftorsionresistanceformetalbellowsisdoneusingcriticalshearstresses.Theseappearattheinsidecrestandmaybedeterminedasper
(4.6.1.)
diistheinsidediameterofthebellows.
Usingtheshearstresshypothesis,oneobtainsthesafetyfactorSFagainstplasticdeformation:
(4.6.2.)
Inadditiontoprotectionagainstplasticflow,protectionagainsttorsionalbucklingmustalsobeverified.Oncethecriticaltorsionalmoment(MT,c)isexceeded,thebellowschangesfromitsstraightconfigu-rationintoaconfigurationwithacurvedhelicallineshape.Thefollowingappliestothecriticaltorsionalbucklingmomentofabellowsthatisfirmlyclampedonbothsides:
(4.6.3.)
2MT (di+nL·s)2·nL·s
=
RP1,02
·RP1,0·(di+nL·s)2·nL·s
4MTSF= =
1.12·cax·D2mMT,C=
73
Designknow-how
3Dmlf
Dmlf
3DmlF
äq= =( *) 2Dma a
74 75
Dmistheaveragebellowsdiameter,i.e.thearithmeticaveragefromthebellowsinsideandoutsidediameter.Equation4.6.3.providesprotectionagainsttorsionalbucklingof
(4.6.4.)
wherebysignificantlyhighersafety(SK≥3)isrequiredagainstbucklingthanagainstplasticflow(SF≥1.3).
Sincetheaxialspringrateofabellowsdecreasesasthenumberofcorrugationsincrease,thetorsionalbucklingmomentalsodecreasesasthenumberofcorruga-tionsorbellowslengthincreases.Forthisreasoncouplingbellowsareusuallyquiteshortandonlyhavefewcorrugations.
4.6 | Torsion and torsional buckling
MT,cMT
1.12·cax·D2mMT
SK= =
4.7 | Bellows spring rates
Animportantcharacteristicofabellowsisitsspringrateunderaxial,angularorlat-eraldeformation.Theaxial spring rateofametalbellowsmaybecalculatedinaccordancewith:
(4.7.1.)
Cfisadimension-lesscorrectionfactorwhichisdependentonthegeometryofthebellowscorrugation(Andersonfactor).Thespringrateisstrongerdependentonwallthickness(s)andcorrugationheight(h)thanthestresses(cp.4.2.1.and4.2.2.)andthereforereactsmoresensitivelytosmallchangesinbellowsgeometry.Forthisrea-son,thespringrateforstandardbellowsisdefinedatatoleranceof±30%.
Thelateralandangularbellowsspringratemaybederivedfromtheaxialspringrate:
(4.7.2.)and
(4.7.3.)
Athighertemperaturesthebellowsspringratedecreasesinproportiontotheelastic-itymoduleofthebellowsmaterial.
E2·(1– 2)
·Dm·s3
h3nLnw
1Cf
cax · · ·
32Dmlf
clat= ·cax2
D2m8
cang= ·cax
betterwithmorelayers
76 77
4.8 | Reaction force and hydraulic diameter
Incontrasttoarigidpipe,theflexibilityofthebellowsresultsinreactionforceswhichactonsubsequentpipelinesorcom-ponents.Itispossibletoaccuratelydeter-minethehydraulicdiameter(dhyd)ofthebellowsonanumericalorexperimentalbasis.Asaverygoodapproximatevaluetheaveragediameter(Dm)canbeused.Forclosedbellows,thereactionforceis
(4.8.1.)
Forbellowswithconnectingparts,theamountanddirectionofthereactionforcedependontheratioofthepressure-applieddiameterattheconnectingparts(DAT)tothehydraulicdiameter:
(4.8.2.)
Figure4.8.1.illustratestheselinkages.Ifthepressure-applieddiameteroftheconnectingpartcorrespondswiththehydraulicdiameterofthebellows,noreactionforceswilloccurintheconnection.
·(d2hyd–D2AT)4
·(D2m–D2AT)4
F= ·p ·p
·d2hyd4
·D2m4
F= ·p ·p
Figure 4.8.1.: Reaction forces on a bellows connection under inside pressure.
4.8 | Reaction force and hydraulic diameter
Configura-tionknow-how
7878
5 | Product testing at Witzenmann
79
5.1 | Testingandanalysisoptions 80
5.2 | Typicaltestingofmetalbellows 82
80 81
5.1 | Overview of testing and analysis options
Witzenmannhasacomprehensivesetoftestingandanalysisoptionsatitsdisposaltodetermineandtestproductcharacteris-ticsatanexperimentallevel.Thetestfieldincludes,amongothers:
•Movementteststandsforaxialloadcycle testing,alsounderpressureand/orhigh temperatures,•Multipleaxisteststandstorepresent complexmovements,•Electro-dynamicshakers,•Onepressureimpulsestand,•Teststandsforpressuretesting aswellas•Leakageteststands.
Furthermore,Witzenmannhasamateriallaboratoryformechanical,technologicalandmetallographictestingaswellasforwelding-relatedmethodandapproval
testing.Thelaboratoryequipmentincludesthefollowing:
•Tensionandimpact-bendtestmachines,•Comprehensivepreparationtechnology formetallographicgrinding,•Rasterelectronicmicroscopewith integratedX-rayspectrography•Cleancabinet,•Corrosionteststands,aswellas•X-rayradiographyequipment.
Thefollowingproceduresmaybecarriedoutorproduced:
•Testingofmechanicalcharacteristicsas wellascorrosionresistanceforbellows andconnectingpartmaterialsatroom temperatureoratelevatedtemperatures,
•Macrogrindingstoevaluategeometry ofbellowsandweldseams,•Microgrindingstoanalysestructure, determinegrainsizeandδ ferrite.•Hardnessmeasurements,•Analysesofmaterialcompositionand localelementdistribution,•Fracturesurfaceandinclusionanalysesand•Cleanlinessanalyses.
Othertasksofthemetallographiclabora-toryincludeassessmentsofbellowswhichfailedatthecustomerorduringtesting,aswellasananalysisofthedamagecause.
Ourmateriallaboratoryisrecognisedbythemainapprovalandclassificationcompaniesasaproduction-independenttestingauthorityfordestructiveandnon-destructivematerialtesting,andisalsoapprovedtoissueapprovalcertificates.
5.1 | Overview of testing and analysis options
Figure 5.1.1.: Surface (above), structure (centre) and
non metallic inclusions (below) analysis on precision
band made of 1.4571 material.
Developmentpartners
82 83
5.2 | Typical testing for metal bellows
Tightness testAllbellowsequippedwithconnectingpartsthataresuitableforsealingpurposesaresubjectedtoatightnesstestwithnitrogenorairunderwateratroomtemperature.Insidepositivepressureis0.5-2bar,therestperiodis20-60seconds.Novisiblebubbleformationmaybedetected.Thistestdetectsleakratesexceedingapproximately10-4mbarl/sec.Formorestringenttightnessrequirementsaswellastotestdiaphragmbellows,theheliumleaktestisusedasastandardtest.Thevacuummethodemployedbytheheli-umleaktestconsistsofahigh-resolutiontightnesstest.Thecomponenttobetestedisevacuatedandthesurfacenotexposedtothevacuumissubjectedtoaheliumatmosphere.Usingamassspectrometer,heliumatomsenteringthevacuumcanbedetected.
Thesensitivityofthemeasurementincreaseswiththedurationofthetestperiod.Theverificationlimitisapproxi-mately10-10mbarl/sec.Leakratesof10-6mbarl/seccanbewellshowninpractice;thisrepresentsavolumeflowofapprox.0.03l/yearundernormalconditions.Table5.2.1.providesanoverviewofleaksizesandassociatedvolumeflowsundernormalconditionsforotherleakrates.
Testing of weld seamsAnX-rayradiographytestisusedtoexam-inethelongitudinalbuttweldofbellowscylinderspriortodeformation.Connectingseamsaresubjectedtoadyepenetrationtestusingthecolourpenetrationmethod.Thisinspectionisdonevisually;thered-whitemethodduringdaylight,andthefluorescentmethodunderUVlighting.
IfanX-raytestofbellowsconnectionseamsisrequired,bellowsandconnectingpartmustfeatureaparticulardesign.Theusualweldgeometriesarenotsuitedtoradiographytesting.
Proof pressure testingFigure5.2.1.showsaproofpressuretestunderinsidepressure.Aspartofthetest,themetalbellowsisaxiallypositioned,andinsideoroutsidepressureisappliedinaccordancewiththeoperatingconditions.
Thereactionforcesmustbeabsorbedbytheaxialpositioning.Thestandardtestpressureis1.3timestheoperationpressure.Nomeasurableplasticdeformationsmayoccur,andthebellowsmustretainitsfunctionality.Usuallythetestisdoneatroomtemperature,butcanalsobecarriedoutathightemperatures.Ifrequired,thetestmaybecontinueduntilthebellowsbursts.
5.2 | Typical testing for metal bellows
Leakrate[mbarl/sec]
Leakdiameter[µm]
Volumeflow[l/sec]
Volumeflow[l/year]
Notes
(undernormalconditions)
10-10 0.001 10-13 3.15x10-6 verificationlimit10-8 0.01 10-11 3.15x10-4 highlyvacuum-tight*10-7 0.03 10-10 3.15x10-3 gas-tight*10-6 0.1 10-9 0.03210-5 0.33 10-8 0.31510-4 1 10-7 3.15 vapour-tight*10-3 3.3 10-6 31.5 water-tight*
oneairbubble(Ø1mm)persec100 100 10-3 31500 leakytap
Table 5.2.1. / *Non-standard representation, no exact definition for a leak rate
Leak rates and associated volume flows for helium leak testcomprehen-sivetestingfacility
85
Load cycle testingProofofservicelifeformetalbellowscanbecarriedoutbycalculationoraspartofatest.Aservicelifeintherangeoffinitelifetimemaybeconfirmedbyexperimentwithverylittleeffort.Ontheotherhand,experiment-relatedrequirementsanddurationoftestsincreasesignificantlywithhighnumbersofloadcyclesand/orsmallpermissiblefailureprobabilities.Inthesecasesitisoftensimplertocalculatetheservicelifeanduseexperimentsonlytoprovethatthetestedbellowsdonotsignificantlydeviatefromthepopulationofallbellows.Forstatisticalreasons,loadcycletestingshouldalwaysbecarriedoutonseveraltestobjects.ThestandardnumberoftestobjectsatWitzenmannis6testobjectsperloadlevel.
Loadcycletestingmaybecarriedoutfordesignapproval,astestsforapprovalpurposes,suchasformetalbellowsfornuclearapplication,materialbatchapprov-alorasaregularre-qualificationtestforcomponentssubjecttoVDA6.1.
Theaxialmovementtestinanon-pressurestateatroomtemperatureshownin5.2.2.isthebasicfatiguetestformetalbellows.However,alsocomplexdeformationsmaybeappliedduringloadcycletestingorloadcycletestsmaybeperformedunderoperatingpressureandtemperature.
Characterisation of componentsExperimentsmayalsobeusedtodeter-minecomponentcharacteristics,whicharethenconfirmedwithatestcertificate;thisincludesthefollowing:
•opticalmeasurementofbellows geometry,•measurementofbellowsspringrate,•measurementofreactionforce anddeterminationofhydraulic diameter,•recordingpressure-volume curves(compareFigure2.4.2.and4.3.2.),•determiningnaturalfrequenciesaswell ascharacterisationofdynamic behaviourofbellows
5.2 | Typical testing for metal bellows 5.2 | Typical testing for metal bellows
Figure 5.2.2.: Axial load cycle test.
Figure 5.2.1.: Pressure resistance testing on a
metal bellows.
86
6 | Technical tables
87
6.1 | Bellowsselectionfrommanual 88
6.2 | BellowsselectionwithFlexperte 94
6.3 | HYDRAstainlesssteelmetalbellows(corrugatedbellows) (preferreddimensions) 95
6.4 | HYDRAmetalbellows(corrugatedbellows)forANSIvalves 116
6.5 | HYDRAbronzemetalbellows(corrugatedbellows)(preferreddimensions) 126
6.6 | HYDRAdiaphragmbellows,standardprofile(preferreddimensions) 131
6.7 | HYDRAdiaphragmbellows,narrowprofile(preferreddimensions) 144
6.8 | Geometryofconnectingpartsformetalanddiaphragmbellows 154
6.9 | HYDRAloadcells 162
6.10 | HYDRAprecisiontubes 164
88 89
6.1 | Bellows selection from manual
Whenselectingabellowsfromthetechni-caltables,thebellowsprofileisinitiallysetusingthediameterandrequiredpressureresistance.Forthispurpose,thebellowsinthetablesarelistedaccordingtoascendingreferencediametersandascendingnominalpressure.Therequiredcorrugationnumberandinstallationlengththenresultsfromtherequiredmovementandassociatednumberofloadcycles.
Pressure resistance for outside pressure loadsThecrucialfactorsindeterminingnominalpressurearedesignpressure(pRT)andproofpressure(pT):
(6.1.1.)
FortemperaturesTS>20°C,thepressurereductionfactortakesintoaccount
(6.1.2.)
thereductioninthebellows'pressureresistance.ValuesforKPareindicatedinTable6.1.1.forbellowsmaterials1.4571(austeniticstainlesssteel)and2.1020(bronze).
Pressure resistance with inside pressure loadsThebucklingpressureformetalbellowslistedinthishandbookisusuallysignifi-cantlylowerthanthepressureresistanceofthebellowsprofile.Forthisreasontheyshouldpreferablybeconfiguredwithanoutsidepressureload.
Fortheconfigurationofexpansionjoints,pleaserefertothehandbookforexpansionjointstechnology.
PN max { pRT=PS/Kp
pT/1.3
PS
pRT
Rp1.0(TS)
Rp1.0(20°C)Kp = =
Reduction factors for pressure KP
Intheeventofinsidepressureloads,
(6.1.1.)
buckling resistance under inside pressuremustbecheckedinadditiontocondition
(6.1.3.)
witchresultsinsafetyfactorS3againstcolumnbuckling.Thespringratepercorrugation(cδ)andcorrugationlength(lW)areindicatedinthebellowstables.
Where sufficient buckling resistance does not exist, buckling must be prevented by inside or outside guidance of bellows cor-rugations.
Load cycles and distribution of movementAloadcycle(2δ)consistsoftheentiremovementofthebellowsfromanystartingpositiontotheextremevalueononeside,backtotheextremevalueoftheothersideoverthestartingposition,andthenbacktothestartingposition.
6.1 | Bellows selection from manual
Table 6.1.1
Temperature[°C]
ReductionfactorKPδ Temperature[°C]
PressurereductionfactorKPδ
austeniticstainlesssteel1.4571
bronze2.1020
austeniticstainlesssteel1.4571
bronze2.1020
20 1.00 1.00 300 0.69 – 50 0.92 0.95 350 0.66 –100 0.85 0.90 400 0.64 –150 0.81 0.80 450 0.63 –200 0.77 0.75 500 0.62 –250 0.73 0.70 550 0.62 –
Technologyleader
PN max { pRT=PS/Kp
pT/1.3
PRT 2c
n2W·lW
90 91
Asymmetricaldistributionofmovement(50%compression/50%expansion)ispre-ferredformetal bellows. Deviatingmove-mentdistributionsonlyhavelittleeffectontheservicelife,aslongasthecorrugationsdonotcomeintocontactduringthecom-pressionphase.
Diaphragmbellowsrequireamovementdistributionof80%compression/20%expansion.Largerexpansionmaydamagethebellows.Movementswhichdeviatefromthisdistributionrequirethatthebel-lowsisinstalledpre-stressed.
Range of movement per corrugationThebellowstablesincludethenominaldeflectionspercorrugation(2δn,0,2λn,0,2αn,0)foraxial,lateralandangulardeform-ing.Itrelatestoaservicelifeofatleast10,000loadcyclesatroomtemperatureandnominalpressure.Dependingontherequiredloadcyclesandpressurecapacity,thepermissibledeflec-tionpercorrugation(2δn,2λn,2αn)from
thenominaldeflectionpercorrugation(2δn,0,2λn,0,2αn,0)andcorrectingfactorsKΔNandKΔPfortheloadcyclesandpres-sureresultinthefollowing:
Axialload:2δn=KΔN·KΔP·2δn,0=KΔ·2δn,0 (6.1.4.a)
Lateralload:2λn=KΔN·KΔP·2λn,0=KΔ·2λn,0(6.1.4.b)
Angularload:2αn=KΔN·KΔP·2αn,0=KΔ·2αn,0(6.1.4.c)
Influence of load cycles on impulse
Influence of pressure capacity on impulse
Iflessthan10,000loadcyclesarerequired,thedeflectionpercorrugation(2δn,2λn,2αn)mayexceedthenominaldeflectionpercorrugation(2δn,0,2λn,0,2αn,0);ontheotherhand,toobtainlargerloadcyclefigures,loadsmustbereducedbelownominaldeflection.Thecorre-spondinginfluencingfactorKΔNisshowninTable6.1.2.
Reductioninpressurecapacity
(4.3.2.)
increasesthepermissibleimpulseinaccordancewithTable6.2.3.
6.1 | Bellows selection from manual 6.1 | Bellows selection from manual
Figure 6.1.1.
Table 6.1.2
Loadcycles CorrectionfactorKΔN
Loadcycles CorrectionfactorKΔN
Loadcycles CorrectionfactorKΔN
1,000 1.6 25,000 0.8 800,000 0.31,700 1.4 50,000 0.7 2,000,000 0.24,000 1.2 100,000 0.6 5,000,000 0.110,000 1.0 200,000 0.5 10,000,000 0.0514,000 0.9 400,000 0.4 – –
Table 6.1.3
pressurecapacityηP 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
InfluencingfactorKΔP 1.0 1.03 1.07 1.1 1.13 1.15
pRT
PNP =
92 93
Pressure pulsationsPressurepulsationsorpulsatingloadsontopofstaticpressurecanreducetheserv-icelifeofthebellows.Theeffectofthesefactorscanbedeterminedbycalculation,anddependsonthedegreeofpulsatingloadsandtheirfrequency.ForpulsatingloadsΔp>0,25PNwerecommendanadditionalsafetyconfirmation.
Determination of corrugation quantitiesTherequirednumberofcorrugationsresultsfromtherequireddeflectionofthebellows(2δ,2λ,2α)andthepermissibledeflectionpercorrugation(2δn,2λn,2αn):
axialloads: (6.1.5.s)
lateralload: (6.1.5.b)
angularload: (6.1.5.c)
axialandangularload: (6.1.5.d)
axialandlateralload: (6.1.5.e)
Bellows spring rateThebellowstablescontainthespringratepercorrugation(cδ,cλ,cα).ThefollowingappliestothespringrateofabellowswithcorrugationsnW:
Axialload: (6.1.6.a)
Angularload: (6.1.6.b)
Lateralload: (6.1.6.c)
Reduction factors KC for theBellows spring rate
Athighertemperaturesthebellowsspringratedecreasesproportionatelywiththeelasticitymoduleofthebellowsmaterial.ThecorrespondingreductionfactorsarecontainedinTable6.1.4.
(6.2.7.)
6.1 | Bellows selection from manual 6.1 | Bellows selection from manual
2
2nnW
2a
2annW
c
nWcax=
ca
nWcang=
2l
2lnnW
2
2n
2a
2annW +
2
2·2n
2
2·2nnW + +
2l
2ln
2
cl
nWclat=
3
Table 6.1.4
Temp.(°C)
Material1.4571
20 1.00
100 0.97
200 0.93
300 0.90
400 0.86
500 0.83
c(T)=c(20°C)·KC=c(20°C)·E(T)
E(20°C)
94 95
6.2 | Bellows selection with Flexperte
Flexperte is a configuration software for flexible metallic elements. It is a specially developed software which selects the appropriate products for each case as per current configuration rules from standard production series. In addition to metal bellows, the program can also be used to configure expansion joints, metal hoses and pipe supports.
Upon entering the operating conditions, the program provides a selection of suit-able products along with all necessary information and drawings for direct further processing in the form of an inquiry or an order.
A fully functional version of the program for direct use is available at www.flexperte.de.
Knowledge by Witzenmann
6.3 | HYDRA stainless steel bellows
HYDRA metal bellows feature a high degree of flexibility and pressure resist-ance with minimal installation length.The standard material for metal bellows made of a longitudinally welded tube is 1.4571. Other materials are available on request. Bellows with a small diameter are made from seamless tubes made with 1.4541 material.
Bellows descriptionThe bellows description describes the bellows profile, i.e. diameter, number of layers and thickness of individual lay-ers, corrugations and material used. The first letters indicate whether the bellows described concerns a bellows without con-necting parts (BAO) or a bellows with con-necting parts (BAT).
BAT: Bellows with connecting parts
Insidediameterdi = 60 mm
OutsidediameterDA = 82 mm
15 corruga-tionsacc. toSection 6.1
Singlelayerthickness s = 0.3 mm
Number of singlelayersnL = 6
Material 1.4571
Bellows description (example):
BAT 60.0 x 82.0 x 6 x 0.3 15W 1.4571
Knowledgeby
Witzenmann
Preferred dimensions
96
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
97
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ A
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)** seamless tube 1.4571 or 1.4541
B-cuff S-cuff J-cuff
345
68
9
10
12
4009065
100150200500
552668
115150225590
25016386090
13013
3.35 x 4.7 x 2 x 0.06 4.06 x 6.0 x 1 x 0.07 5.3 x 8.0 x 1 x 0.08 5.3 x 8.0 x 1 x 0.10 5.3 x 8.5 x 1 x 0.15 5.3 x 8.5 x 1 x 0.20 5.3 x 8.5 x 2 x 0.20 6.2 x 9.7 x 1 x 0.10 8.0 x 13.0 x 1 x 0.10 8.0 x 13.0 x 2 x 0.10 8.0 x 13.0 x 3 x 0.10 8.0 x 13.5 x 4 x 0.10 9.0 x 14.5 x 1 x 0.10 9.0 x 14.5 x 2 x 0.10 9.0 x 14.5 x 3 x 0.10 9.0 x 13.0 x 4 x 0.10 10.0 x 16.5 x 1 x 0.10 10.0 x 16.5 x 2 x 0.10 10.0 x 17.0 x 3 x 0.10 10.0 x 17.0 x 4 x 0.10 10.0 x 17.0 x 5 x 0.10 12.0 x 19.0 x 1 x 0.10
1.4541**1.4541**1.4541**1.4541**1.4541**1.4541**1.4541**1.4541**1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
1.000.80 0.950.851.101.201.201.201.401.601.802.001.351.751.851.501.651.902.002.402.701.90
1037637045414263
235277242150234233198258189216208125111168
–0.1/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.4/+0.1
±0.1±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.4±0.5±0.5±0.3±0.4±0.5±0.5±0.3±0.4±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.4
– 5.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.511.011.011.011.013.413.013.013.014.514.514.514.514.518.0
4.2––––––
8.511.611.611.6
–13.113.113.1
–14.314.315.1
––
16.8
2––––––
1.81.81.81.8–
2.02.02.0–
2.52.52.5––
2.5
–4.065.345.305.305.305.306.308.008.008.008.009.009.009.009.0010.010.010.010.010.012.0
–555555566666666666666
±0.025±0.040±0.065±0.045±0.035±0.025±0.017±0.090±0.17±0.15±0.13±0.13±0.21±0.19±0.17±0.07±0.25±0.23±0.22±0.21±0.19±0.30
±0.50±0.70±1.10±0.75±0.55±0.40±0.20±1.00±1.30±1.20±1.10±1.00±1.60±1.40±1.30±0.50±1.70±1.60±1.50±1.30±1.10±1.70
–±0.002±0.003
––––
±0.004±0.006±0.006±0.005±0.004±0.008±0.008±0.008±0.003±0.010±0.010±0.010±0.008±0.007±0.010
1475260180420830
18506300
16012024538546075
160260
123060
12017025031065
0.0520.0160.0200.0500.0800.190.65
0.0220.0280.0580.0920.1160.0220.0480.0800.32
0.0230.0450.0700.100.12
0.038
–1550013500
––––
11100105001580019700 19900 8500 10600 15000 98000 5800 8700 11600 11900 11600 6300
0.120.210.360.360.370.380.370.510.870.870.870.911.081.081.080.941.381.381.431.431.431.89
0.020.020.040.050.080.110.190.070.130.260.390.440.170.340.520.430.220.440.660.881.100.30
98
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
99
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ A
B-cuff S-cuff J-cuff
12
13
14
16
26406090
2603603852045
110165173055
110150220280
142870
110
12.0 x 20.0 x 2 x 0.10 12.0 x 20.0 x 3 x 0.10 12.0 x 20.0 x 2 x 0.15 12.0 x 20.0 x 3 x 0.15 12.4 x 18.5 x 4 x 0.15 12.8 x 18.5 x 5 x 0.15 12.4 x 19.0 x 6 x 0.15 13.0 x 19.0 x 1 x 0.10 13.0 x 19.0 x 2 x 0.10 13.2 x 19.0 x 2 x 0.15 13.2 x 19.0 x 3 x 0.15 14.6 x 21.0 x 1 x 0.10 14.6 x 22.0 x 2 x 0.10 14.2 x 22.0 x 2 x 0.15 14.6 x 22.0 x 3 x 0.15 14.2 x 22.0 x 4 x 0.15 14.2 x 21.2 x 5 x 0.15 14.2 x 22.0 x 6 x 0.15 16.6 x 24.0 x 1 x 0.10 16.6 x 24.0 x 2 x 0.10 16.8 x 24.0 x 2 x 0.15 16.4 x 24.0 x 3 x 0.15
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
2.102.452.402.402.502.503.001.801.852.152.201.902.152.302.752.802.803.402.002.002.302.50
17816316616614415513715320418615514519617015114214988
138179155160
–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1
±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5
18.018.018.018.016.316.316.316.316.316.316.319.020.020.020.020.018.520.021.521.521.521.5
17.617.617.6
––––
16.816.816.816.818.318.318.8
––––
21.121.121.121.1
2.52.52.5––––
2.52.52.52.54.04.04.0––––
4.04.04.03.5
12.012.012.012.012.412.812.413.013.013.213.214.614.614.214.614.214.214.216.616.616.816.4
6666666666666666666666
±0.33±0.30±0.24±0.20±0.12±0.09±0.08±0.26±0.24±0.17±0.13±0.28±0.30±0.22±0.17±0.14±0.12±0.14±0.33±0.32±0.20±0.20
±1.70±1.50±1.40±1.30±1.20±0.65±0.55±1.60±1.50±1.20±1.00±1.40±1.40±1.20±1.00±0.70±0.60±0.50±1.60±1.50±1.00±1.00
±0.011±0.011±0.011±0.010±0.008±0.006±0.005±0.008±0.008±0.007±0.006±0.011±0.010±0.009±0.008±0.007±0.006±0.005±0.011±0.011±0.009±0.009
95135300560
174534004000
74160600900
85130330720800
13001500
60126420680
0.0530.0750.170.320.901.802.15
0.0400.0900.340.51
0.0650.0930.240.550.570.881.0700.050.110.380.60
7500 8600
20000 37000
100000 199900 164000
8800 18000 50500 72000 11200 14100 30600 48000 50000 77900 63800 9000 19200 49600 66600
2.012.012.012.011.861.921.942.012.012.042.042.512.632.572.632.572.462.573.253.253.253.20
0.600.900.921.391.391.732.200.240.480.721.100.300.661.011.351.702.002.500.370.731.101.70
100
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
101
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ A
B-cuff S-cuff J-cuff
16
18
20
21
185250300370
16387075
105125200260375450
145090
16519031541015
16.4 x 24.0 x 4 x 0.15 16.4 x 24.0 x 5 x 0.15 16.0 x 24.5 x 4 x 0.20 16.0 x 24.5 x 5 x 0.20 18.0 x 28.0 x 1 x 0.15 18.0 x 28.0 x 2 x 0.15 18.0 x 28.0 x 3 x 0.15 18.0 x 28.0 x 2 x 0.20 18.0 x 28.0 x 4 x 0.15 18.0 x 28.0 x 3 x 0.20 18.0 x 28.0 x 3 x 0.25 18.0 x 28.5 x 4 x 0.25 18.0 x 26.5 x 4 x 0.25 18.0 x 27.0 x 5 x 0.25 19.7 x 30.0 x 1 x 0.15 19.8 x 28.0 x 2 x 0.15 19.0 x 28.0 x 3 x 0.15 19.0 x 27.0 x 4 x 0.15 19.3 x 29.0 x 3 x 0.25 19.3 x 28.0 x 4 x 0.25 19.1 x 28.0 x 5 x 0.25 21.0 x 31.5 x 1 x 0.15
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
3.003.503.804.102.402.703.203.103.503.503.804.003.404.002.402.603.302.903.503.403.802.70
14085
10573
13014313713711812011510011575
11915312513711410780
102
–0.5/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.5/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.1–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.3/+0.2
±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5
21.521.521.521.525.025.025.025.025.025.025.025.023.522.524.524.524.524.524.524.524.529.0
––––
25.225.225.225.2
––
25.2–––
26.025.025.0
––––
27.9
––––
3.03.03.03.0––
3.0–––
3.03.03.0––––
4.0
16.416.416.016.018.018.018.018.018.018.018.018.018.018.019.719.819.019.019.319.319.321.0
6666666666666688666668
±0.18±0.16±0.13±0.12±0.36±0.34±0.32±0.28±0.27±0.24±0.17±0.16±0.11±0.09±0.40±0.30±0.28±0.18±0.16±0.11±0.09±0.42
±0.80±0.70±0.50±0.40±1.50±1.30±1.10±1.00±0.90±0.80±0.70±0.60±0.50±0.40±1.50±1.20±0.90±0.70±0.60±0.50±0.40±1.60
±0.009±0.008±0.007±0.006±0.014±0.013±0.013±0.012±0.013±0.012±0.009±0.008±0.005±0.005±0.012±0.010±0.013±0.007±0.006±0.005±0.004±0.014
1000142021502800
90185310600485
10001700240045805400
120430650
1100200046006500
116
0.891.261.922.500.110.210.360.690.561.151.962.834.926.000.160.530.781.272.545.607.930.18
68000 71000 91600 102500 12400 20100 24000 49500 31400 64800 93400 121600 293000 256300 19200 54500 49400 103800 142800 332000 377000 16500
3.203.203.223.224.104.054.154.154.154.154.154.153.873.984.854.414.354.154.584.394.395.40
2.362.803.303.800.831.732.632.403.523.504.306.004.505.901.201.652.402.804.304.905.901.02
102
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
103
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ A
B-cuff S-cuff J-cuff
2122
24
27
3211254575
125150250320
11254065
110180220320
720325060
21.0 x 31.5 x 2 x 0.15 22.0 x 34.0 x 1 x 0.15 22.0 x 34.0 x 2 x 0.15 22.0 x 34.0 x 2 x 0.20 22.0 x 34.0 x 3 x 0.20 22.0 x 34.0 x 4 x 0.20 22.0 x 35.0 x 4 x 0.25 22.0 x 35.0 x 4 x 0.30 22.0 x 35.0 x 5 x 0.30 24.2 x 36.5 x 1 x 0.15 24.2 x 36.5 x 2 x 0.15 24.2 x 36.5 x 2 x 0.20 24.0 x 36.5 x 2 x 0.25 24.0 x 36.5 x 3 x 0.25 24.0 x 36.5 x 4 x 0.25 24.0 x 36.5 x 5 x 0.25 24.0 x 36.5 x 6 x 0.25 27.0 x 41.0 x 1 x 0.15 27.0 x 41.0 x 2 x 0.15 27.0 x 41.0 x 2 x 0.20 27.0 x 41.0 x 2 x 0.25 27.0 x 41.0 x 3 x 0.20
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
2.702.802.903.503.604.204.605.004.853.403.153.203.304.004.604.905.303.103.403.704.104.30
1381111181171169696826181
1181181119886618099
10010099
100
–0.3/+0.2–0.4/+0.1–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.4/+0.1–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.4/+0.1–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2
±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.6±0.6±0.6±0.5±0.5±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5
29.030.030.030.030.030.030.030.030.034.034.034.034.034.034.033.033.037.537.537.537.537.5
27.930.230.230.230.2
––––
32.732.232.232.232.2
–––
37.237.237.236.037.2
4.04.04.04.04.0––––
4.04.04.03.03.0–––
4.04.04.04.04.0
21.022.022.022.022.022.022.022.022.024.224.224.224.024.024.024.024.027.027.027.027.027.0
8888888888888888888888
±0.37±0.52±0.46±0.38±0.33±0.32±0.25±0.20±0.17±0.52±0.48±0.38±0.35±0.30±0.25±0.20±0.19±0.65±0.60±0.46±0.36±0.40
±1.40±1.65±1.55±1.30±1.15±1.05±1.00±0.70±0.60±1.65±1.50±1.30±1.20±1.00±0.90±0.75±0.60±1.60±1.50±1.30±1.00±1.00
±0.012±0.015±0.015±0.015±0.014±0.015±0.013±0.010±0.009±0.018±0.015±0.013±0.012±0.012±0.010±0.008±0.006±0.019±0.019±0.016±0.014±0.013
21484
170390600900
141525003400
70150360590860
120022003700
52110260520430
0.320.140.300.661.021.542.504.436.020.140.300.721.171.722.404.407.390.130.270.651.311.10
30000 12600 23000 37400 54500 60000 81200 121800 176000
87002080048600744007380077800
126000180800 9400 16500 32900 53600 40300
5.406.166.166.166.166.166.366.386.387.207.207.207.207.207.157.157.159.109.109.109.109.10
1.981.212.423.304.906.608.7010.9013.70
1.32.64.04.87.29.011.413.61.73.55.27.07.0
104
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
105
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ A
B-cuff S-cuff J-cuff
27
29
30
34
7090
110160
1018365090
140180240280350
10206
11254055
100
27.0 x 41.0 x 2 x 0.30 27.0 x 40.0 x 4 x 0.20 27.0 x 41.0 x 3 x 0.30 27.0 x 41.0 x 4 x 0.30 29.5 x 42.0 x 1 x 0.15 29.0 x 43.0 x 1 x 0.25 29.0 x 43.0 x 2 x 0.20 29.0 x 43.0 x 2 x 0.25 29.0 x 43.0 x 3 x 0.25 29.0 x 43.0 x 4 x 0.25 29.0 x 44.0 x 4 x 0.30 29.0 x 44.0 x 6 x 0.25 29.0 x 44.5 x 7 x 0.25 29.0 x 44.5 x 7 x 0.30 30.2 x 43.5 x 1 x 0.15 30.2 x 43.5 x 2 x 0.15 34.0 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.15 34.0 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.20 34.0 x 50.0 x 2 x 0.20 34.0 x 50.0 x 2 x 0.25 34.0 x 50.0 x 2 x 0.30 34.0 x 50.0 x 3 x 0.30
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
3.554.304.405.203.103.703.804.204.705.005.506.206.806.003.603.703.403.504.204.404.605.10
999390769773
101101948873706150
111101747473737372
–0.3/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.4/+0.1–0.4/+0.1–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2
±0.5±0.8±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.6±0.6±0.5±0.5
37.536.537.537.539.039.039.039.039.039.038.038.038.038.039.039.047.047.047.047.047.046.0
36.0–
36.0–
38.539.039.039.0
––––––
39.039.045.345.345.345.345.3
–
4.0–
4.0–
4.04.04.04.0––––––
4.04.05.05.05.05.05.0–
27.027.027.027.029.529.029.029.029.029.029.029.029.029.030.230.234.034.034.034.034.034.0
8888888888888888101010101010
±0.30±0.32±0.26±0.23±0.55±0.48±0.50±0.44±0.40±0.35±0.35±0.26±0.24±0.17±0.65±0.55±0.80±0.65±0.63±0.53±0.46±0.40
±0.90±0.80±0.80±0.70±1.50±1.40±1.30±1.20±1.10±1.00±0.90±0.75±0.60±0.50±1.60±1.50±1.70±1.50±1.45±1.25±1.00±1.00
±0.011±0.012±0.011±0.011±0.018±0.018±0.017±0.017±0.017±0.016±0.015±0.014±0.031±0.011±0.020±0.018±0.022±0.018±0.018±0.018±0.016±0.016
900700
15002200
70210260510920
13602100232029005200
551354695
200390700
1200
2.261.713.805.540.190.610.741.442.603.856.106.808.5015.300.160.400.180.360.771.502.704.57
123800 63700
134000 141100 14000 29800 35000 56200 81000
106000 138000 122000 127000 293000
8600 20000 10500 20500 30000 53300 87500
122000
9.108.809.109.1010.010.210.210.210.210.210.510.610.610.610.710.713.913.913.913.913.913.9
8.08.712.016.02.03.24.96.39.512.617.019.623.529.02.24.42.53.46.98.610.016.0
106
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
107
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ A
B-cuff S-cuff J-cuff
34
38
42
130250260300370
822355070
120170215320360
925324070
115140
34.0 x 51.0 x 4 x 0.30 34.0 x 48.0 x 5 x 0.30 34.0 x 50.0 x 6 x 0.30 34.0 x 51.0 x 7 x 0.30 34.0 x 51.0 x 8 x 0.30 38.8 x 56.0 x 1 x 0.20 38.8 x 56.0 x 2 x 0.20 38.8 x 56.0 x 2 x 0.25 39.0 x 56.0 x 2 x 0.30 38.2 x 56.0 x 3 x 0.30 38.2 x 56.0 x 4 x 0.30 38.2 x 56.0 x 5 x 0.30 38.2 x 56.0 x 6 x 0.30 38.2 x 54.0 x 7 x 0.30 38.2 x 54.0 x 8 x 0.30 42.0 x 60.0 x 1 x 0.20 42.0 x 60.0 x 2 x 0.20 42.0 x 60.0 x 2 x 0.25 42.0 x 60.0 x 2 x 0.30 42.0 x 60.0 x 3 x 0.30 42.0 x 60.0 x 4 x 0.30 42.0 x 61.0 x 5 x 0.30
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
5.505.606.507.408.004.004.505.004.805.005.506.006.606.907.104.255.255.005.105.706.207.00
72724640376866656967545045434261626365676742
–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.4/+0.2–0.4/+0.2
±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.5±0.8±0.8±0.8
46.046.046.045.045.0
47/52.547/52.547/52.5
52.547/52.5
49.049.049.049.049.0
50.5/5750.5/5750.5/57
57.050.5/5750.5/57
55.0
–––––
51.351.351.351.3
––––––
56.356.056.056.3
–––
–––––
5.05.05.05.0––––––
5.05.05.05.0–––
34.034.034.034.034.038.838.838.839.038.238.238.238.238.238.242.042.042.042.042.042.042.0
10101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
±0.38±0.28±0.30±0.26±0.22±0.80±0.70±0.62±0.50±0.47±0.41±0.38±0.34±0.23±0.22±0.75±0.75±0.67±0.56±0.48±0.45±0.42
±0.95±0.75±0.75±0.60±0.50±1.50±1.40±1.25±1.05±1.00±0.90±0.65±0.58±0.50±0.45±1.50±1.40±1.30±1.05±1.00±0.90±0.90
±0.016±0.015±0.014±0.013±0.011±0.022±0.022±0.020±0.012±0.016±0.016±0.016±0.015±0.011±0.009±0.019±0.024±0.021±0.018±0.017±0.018±0.018
15003500330044006000
80170330615980
14002050310053006300
90180380520
100015002000
5.9012.8012.7017.3023.600.390.831.603.004.746.809.80
15.0024.5029.200.521.102.203.305.608.5011.60
134400 281400 206700 217700 254000 16900 28300 44500 91000
130400 154000 189500 237000 355000 398400 19300 25400 59300 78000
120000 152000 162400
14.213.213.914.214.217.617.617.617.717.417.417.417.416.716.720.420.420.420.420.420.420.8
21.828.534.038.044.03.97.99.911.816.021.026.032.036.542.04.28.510.712.720.026.034.0
108
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
109
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ A
B-cuff S-cuff J-cuff
42
47
51
56
165210290
81728406595
130200270
1022325075
110145
92230
42.0 x 62.0 x 6 x 0.30 42.0 x 62.5 x 7 x 0.30 42.0 x 61.0 x 8 x 0.30 47.6 x 66.0 x 1 x 0.20 47.6 x 66.0 x 2 x 0.20 47.8 x 66.0 x 2 x 0.25 47.4 x 66.0 x 2 x 0.30 47.4 x 66.0 x 3 x 0.30 47.4 x 66.0 x 4 x 0.30 47.4 x 66.0 x 5 x 0.30 47.4 x 64.0 x 6 x 0.30 47.4 x 64.0 x 8 x 0.30 51.4 x 71.0 x 1 x 0.25 51.4 x 71.0 x 2 x 0.25 51.4 x 71.0 x 2 x 0.30 51.4 x 71.0 x 3 x 0.30 51.4 x 71.0 x 4 x 0.30 51.4 x 71.5 x 5 x 0.30 51.4 x 72.0 x 6 x 0.30 56.1 x 77.0 x 1 x 0.25 56.1 x 77.0 x 2 x 0.25 56.1 x 77.0 x 2 x 0.30
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
7.608.208.404.304.705.105.205.706.606.707.107.704.204.905.205.806.507.307.704.905.705.80
39363562626363524544423859586058614138555355
–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.3/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2
±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8
55.055.055.062.562.562.562.562.562.557.057.057.061.067.567.565.065.065.065.068/7368/7368/73
–––
61.361.061.061.0
–––––
65.065.065.065.0
–––
72.372.372.3
–––
5.05.05.05.0–––––
5.05.05.05.0–––
5.05.05.0
42.042.042.047.647.647.847.447.447.447.447.447.451.451.451.451.451.451.451.456.156.156.2
10101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
±0.40±0.38±0.30±0.80±0.77±0.70±0.56±0.51±0.48±0.44±0.32±0.22±0.80±0.75±0.66±0.60±0.50±0.47±0.45±0.95±0.90±0.72
±0.85±0.80±0.65±1.50±1.40±1.20±1.00±0.90±0.80±0.70±0.60±0.40±1.40±1.20±1.10±1.00±0.90±0.80±0.70±1.40±1.35±1.20
±0.018±0.016±0.014±0.021±0.021±0.020±0.017±0.017±0.015±0.015±0.013±0.010±0.018±0.020±0.018±0.018±0.017±0.016±0.014±0.023±0.025±0.021
220026004000
86178320610
12401850255044007000
160330530950
127016302100
140270480
13.0015.5023.200.651.402.304.408.6012.9017.8029.8047.001.302.704.307.80
10.0013.5017.501.352.704.60
154500 158400 225500 22500 39000 59800 108800 184000 204000 274000 406200 549400 51000 77200 110100 158500 168900 173300 202300 38800 55200 94800
21.221.420.825.325.325.425.225.225.225.224.324.329.429.429.429.429.429.629.934.834.834.8
43.051.058.04.99.912.514.922.430.838.042.057.07.9
15.318.827.631.746.556.08.516.820.3
110
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
111
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ A
B-cuff S-cuff J-cuff
56
60
66
70
77
5065838
18224265
110220
61520325590
1657
1845607
56.1 x 77.0 x 3 x 0.30 56.1 x 77.0 x 4 x 0.30 56.1 x 77.0 x 5 x 0.30 60.0 x 82.0 x 1 x 0.25 60.0 x 82.0 x 2 x 0.25 60.0 x 82.0 x 2 x 0.30 60.0 x 82.0 x 3 x 0.30 60.0 x 82.0 x 4 x 0.30 60.0 x 82.0 x 6 x 0.30 60.8 x 79.0 x 7 x 0.30 65.5 x 90.0 x 1 x 0.25 65.5 x 90.0 x 2 x 0.25 65.4 x 90.0 x 2 x 0.30 65.4 x 90.0 x 3 x 0.30 65.4 x 86.0 x 3 x 0.30 65.4 x 90.0 x 6 x 0.30 65.4 x 85.0 x 6 x 0.30 72.0 x 95.0 x 1 x 0.25 70.5 x 95.0 x 2 x 0.30 70.5 x 92.0 x 3 x 0.30 70.5 x 92.0 x 4 x 0.30 77.5 x 101.0 x 1 x 0.25
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
6.206.707.205.205.906.006.006.707.707.205.306.006.106.606.408.207.104.505.906.107.005.50
56584152525254593841474851606336365246555348
–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.1–0.6/+0.2–0.5/+0.3–0.5/+0.3–0.6/+0.2
±0.8±0.8±1.0±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0
68/7373.073.078.078.078.078.078.076.073.085.085.085.082.078.082.078.085.085.085.085.095.0
–––
77.377.377.3
––––
84.384.384.3
––––
84.384.3
––
95.3
–––
5.05.05.0––––
5.05.05.0––––
5.05.0––
5.0
56.256.256.260.060.060.060.060.060.060.865.565.565.465.465.465.465.472.070.570.570.577.5
10101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
±0.65±0.62±0.57±1.10±1.00±0.80±0.65±0.60±0.50±0.35±1.10±1.00±0.95±0.85±0.60±0.65±0.40±1.00±1.00±0.70±0.67±1.20
±1.10±1.00±0.90±1.50±1.40±1.10±0.90±0.80±0.65±0.60±1.40±1.35±1.20±1.10±0.85±0.80±0.60±1.35±1.35±0.90±0.80±1.30
±0.020±0.015±0.013±0.025±0.025±0.022±0.018±0.016±0.014±0.012±0.024±0.024±0.024±0.023±0.016±0.018±0.012±0.017±0.023±0.017±0.012±0.024
88012001600
125250440700
110018004000
90190330540
107514003300
150360900
1800120
8.5011.5015.501.402.804.707.60
12.1019.8042.501.202.504.507.20
13.4018.0041.002.305.4012.8026.002.10
152300 178000 205000 35000 54300 92400
147000 185300 229600 565500 29100 47900 80300 112300 225300 188500 554500 77500 106000 239500 363000 47400
34.734.734.739.639.639.639.639.639.638.447.547.547.447.444.947.444.454.853.851.851.862.5
30.540.651.59.118.222.033.044.044.064.011.222.426.940.435.881.065.21928375013
112
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
113
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion
length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ A
B-cuff S-cuff J-cuff
77
85
93 96
105
110
16203038
25456580188
1218304558
16255
1225
77.5 x 101.0 x 2 x 0.25 77.4 x 101.0 x 2 x 0.30 76.5 x 101.0 x 3 x 0.30 85.0 x 114.5 x 1 x 0.20 85.0 x 110.0 x 1 x 0.30 85.0 x 106.0 x 2 x 0.30 85.0 x 106.0 x 3 x 0.30 85.0 x 106.0 x 4 x 0.30 85.0 x 108.0 x 5 x 0.30 93.0 x 120.0 x 2 x 0.30 96.0 x 122.0 x 1 x 0.30 96.0 x 122.0 x 2 x 0.25 96.0 x 122.0 x 2 x 0.30 96.0 x 122.0 x 3 x 0.30 96.0 x 122.0 x 4 x 0.30 105.3 x 132.0 x 1 x 0.25 105.2 x 132.0 x 1 x 0.30 105,2 x 132.0 x 2 x 0.30 105.2 x 132.0 x 3 x 0.30 110.3 x 138.0 x 1 x 0.25 110.2 x 130.0 x 1 x 0.30 110.2 x 130.0 x 2 x 0.30
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
6.306.407.207.006.606.006.506.907.609.007.106.506.707.407.806.806.307.308.007.205.506.20
49484838455454525240434544454342425046525550
–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.5/+0.3–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.6/+0.2–0.5/+0.3–0.5/+0.3–0.5/+0.3–0.6/+0.2–0.8/+0.2–0.8/+0.2–0.8/+0.2–0.7/+0.3–0.7/+0.3–0.8/+0.2–0.8/+0.2–0.8/+0.2–0.8/+0.2–0.8/+0.2–0.8/+0.2–0.8/+0.2
±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.2±1.2±1.5±1.5±1.5
95.095.095.0104.0104.0101.0101.0101.0101.0110.0113.0113.0113.0113.0113.0126.0126.0126.0126.0132.0125.0125.0
95.395.3
––
103.599.0
–––
113.0115.4115.4115.4115.4
–124.0124.0124.0124.0132.4124.4124.4
5.05.0––
5.05.0–––
5.05.05.05.05.0–
5.05.05.05.08.08.08.0
77.577.476.585.185.085.085.085.085.093.096.096.096.096.096.0105.3105.2104.9105.2110.3110.2110.2
10101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
±1.10±0.95±0.90±1.90±1.20±0.90±0.70±0.60±0.55±1.40±1.20±1.25±1.00±0.90±0.90±1.50±1.20±1.20±1.10±1.70±0.75±0.75
±1.20±1.10±0.95±1.40±1.20±1.00±0.80±0.70±0.60±1.00±1.10±1.05±0.90±0.80±0.80±1.30±1.10±1.00±0.90±1.30±0.80±0.70
±0.025±0.023±0.022±0.030±0.027±0.021±0.020±0.017±0.012±0.035±0.026±0.024±0.020±0.020±0.019±0.028±0.021±0.024±0.024±0.032±0.013±0.012
25042561045
200710
115016001700
360180220385620
1100150240465760140460950
4.607.4011.501.004.10
14.0022.5032.0034.509.004.705.7010.0016.0028.504.607.40
14.2023.204.7014.7030.00
75300 123800 139000 13800 65500
268500 370000 460000 411000 75600 63600 92800 152800 202000 322000 68500 127500 183600 250500 62400
329000 535000
62.562.561.778.274.671.371.171.673.089.093.393.393.393.393.3111111110111121113113
26314610103451688550233745668621255075231837
114
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
115
6.3 | Hydra stainless steel bellowsPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion length
Max.number of corruga-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective cross-
section
Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw tions di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ A
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
B-cuff S-cuff J-cuff
110
115
135
164
214
40607010184010183255101625408
122032
110.2 x 130.0 x 3 x 0.30 110.2 x 132.0 x 4 x 0.30 110.2 x 134.0 x 5 x 0.30 115.0 x 140.0 x 1 x 0.30 115.0 x 133.0 x 1 x 0.30 115.0 x 133.0 x 2 x 0.30 135.0 x 174.0 x 2 x 0.30 135.0 x 171.0 x 3 x 0.30 135.0 x 172.0 x 5 x 0.30 135.0 x 174.0 x 8 x 0.30 164.0 x 203.0 x 2 x 0.30 164.0 x 202.0 x 3 x 0.30 164.0 x 203.0 x 5 x 0.30 164.0 x 205.0 x 8 x 0.30 214.0 x 255.0 x 2 x 0.30 214.0 x 256.0 x 3 x 0.30 214.0 x 257.0 x 5 x 0.30 214.0 x 260.0 x 8 x 0.30
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
7.007.508.006.805.105.30
13.0014.0014.0016.0013.0014.0015.0016.0015.0016.0017.0018.00
484240385240423939344239363436343230
–0.7/+0.3–0.7/+0.3–0.7/+0.3–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5–0.5/+1.5
±1.5±1.5±1.5
–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5–1.5/+0.5
125.0125.0125.0132.0127.5127.5158.0157.0157.0158.0
––––––––
––––––––––––––––––
––––––––––––––––––
110.2110.2110.2115.0115.0115.0135.0135.0135.0135.0164.0164.0164.0164.0214.0214.0214.0214.0
101010101010
16.516.516.516.516.416.716.616.317
17.217.216.8
±0.70±0.65±0.60±1.00±0.50±0.45±3.00±2.20±2.00±1.70±3.00±2.60±2.40±2.10±3.30±3.10±3.00±2.80
±0.60±0.55±0.50±0.80±0.40±0.40±2.00±1.50±1.40±1.20±1.80±1.60±1.40±1.30±1.60±1.50±1.40±1.30
±0.012±0.010±0.008±0.017±0.006±0.006±0.080±0.065±0.060±0.055±0.070±0.065±0.065±0.060±0.070±0.070±0.070±0.070
160020502200
330780
1550210440725
2500250425750
1210275415685
1075
50.0065.0071.0011.7026.2052.0011.0022.5037.30
130.0018.4031.0033.0090.0033.0050.0083.00132.00
706000 802000 769000 174000 692000 1273000
44500 78800 131000 350000 74700
109000 168000 241000 100800 134000 197000 280000
113115117128121121188184185188265263265267432434436441
557290
26.019.037.495131222366114167282466158241407685
116 117
6.4 | HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves
In addition to the reference diameter, the maximum possible valve shaft diameter is also indicated for HYDRA metal bellows which are especially configured for ANSI standard valves. The bellows are designed to tolerate a test pressure of 1.5 times the design pressure (compare Table 6.4.1.).
The correction factors for pressure and load cycles have already been taken into account, so that the number of corruga-tions can be determined pursuant to
(6.1.5.a)
BAO: Bellows without connecting piecesBAT: Bellows with connecting pieces
2δ2δn
nW =
Pressure range(ANSI Class)
Design pressure at room temperaturepRT [bar]
Test pressure at room temperaturepT [bar]
150 25 37.5 300 50 75 600 100 150 800 134 200 900 150 2251500 250 375
Nominal valve diameter
ANSI pressure rangeClass 800 and below
ANSI pressure rangeabove Class 800
GATE valve GLOBE valve GATE valve GLOBE valve
smaller than 2½" 2.000 5.000 2.000 2.0002½" to 4" 2.000 5.000 1.000 2.000
larger than 4" 1.000 2.000 1.000 1.000
Pressure ranges as per ANSI B16.34
Load cycle numbers as per MSS SP-117
BAT: Bellows with connecting pieces
Insidediameterdi = 60 mm
OutsidediameterDA = 82 mm
15 corrugationsacc. toSection 6.1.5.a
Individual layersthickness s = 0.3 mm
Number of single layersnL = 6
Material 1.4571
Bellows description (example):
BAT 60.0 x 82.0 x 6 x 0.3 15W 1.4571
6.4 | HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves
Table 6.4.1.
Table 6.4.2.
Optimised for ANSI valves
118 119
Reference diameter
Max. shaftdiam.
ANSI Class
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Cor-rugation length
Max.no. of
corruga-
Ø Tolerances B-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation Axial spring rate per cor-
rugation PN* di DA nL s lw tions (± 30%)
mm mm – bar mm mm – mm mm – mm mm mm mm mm N/mm
6.4 | HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
B-cuff J-cuff
Reference diameter
Max. shaftdiam.
ANSI Class
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Cor-rugation length
Max.no. of
corruga-
Ø Tolerances B-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation Axial spring rate per cor-
rugation PN* di DA nL s lw tions (± 30%)
mm mm – bar mm mm – mm mm – mm mm mm mm mm N/mm
di Da
d4
inside
d3
Length
l2
1,000Load cycles
2δn, 1000
2,000Load cycles
2δn, 2000
5,000Load cycles
2δn, 5000
6.4 | HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves
9
16
18
22
24
7.5
14.5
16.5
20.5
22.5
150300600
800/9001500150300600
800/9001500150300600
800/9001500150300600
800/9001500150300
2550
1001502502550
1001502502550
1001502502550
1001502502550
1.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.4571
23521422019125810410610410389979375758273777759657163
1.301.751.752.001.502.002.302.503.003.802.702.603.503.803.502.803.203.304.304.503.103.30
-0.4/+0.1-0.4/+0.1-0.4/+0.1-0.4/+0.1-0.5/+0.1-0.4/+0.1-0.4/+0.1-0.5/+0.1-0.5/+0.1-0.5/+0.1-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2
±0.3±0.4±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.8±0.8±0.5±0.5
12.513.012.512.511.721.521.521.521.521.524.024.025.025.025.028.028.028.030.030.034.034.0
9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.016.616.816.416.416.018.218.018.018.018.022.022.022.022.022.024.224.2
5555566666666668888888
±0.26±0.32±0.22±0.22±0.13±0.47±0.35±0.35±0.31±0.22±0.61±0.43±0.40±0.35±0.25±0.63±0.45±0.38±0.38±0.29±0.75±0.51
±0.23±0.28±0.19±0.19±0.11±0.41±0.30±0.30±0.27±0.19±0.54±0.38±0.35±0.30±0.22±0.55±0.39±0.33±0.33±0.26±0.66±0.45
±0.19±0.23±0.16±0.16±0.09±0.34±0.25±0.25±0.22±0.16±0.44±0.31±0.29±0.25±0.18±0.45±0.32±0.27±0.27±0.21±0.54±0.37
115160450760
1230126420680
10002150154405
100017002840
217660
102019003600200590
9.0 x 14.0 x 1 x 0.10 9.0 x 14.5 x 2 x 0.10 9.0 x 14.0 x 3 x 0.10 9.0 x 14.0 x 4 x 0.10 9.0 x 13.0 x 4 x 0.10 16.6 x 24.0 x 2 x 0.10 16.8 x 24.0 x 2 x 0.15 16.4 x 24.0 x 3 x 0.15 16.4 x 24.0 x 4 x 0.15 16.0 x 24.5 x 4 x 0.20 18.2 x 26.0 x 2 x 0.10 18.0 x 26.0 x 2 x 0.15 18.0 x 28.0 x 3 x 0.20 18.0 x 28.0 x 3 x 0.25 18.0 x 28.0 x 4 x 0.25 22.0 x 32.5 x 2 x 0.15 22.0 x 32.0 x 2 x 0.20 22.0 x 32.0 x 3 x 0.20 22.0 x 34.0 x 4 x 0.25 22.0 x 34.0 x 4 x 0.30 24.2 x 35.5 x 2 x 0.15 24.2 x 36.5 x 2 x 0.25
120 121
Reference diameter
Max. shaftdiam.
ANSI Class
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Cor-rugation length
Max.no. of
corruga-
Ø Tolerances B-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation Axial spring rate per cor-
rugation PN* di DA nL s lw tions (± 30%)
mm mm – bar mm mm – mm mm – mm mm mm mm mm N/mm
6.4 | HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
B-cuff J-cuff
Reference diameter
Max. shaftdiam.
ANSI Class
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Cor-rugation length
Max.no. of
corruga-
Ø Tolerances B-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation Axial spring rate per cor-
rugation PN* di DA nL s lw tions (± 30%)
mm mm – bar mm mm – mm mm – mm mm mm mm mm N/mm
di Da
d4
inside
d3
Length
l2
1,000Load cycles
2δn, 1000
2,000Load cycles
2δn, 2000
5,000Load cycles
2δn, 5000
6.4 | HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves
24
27
29
34
38
25.0
27.0
32.0
36.2
600800/900
1500150300600
800/900150300600
800/9001500150300600
800/9001500150300600
800/9001500
1001502502550
1001502550
1001502502550
1001502502550
100150250
1.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.4571
626466
111889387838882887073737578708373706754
4.004.604.802.804.004.005.203.803.805.004.805.804.204.605.105.205.604.504.405.506.006.40
-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2
±0.5±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8
34.034.034.034.537.536.537.539.039.039.039.039.047.047.047.045.045.047.047.047.047.047.0
24.024.024.027.027.027.027.029.029.029.029.029.034.034.034.034.034.038.839.038.238.238.2
88888888888810101010101010101010
±0.49±0.39±0.31±0.67±0.56±0.45±0.36±0.83±0.63±0.56±0.49±0.42±1.00±0.74±0.61±0.49±0.40±0.97±0.67±0.65±0.58±0.45
±0.43±0.34±0.27±0.58±0.49±0.39±0.32±0.73±0.55±0.49±0.43±0.37±0.88±0.65±0.54±0.43±0.35±0.85±0.58±0.57±0.51±0.39
±0.35±0.28±0.22±0.48±0.40±0.32±0.26±0.60±0.45±0.40±0.35±0.30±0.72±0.53±0.44±0.35±0.29±0.70±0.48±0.47±0.42±0.32
86020603650220660
12502200
260690
136021004020270700
156028503500
3101000140020504550
24.0 x 36.5 x 3 x 0.25 24.0 x 36.0 x 4 x 0.25 24.0 x 35.5 x 5 x 0.25 27.0 x 38.0 x 2 x 0.15 27.0 x 40.0 x 2 x 0.25 27.0 x 39.5 x 3 x 0.25 27.0 x 41.0 x 4 x 0.30 29.0 x 43.0 x 2 x 0.20 29.0 x 42.0 x 2 x 0.25 29.0 x 43.0 x 4 x 0.25 29.0 x 41.5 x 4 x 0.25 29.0 x 43.0 x 5 x 0.30 34.0 x 49.0 x 2 x 0.20 34.0 x 50.0 x 2 x 0.30 34.0 x 49.0 x 3 x 0.30 34.0 x 48.0 x 4 x 0.30 34.0 x 48.0 x 5 x 0.30 38.8 x 53.5 x 2 x 0.20 39.0 x 54.0 x 2 x 0.30 38.2 x 56.0 x 4 x 0.30 38.2 x 55.0 x 5 x 0.30 38.2 x 54.0 x 6 x 0.30
122 123
Reference diameter
Max. shaftdiam.
ANSI Class
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Cor-rugation length
Max.no. of
corruga-
Ø Tolerances B-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation Axial spring rate per cor-
rugation PN* di DA nL s lw tions (± 30%)
mm mm – bar mm mm – mm mm – mm mm mm mm mm N/mm
6.4 | HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
B-cuff J-cuff
Reference diameter
Max. shaftdiam.
ANSI Class
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Cor-rugation length
Max.no. of
corruga-
Ø Tolerances B-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation Axial spring rate per cor-
rugation PN* di DA nL s lw tions (± 30%)
mm mm – bar mm mm – mm mm – mm mm mm mm mm N/mm
di Da
d4
inside
d3
Length
l2
1,000Load cycles
2δn, 1000
2,000Load cycles
2δn, 2000
5,000Load cycles
2δn, 5000
6.4 | HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves
42
47
5356
6066
70
85
40.0
45.4
51.054.0
58.063.4
68.5
83.0
150300600
800/9001500150300600
800/90015001500 150300600
800/900150300600
800/900150300150
2550
1001502502550
100150250250 2550
1001502550
100150255025
1.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.4571
6373675953637861585151 6056555252565354536154
5.004.806.207.408.005.105.006.307.107.707.705.406.107.207.505.806.408.107.106.005.506.00
-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.4/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2
±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±0.8±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.0
57.050.550.555.055.062.556.557.057.057.064.068.068.073.073.075.082.082.080.085.085.0101.0
42.042.042.042.042.047.847.447.447.447.753.056.156.256.260.065.465.465.465.470.570.585.0
10101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
±1.14±0.75±0.72±0.61±0.46±1.21±0.72±0.70±0.51±0.36±0.45±1.25±1.00±0.90±0.58±1.25±0.97±1.04±0.63±1.25±0.97±1.39
±1.00±0.66±0.63±0.54±0.40±1.06±0.63±0.61±0.45±0.32±0.39±1.10±0.88±0.79±0.51±1.10±0.85±0.91±0.55±1.10±0.85±1.22
±0.82±0.54±0.52±0.44±0.33±0.87±0.52±0.50±0.37±0.26±0.32±0.90±0.72±0.65±0.42±0.90±0.70±0.75±0.45±0.90±0.70±1.00
380880
150029004830320
10251850440070007700
425990
16003300
530985
20103300
5651220
710
42.0 x 60.0 x 2 x 0.25 42.0 x 58.0 x 2 x 0.30 42.0 x 60.0 x 4 x 0.30 42.0 x 61.0 x 6 x 0.30 42.0 x 60.0 x 7 x 0.30 47.8 x 66.0 x 2 x 0.25 47.4 x 63.0 x 2 x 0.30 47.4 x 65.0 x 4 x 0.30 47.4 x 64.0 x 6 x 0.30 47.4 x 64.0 x 8 x 0.30 53.0 x 70.0 x 8 x 0.30 56.1 x 74.5 x 2 x 0.25 56.2 x 76.0 x 3 x 0.30 56.2 x 77.0 x 5 x 0.30 60.0 x 79.0 x 6 x 0.30 65.4 x 87.0 x 2 x 0.30 65.4 x 86.0 x 3 x 0.30 65.4 x 88.0 x 6 x 0.30 65.4 x 85.0 x 6 x 0.30 70.5 x 92.0 x 2 x 0.30 70.5 x 90.0 x 3 x 0.30 85.0 x 106.0 x 2 x 0.30
124 125
6.4 | HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves
B-cuff J-cuff
6.4 | HYDRA metal bellows for ANSI valves
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Reference diameter
Max. shaftdiam.
ANSI Class
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Cor-rugation length
Max.no. of
corruga-tions
Ø Tolerances B-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation Axial spring rate per cor-
rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw (± 30%)
mm mm – bar mm mm – mm mm – mm mm mm mm mm N/mm
di Da
d4
inside
d3
Length
l2
1,000Load cycles
2δn, 1000
2,000Load cycles
2δn, 2000
5,000Load cycles
2δn, 5000
85
96110
83.0
94.0108.2
300600
800/900150300
501001502530
1.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.45711.4541 / 1.4571
5851445058
6.207.208.206.207.00
-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.6/+0.2-0.8/+0.2-0.8/+0.2
±1.0±1.0±1.0±1.5±1.5
101.0101.0108.0125.0125.0
85.085.096.0110.2110.2
1010101010
±1.04±0.92±0.68±1.20±0.99
±0.91±0.80±0.60±1.05±0.86
±0.75±0.66±0.49±0.86±0.71
130025906100950
1875
85.0 x 105.0 x 3 x 0.30 85.0 x 105.0 x 5 x 0.30 96.0 x 116.0 x 8 x 0.30 110.2 x 130.0 x 2 x 0.30 110.2 x 129.0 x 3 x 0.30
127
6.5 | HYDRA bronze bellows
Bronze bellows for measurement and control technologyBased on their small spring rates, bronze bellows are especially suited for measure-ment and control technology applications. They are manufactured with seamless sleeves made of materials 2.1020 (CuSn6) or 2.1030 (CuSn8).
BAO: Bellows without connecting partsBAT: Bellows with connecting parts
BAO: Bellows without connecting part
Insidediameterdi = 6,3 mm
OutsidediameterDA = 9,7 mm
8 corruga-tionsacc. to Section 6.1
Individual layersthickness s = 0.1 mm
Number of single layersnL = 1
Material 2.1020
Bellows description (example):
BAO 6.3 x 9.7 x 1 x 0.1 8W 2.1020
Preferreddimensions
129128
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Corruga-tion length
Max.number of corru-
Tolerances B-cuff
S-cuff J-cuff Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effective Weight per cor-rugation
PN* di DA nL s lw gations di Da d4
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
inside
d3
Length
l2
inside
d3
Length
l2Axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
Axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ A
4 5 6
8 912141618222734
30201220865554332
4.06 x 6.0 x 1 x 0.070 5.34 x 8.0 x 1 x 0.080 6.24 x 10.0 x 1 x 0.080 6.30 x 9.7 x 1 x 0.10 8.0 x 12.5 x 1 x 0.080 9.0 x 14.0 x 1 x 0.080 12.0 x 19.0 x 1 x 0.090 14.0 x 22.0 x 1 x 0.10 16.0 x 24.0 x 1 x 0.11 18.0 x 28.0 x 1 x 0.11 22.0 x 34.0 x 1 x 0.12 27.0 x 39.0 x 1 x 0.13 34.0 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.15
2.1020 / 2.10302.1020 / 2.10302.1020 / 2.10302.1020 / 2.10302.1020 / 2.10302.1020 / 2.10302.1020 / 2.10302.1020 / 2.10302.1020 / 2.10302.1020 / 2.10302.1020 / 2.10302.1020 / 2.10302.1020 / 2.1030
0.700.951.251.251.301.451.802.201.952.202.802.903.60
57 53 48 48231207167136154136125138111
±0.2±0.2±0.2±0.2
-0.3/+0.2-0.3/+0.2-0.3/+0.2-0.3/+0.2-0.3/+0.2-0.3/+0.2-0.3/+0.2-0.3/+0.2-0.3/+0.2
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.4±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5±0.5
5.5 7.0 8.5 8.511.713.018.018.521.525.030.037.547.0
–––– –
12.316.819.321.125.230.237.245.3
–––––2
2.53.54.03.04.04.05.0
4.065.346.246.308.09.0
12.014.016.018.022.027.034.0
5.05.05.05.06.06.06.06.06.06.08.08.010.0
±0.06±0.10±0.15±0.10±0.20±0.25±0.35±0.35±0.35±0.35±0.60±0.65±0.80
±1.00±1.25±1.75±1.20±1.75±2.10±2.10±2.00±1.60±2.10±2.00±1.90±2.00
±2±4±8±4±8±11±14±14±11±11±20±19±22
20712051
105474028524927254134
0.0110.0120.0070.0150.0110.0120.0150.0370.0430.0310.0640.0970.131
3200017700650012900880075006200104001540088007500
1600013800
0.200.350.530.510.851.041.922.633.184.346.208.6014.2
0.020.040.060.080.100.130.240.380.450.621.001.322.53
6.5 | HYDRA bronze bellowsPreferred dimensions
6.5 | HYDRA bronze bellowsPreferred dimensions
B-cuff S-cuff J-cuff
* outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
131
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with normal profile
Flexibility for small installation spacesHYDRA diaphragm bellows with normal profiles have a very high range of move-ment. They are particularly suited for applica-tions in which large movements must be implemented in very little installation space. Standard material is 1.4571. Bellows which are subject to high loads can also be made of the hardening material AM 350.Axial loads require a movement distribu-
tion of 80% compression and 20% stretch-ing.
MO: Bellows without connecting partsMM: Bellows with connecting parts
MO:Diaphragm bellows without connecting parts
Insidediameterdi = 26 mm
OutsidediameterDA = 57 mm
8 diaphragm pairs
Individual layersthickness s = 0.1 mm
Number of single layersnL = 1
Material 1.4571
Bellows description (example):
MO 26.0 x 57.0 x 1 x 0.1 8MP 1.4571
Preferreddimensions
132 133
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
*for connection lengths < 20 mm, the maximum number of diaphragm pairs is reduced for longer connection pieces** outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Connection - outside of bellows Connection - bellows interior
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profilePreferred dimensions
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profilePreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ
11
12
17
21
26
5.08.04.06.02.55.28.012.02.13.61.32.85.21.02.24.02.03.00.81.83.2
11.0 x 22.0 x 1 x 0.10 11.0 x 22.0 x 1 x 0.15 11.0 x 27.0 x 1 x 0.10 11.0 x 27.0 x 1 x 0.15 11.0 x 31.0 x 1 x 0.10 11.0 x 31.0 x 1 x 0.15 12.0 x 22.0 x 1 x 0.10 12.0 x 22.0 x 1 x 0.15 17.0 x 37.0 x 1 x 0.10 17.0 x 37.0 x 1 x 0.15 21.0 x 42.5 x 1 x 0.10 21.0 x 42.5 x 1 x 0.15 21.0 x 42.5 x 1 x 0.20 21.0 x 49.0 x 1 x 0.10 21.0 x 49.0 x 1 x 0.15 21.0 x 49.0 x 1 x 0.20 25.5 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.10 25.5 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.15 26.0 x 57.0 x 1 x 0.10 26.0 x 57.0 x 1 x 0.15 26.0 x 57.0 x 1 x 0.20
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
1.21.21.41.52.22.21.01.02.12.12.02.02.03.23.13.11.91.93.63.73.5
120120100956565
1451456767
140140140454545
145145757580
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
0.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.561.00 = + 0.20 / – 0.800.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.641.20 = + 0.24 / – 0.961.00 = + 0.20 / – 0.800.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.481.70 = + 0.34 / – 1.361.40 = + 0.28 / – 1.121.60 = + 0.32 / – 1.281.50 = + 0.30 / – 1.201.40 = + 0.28 / – 1.122.40 = + 0.48 / – 1.922.20 = + 0.44 / – 1.762.00 = + 0.40 / – 1.601.00 = + 0.20 / – 0.800.90 = + 0.18 / – 0.722.70 = + 0.54 / – 2.162.50 = + 0.50 / – 2.002.30 = + 0.46 / – 1.84
±1.11±0.97±1.21±0.96±1.31±1.09±0.94±0.81±1.44±1.19±1.15±1.08±1.01±1.57±1.44±1.31±0.61±0.55±1.49±1.38±1.27
±0.0038±0.0033±0.0049±0.0042±0.0083±0.0069±0.0027±0.0023±0.0088±0.0072±0.0067±0.0062±0.0058±0.0146±0.0129±0.0118±0.0033±0.0030±0.0156±0.0148±0.0129
10021077
16052
10718039060
1105090
1363564
10640953466
101
0.060.120.060.130.050.100.110.250.100.170.110.200.300.090.170.280.120.300.130.250.38
28000590002100038000
71001500078000
16900015000270001900034000514006300
12200203002370056000
68001240021300
2.2 2.2 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.7 2.0 2.0 6.0 6.0 8.1 8.1 8.110.110.110.111.611.614.214.214.2
0.460.680.761.151.061.580.320.481.362.041.722.573.432.463.694.932.323.493.234.856.47
134 135
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
*for connection lengths < 20 mm, the maximum number of diaphragm pairs is reduced for longer connection pieces** outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Connection - outside of bellows Connection - bellows interior
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profilePreferred dimensions
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profilePreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ
29
33
36
38
42
44
47
0.71.62.90.61.42.60.51.32.40.71.63.00.51.11.90.41.01.80.41.01.8
29.0 x 61.0 x 1 x 0.10 29.0 x 61.0 x 1 x 0.15 29.0 x 61.0 x 1 x 0.20 33.0 x 67.0 x 1 x 0.10 33.0 x 67.0 x 1 x 0.15 33.0 x 67.0 x 1 x 0.20 36.0 x 72.0 x 1 x 0.10 36.0 x 72.0 x 1 x 0.15 36.0 x 72.0 x 1 x 0.20 38.0 x 66.0 x 1 x 0.10 38.0 x 66.0 x 1 x 0.15 38.0 x 66.0 x 1 x 0.20 42.0 x 81.0 x 1 x 0.10 42.0 x 81.0 x 1 x 0.15 42.0 x 81.0 x 1 x 0.20 44.0 x 84.0 x 1 x 0.10 44.0 x 84.0 x 1 x 0.15 44.0 x 84.0 x 1 x 0.20 47.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.10 47.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.15 47.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.20
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
3.83.73.63.73.73.73.83.84.02.52.62.74.14.04.44.24.24.24.44.44.3
727575757575727270
110105100424540353535323234
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
2.90 = + 0.58 / – 2.322.70 = + 0.54 / – 2.162.50 = + 0.50 / – 2.003.10 = + 0.62 / – 2.482.90 = + 0.58 / – 2.322.70 = + 0.54 / – 2.163.30 = + 0.66 / – 2.643.10 = + 0.62 / – 2.482.90 = + 0.58 / – 2.322.70 = + 0.54 / – 2.162.50 = + 0.50 / – 2.002.30 = + 0.46 / – 1.843.60 = + 0.72 / – 2.883.40 = + 0.68 / – 2.723.20 = + 0.64 / – 2.563.70 = + 0.74 / – 2.963.50 = + 0.70 / – 2.803.20 = + 0.64 / – 2.563.80 = + 0.76 / – 3.043.60 = + 0.72 / – 2.883.30 = + 0.66 / – 2.64
±1.48±1.38±1.27±1.42±1.33±1.24±1.40±1.32±1.23±1.19±1.10±1.01±1.34±1.27±1.19±1.32±1.25±1.15±1.29±1.22±1.12
±0.0163±0.0148±0.0133±0.0152±0.0143±0.0133±0.0154±0.0145±0.0143±0.0086±0.0083±0.0079±0.0160±0.0147±0.0152±0.0161±0.0153±0.0140±0.0165±0.0156±0.0140
3258953055942951893560
100274875264775264778
0.140.260.420.160.300.510.180.320.570.210.350.590.220.400.620.230.420.670.260.470.78
670012900223008200
15100257008800
1550024300227003600055600
91001700022000
91001640026000
92001660028800
16.616.616.620.420.420.423.823.823.821.821.821.830.730.730.733.233.233.236.936.936.9
3.62 5.43 7.24 4.27 6.41 8.55 4.89 7.33 9.77 3.66 5.49 7.32 6.03 9.0412.16.439.6512.9 6.9610.413.9
136 137
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
*for connection lengths < 20 mm, the maximum number of diaphragm pairs is reduced for longer connection pieces** outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Connection - outside of bellows Connection - bellows interior
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profilePreferred dimensions
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profilePreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ
52
57
62
67
72
1.02.14.00.40.91.50.71.42.10.71.21.91.01.83.00.61.11.80.61.0
52.0 x 80.0 x 1 x 0.10 52.0 x 80.0 x 1 x 0.15 52.0 x 80.0 x 1 x 0.20 52.0 x 95.0 x 1 x 0.10 52.0 x 95.0 x 1 x 0.15 52.0 x 95.0 x 1 x 0.20 57.0 x 102 x 1 x 0.15 57.0 x 102 x 1 x 0.20 57.0 x 102 x 1 x 0.25 62.0 x 109 x 1 x 0.15 62.0 x 109 x 1 x 0.20 62.0 x 109 x 1 x 0.25 67.0 x 102 x 1 x 0.15 67.0 x 102 x 1 x 0.20 67.0 x 102 x 1 x 0.25 67.0 x 116 x 1 x 0.15 67.0 x 116 x 1 x 0.20 67.0 x 116 x 1 x 0.25 72.0 x 123 x 1 x 0.15 72.0 x 123 x 1 x 0.20
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
3.23.23.24.64.54.64.84.85.04.94.94.94.54.54.54.94.75.15.35.3
454545384038323232323232363636323230
250250
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
2.40 = + 0.48 / – 1.922.20 = + 0.44 / – 1.762.00 = + 0.40 / – 1.604.00 = + 0.80 / – 3.203.80 = + 0.76 / – 3.043.50 = + 0.70 / – 2.804.10 = + 0.82 / – 3.283.90 = + 0.78 / – 3.123.60 = + 0.72 / – 2.884.30 = + 0.86 / – 3.444.10 = + 0.82 / – 3.283.80 = + 0.76 / – 3.043.00 = + 0.60 / – 2.402.50 = + 0.50 / – 2.002.10 = + 0.42 / – 1.684.50 = + 0.90 / – 3.604.30 = + 0.86 / – 3.444.00 = + 0.80 / – 3.204.70 = + 0.94 / – 3.764.50 = + 0.90 / – 3.60
±0.83±0.76±0.69±1.25±1.18±1.09±1.18±1.12±1.04±1.15±1.10±1.02±0.81±0.68±0.57±1.13±1.08±1.00±1.10±1.06
±0.0077±0.0071±0.0064±0.0166±0.0155±0.0146±0.0165±0.0156±0.0150±0.0164±0.0156±0.0145±0.0106±0.0088±0.0074±0.0160±0.0147±0.0148±0.0170±0.0163
7012821224507042659143618969
1231924059884354
0.671.222.010.280.590.830.580.901.250.690.971.421.071.922.990.731.081.610.891.12
4470082000
1350009200
20000268001730026700345001970027900406003650065000
1015002100033500425002200027400
34.034.034.043.643.643.651.051.051.058.958.958.956.956.956.967.367.367.376.476.4
4.646.979.297.9411.915.913.518.022.515.120.225.211.114.918.616.922.528.218.725.0
138 139
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
*for connection lengths < 20 mm, the maximum number of diaphragm pairs is reduced for longer connection pieces** outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Connection - outside of bellows Connection - bellows interior
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profilePreferred dimensions
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profilePreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ
72
82
87
92
97
1.60.70.51.01.50.50.91.40.81.31.90.60.81.31.90.81.21.81.72.73.90.8
72.0 x 123 x 1 x 0.25 77.0 x 107 x 1 x 0.10 77.0 x 130 x 1 x 0.15 77.0 x 130 x 1 x 0.20 77.0 x 130 x 1 x 0.25 82.0 x 136 x 1 x 0.15 82.0 x 136 x 1 x 0.20 82.0 x 136 x 1 x 0.25 87.0 x 143 x 1 x 0.20 87.0 x 143 x 1 x 0.25 87.0 x 143 x 1 x 0.30 92.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.15 92.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.20 92.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.25 92.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.30 92.0 x 149 x 1 x 0.20 92.0 x 149 x 1 x 0.25 92.0 x 149 x 1 x 0.30 97.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.20 97.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.25 97.0 x 134 x 1 x 0.30 97.0 x 156 x 1 x 0.20
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
5.23.45.25.35.45.45.65.75.75.85.94.04.14.14.26.06.26.24.04.24.26.0
250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
4.20 = + 0.84 / – 3.362.70 = + 0.54 / – 2.164.90 = + 0.98 / – 3.924.70 = + 0.94 / – 3.764.40 = + 0.88 / – 3.525.00 = + 1.00 / – 4.004.80 = + 0.96 / – 3.844.50 = + 0.90 / – 3.605.20 = + 1.04 / – 4.165.00 = + 1.00 / – 4.004.70 = + 0.94 / – 3.763.90 = + 0.78 / – 3.123.20 = + 0.64 / – 2.563.00 = + 0.60 / – 2.402.80 = + 0.56 / – 2.245.30 = + 1.06 / – 4.245.10 = + 1.02 / – 4.084.80 = + 0.96 / – 3.842.80 = + 0.56 / – 2.242.40 = + 0.48 / – 1.922.20 = + 0.44 / – 1.765.50 = + 1.10 / – 4.40
±0.99±0.67±1.09±1.04±0.97±1.05±1.01±0.95±1.04±1.00±0.94±0.79±0.65±0.61±0.57±1.01±0.97±0.91±0.56±0.48±0.44±1.00
±0.0149±0.0066±0.0164±0.0160±0.0153±0.0165±0.0164±0.0156±0.0171±0.0168±0.0160±0.0092±0.0077±0.0072±0.0069±0.0175±0.0174±0.0164±0.0064±0.0058±0.0053±0.0173
76523852753852745475
101463245625677
10214222131859
1.580.960.891.221.750.981.351.921.562.162.911.280.891.251.731.772.443.234.136.439.262.06
400005700022500300004130023200300004060033000442005760055000364005120067300339004360057800
17800025100036100039300
76.467.186.086.086.095.295.295.2106106106101101101101116116116106106106128
31.2 6.920.727.634.522.229.637.032.440.548.617.923.929.835.834.543.251.821.526.932.237.5
140 141
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
*for connection lengths < 20 mm, the maximum number of diaphragm pairs is reduced for longer connection pieces** outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Connection - outside of bellows Connection - bellows interior
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profilePreferred dimensions
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profilePreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ
97
102
112
121
127
152
1.11.70.71.11.60.61.01.40.91.42.00.70.91.31.60.50.91.20.50.71.0
97.0 x 156 x 1 x 0.25 97.0 x 156 x 1 x 0.30 102 x 163 x 1 x 0.20 102 x 163 x 1 x 0.25 102 x 163 x 1 x 0.30 112 x 173 x 1 x 0.20 112 x 173 x 1 x 0.25 112 x 173 x 1 x 0.30 121 x 173 x 1 x 0.20 121 x 173 x 1 x 0.25 121 x 173 x 1 x 0.30 127 x 185 x 1 x 0.15 127 x 185 x 1 x 0.20 127 x 185 x 1 x 0.25 127 x 185 x 1 x 0.30 127 x 195 x 1 x 0.20 127 x 195 x 1 x 0.25 127 x 195 x 1 x 0.30 152 x 226 x 1 x 0.20 152 x 226 x 1 x 0.25 152 x 226 x 1 x 0.30
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
6.26.26.06.56.56.26.46.46.06.26.25.65.65.66.06.76.86.96.86.57.9
250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250250
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
5.30 = + 1.06 / – 4.245.00 = + 1.00 / – 4.005.70 = + 1.14 / – 4.565.50 = + 1.10 / – 4.405.20 = + 1.04 / – 4.165.60 = + 1.12 / – 4.485.30 = + 1.06 / – 4.245.00 = + 1.00 / – 4.005.20 = + 1.04 / – 4.164.80 = + 0.96 / – 3.844.50 = + 0.90 / – 3.604.90 = + 0.98 / – 3.924.80 = + 0.96 / – 3.844.60 = + 0.92 / – 3.684.40 = + 0.88 / – 3.526.10 = + 1.22 / – 4.885.80 = + 1.16 / – 4.645.40 = + 1.08 / – 4.326.70 = + 1.34 / – 5.366.40 = + 1.28 / – 5.126.10 = + 1.22 / – 4.88
±0.96±0.91±0.99±0.95±0.90±0.90±0.85±0.80±0.81±0.75±0.70±0.72±0.71±0.68±0.65±0.87±0.83±0.77±0.81±0.78±0.74
±0.0173±0.0163±0.0172±0.0179±0.0170±0.0162±0.0158±0.0149±0.0141±0.0134±0.0126±0.0117±0.0114±0.0110±0.0112±0.0169±0.0163±0.0154±0.0160±0.0146±0.0169
761035077
10340618165
10114640607896426490386080
2.653.601.922.953.95 1.77 2.70 3.59 3.06 4.76 6.88 2.12 3.19 4.14 5.10 2.38 3.62 5.09 2.96 4.68 6.23
47500643003650048000642003160045400602005800085200
12300046500700009100097000364005400073500440007600067000
128128140140140162162162172172172192192192192207207207284284284
46.956.340.650.860.943.754.665.538.448.057.634.145.556.968.255.068.882.570.387.9105
143142 143
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profilePreferred dimensions
6.6 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with standard profilePreferred dimensions
Normal profile 1 Normal profile 2
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ
177
202
0.40.60.90.40.50.8
177 x 257 x 1 x 0.20 177 x 257 x 1 x 0.25 177 x 257 x 1 x 0.30 202 x 287 x 1 x 0.20 202 x 287 x 1 x 0.25 202 x 287 x 1 x 0.30
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
8.98.97.58.58.68.6
250250250250250250
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
7.20 = + 1.44 / – 5.766.80 = + 1.36 / – 5.446.30 = + 1.26 / – 5.047.80 = + 1.56 / – 6.247.40 = + 1.48 / – 5.926.90 = + 1.38 / – 5.52
±0.76±0.72±0.67±0.73±0.69±0.65
±0.0196±0.0185±0.0145±0.0180±0.0173±0.0161
345675305270
3.49 5.75 7.70 3.91 6.78 9.13
303005000094000372006300085000
374374374474474474
87.3109131104131157
*for connection lengths < 20 mm, the maximum number of diaphragm pairs is reduced for longer connection pieces** outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
145
6.7 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with narrow profiles
Diaphragm bellows with increased pressure resistanceHYDRA diaphragm bellows with narrow profiles are more pressure resistant and also have a higher spring rate than diaphragm bellows with standard profiles. The range of movement is somewhat smaller. For this reason they are well suited for static applications, such as sliding ring seals, for example. The standard material is of 1.4571. Bellows which are subject to high loads can also be made of the hardening
material AM 350. Axial loads require a movement distribution of 80% com- pression and 20% expansion.
MO: Bellows without connecting partsMM: Bellows with connecting parts
MO:Diaphragm bellows without connecting parts
Insidediameterdi = 25.5 mm
OutsidediameterDA = 36.5 mm
8 diaphragm pairs
Individual layersthickness s = 0.1 mm
Number of single layersnL = 1
Material 1.4571
Bellows description (example):
MO 25.5 x 36.5 x 1 x 0.1 8MP 1.4571
Preferreddimensions
146
6.7 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with narrow profilesPreferred dimensions
147
6.7 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with narrow profilesPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
*for connection lengths < 20 mm, the maximum number of diaphragm pairs is reduced for longer connection pieces** outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Connection - outside of bellows Connection - bellows interior
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ
12
17
25
29
34
36
37
39
42
44
8.012.0 3.5 6.0 8.012.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 9.0
12.0 x 20.0 x 1 x 0.10 12.0 x 20.0 x 1 x 0.15 17.0 x 31.0 x 1 x 0.10 17.0 x 31.0 x 1 x 0.15 25.5 x 36.5 x 1 x 0.10 25.5 x 36.5 x 1 x 0.15 29.5 x 42.5 x 1 x 0.10 29.5 x 42.5 x 1 x 0.15 33.5 x 46.5 x 1 x 0.10 33.5 x 46.5 x 1 x 0.15 34.5 x 47.5 x 1 x 0.10 34.5 x 47.5 x 1 x 0.15 36.0 x 53.0 x 1 x 0.10 36.0 x 53.0 x 1 x 0.15 37.0 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.10 37.0 x 50.0 x 1 x 0.15 39.5 x 52.5 x 1 x 0.10 39.5 x 52.5 x 1 x 0.15 42.5 x 55.5 x 1 x 0.10 42.5 x 55.5 x 1 x 0.15 44.5 x 57.5 x 1 x 0.10 44.5 x 57.5 x 1 x 0.15
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
1.01.01.51.51.21.21.41.41.41.51.31.41.91.91.51.51.51.51.51.51.51.6
1451459595
230230200200200185215200145145185185185185185185185175
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
0.50 = + 0.10 / – 0.40 0.40 = + 0.08 / – 0.320.90 = + 0.18 / – 0.720.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.50 = + 0.10 / – 0.400.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.48
±0.72±0.57±0.86±0.76±0.44±0.37±0.45±0.38±0.40±0.34±0.39±0.34±0.41±0.36±0.37±0.32±0.35±0.30±0.33±0.28±0.31±0.27
±0.0021±0.0017±0.0038±0.0033±0.0015±0.0013±0.0018±0.0016±0.0016±0.0015±0.0015±0.0014±0.0023±0.0020±0.0016±0.0014±0.0015±0.0013±0.0014±0.0012±0.0014±0.0013
200500100190105280110265105247100250 70150103310 97300 92310100250
0.110.280.130.240.220.590.310.750.370.860.370.920.300.650.431.280.451.380.481.620.571.42
768001920003840072900
105000280000109000263000129000263000149000322000
57600123000130000391000137000423000147000497000173000381000
2.1 2.1
4.65 4.65
7.6 7.610.310.312.712.713.313.315.615.615.015.016.716.719.019.020.520.5
0.420.630.841.270.851.271.161.741.291.941.321.981.882.821.402.111.482.231.582.371.652.47
148
6.7 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with narrow profilesPreferred dimensions
149
6.7 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with narrow profilesPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
*for connection lengths < 20 mm, the maximum number of diaphragm pairs is reduced for longer connection pieces** outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Connection - outside of bellows Connection - bellows interior
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ
47
52
57
62
67
72
77
82
84
6.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 1.0 2.0 2.5 9.012.0 7.010.0 7.010.0 7.010.0 7.010.0 7.0
47.0 x 60.0 x 1 x 0.10 47.0 x 60.0 x 1 x 0.15 52.5 x 65.5 x 1 x 0.10 52.5 x 65.5 x 1 x 0.15 57.0 x 70.0 x 1 x 0.10 57.0 x 70.0 x 1 x 0.15 62.5 x 75.5 x 1 x 0.10 62.5 x 75.5 x 1 x 0.15 62.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.15 62.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.20 62.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.25 67.0 x 80.0 x 1 x 0.15 67.0 x 80.0 x 1 x 0.20 67.0 x 83.0 x 1 x 0.15 67.0 x 83.0 x 1 x 0.20 72.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.15 72.0 x 88.0 x 1 x 0.20 77.0 x 93.0 x 1 x 0.15 77.0 x 93.0 x 1 x 0.20 82.0 x 98.0 x 1 x 0.15 82.0 x 98.0 x 1 x 0.20 84.0 x 100 x 1 x 0.15
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
1.61.71.61.71.61.71.51.51.91.91.91.51.61.61.71.61.71.61.71.61.71.6
175160175160165145959575759590909085
110105110105959095
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
0.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.481.50 = + 0.3 / – 1.21.40 = + 0.28 / – 1.121.30 = + 0.26 / – 1.040.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.64
±0.30±0.26±0.27±0.23±0.25±0.22±0.23±0.20±0.46±0.43±0.40±0.22±0.19±0.24±0.21±0.23±0.20±0.22±0.19±0.20±0.18±0.20
±0.0014±0.0013±0.0013±0.0012±0.0012±0.0011±0.0010±0.0009±0.0025±0.0024±0.0022±0.0010±0.0009±0.0011±0.0011±0.0011±0.0010±0.0010±0.0009±0.0009±0.0009±0.0009
100250108286102270100260148248380200500225560190530200540213550220
0.621.560.822.170.902.381.042.701.823.044.662.365.892.766.872.657.403.158.513.769.724.06
168000371000220000517000241000565000318000825000346000579000888000720000
158300074000
1635000712500
1760000847000
20250001011000
23120001091000
22.622.627.427.431.831.837.537.544.044.044.042.042.044.344.350.450.456.956.963.863.866.6
1.732.591.902.862.053.072.233.347.359.8012.253.564.744.475.964.776.355.066.755.367.155.48
150
6.7 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with narrow profilesPreferred dimensions
151
6.7 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with narrow profilesPreferred dimensions
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
*for connection lengths < 20 mm, the maximum number of diaphragm pairs is reduced for longer connection pieces** outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Connection - outside of bellows Connection - bellows interior
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ
8487
92
97
102
106
112
127
142
147
158
10.0 7.010.0 7.010.0 7.010.0 7.010.0 7.010.0 7.010.0 7.010.0 7.010.0 4.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0
84.0 x 100 x 1 x 0.20 87.0 x 103 x 1 x 0.15 87.0 x 103 x 1 x 0.20 92.0 x 108 x 1 x 0.15 92.0 x 108 x 1 x 0.20 97.0 x 113 x 1 x 0.15 97.0 x 113 x 1 x 0.20 102 x 118 x 1 x 0.15 102 x 118 x 1 x 0.20 106 x 122 x 1 x 0.15 106 x 122 x 1 x 0.20 112 x 128 x 1 x 0.15 112 x 128 x 1 x 0.20 127 x 143 x 1 x 0.15 127 x 143 x 1 x 0.20 142 x 158 x 1 x 0.15 142 x 158 x 1 x 0.20 142 x 168 x 1 x 0.15 142 x 168 x 1 x 0.20 147 x 167 x 1 x 0.15 147 x 167 x 1 x 0.20 158 x 178 x 1 x 0.20
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
1.71.61.71.41.61.61.71.51.71.51.61.61.71.61.71.81.92.83.01.82.01.8
909590
110959590
10090
100959590959020202020202020
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
0.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.561.00 = + 0.2 / – 0.80.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.90 = + 0.18 / – 0.720.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.64
±0.17±0.19±0.17±0.18±0.16±0.17±0.15±0.17±0.15±0.16±0.14±0.15±0.13±0.14±0.12±0.12±0.11±0.15±0.12±0.13±0.12±0.11
±0.0009±0.0009±0.0008±0.0007±0.0007±0.0008±0.0008±0.0007±0.0007±0.0007±0.0007±0.0007±0.0007±0.0006±0.0006±0.0006±0.0006±0.0012±0.0010±0.0007±0.0007±0.0006
560245710315730320740330750330750340760350770350770220570450850870
10.3 4.8213.98 6.8715.9 7.7017.8
8.7119.8
9.3621.310.723.913.930.617.237.811.529.924.245.753.3
246000013000003325000241000042770002070000423400026600004710000285900057100002870000568000037400007280000365000072000001010000228000051300007860000
11300000
66.6 71.0 71.0 78.1 78.1 86.8 86.8 95.2 95.2102.2102.2110.0110.0143.0143.0177.0177.0189.0189.0192.0192.0221.0
7.315.667.555.967.946.258.346.558.746.799.057.159.538.0410.728.9411.9115.0020.0011.6915.5916.63
152
6.7 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with narrow profilesPreferred dimensions
153
6.7 | HYDRA diaphragm bellows with narrow profilesPreferred dimensions
Connection - outside of bellows Connection - bellows interior
*for connection lengths < 20 mm, the maximum number of diaphragm pairs is reduced for longer connection pieces** outside pressure; in the event of inside pressure loads, column stability must also be guaranteed (buckle resistance)
Refer-ence
diameter
Nominalpressure
Bellows profile Material Length per diaphragm
pair
Max. number of diaphragm
pairs*
Tolerances Nominal deflection per corrugation(for 10,000 load cycles)
Spring rate per corrugation(± 30%)
Effectivecross
section
Weight per diaphragm
pairPN** di DA nL s lw di Da A
mm bar mm mm – mm – mm – mm mm mm Degree mm N/mm Nm/degree N/mm cm2 g
axial2δn,0
angular2αn,0
lateral2λn,0
axialcδ
angularcα
lateralcλ
158168
176
186191
205
223
240
250
268
280
12.0 6.0 8.0 9.012.0 3.0 7.010.010.012.010.012.010.012.0 6.0 8.0 6.0 8.0 5.0 7.0
158 x 178 x 1 x 0.25 168 x 188 x 1 x 0.15 168 x 188 x 1 x 0.20 176 x 196 x 1 x 0.25 176 x 196 x 1 x 0.30 186 x 212 x 1 x 0.15 191 x 211 x 1 x 0.20 191 x 211 x 1 x 0.25 205 x 225 x 1 x 0.25 205 x 225 x 1 x 0.30 223 x 243 x 1 x 0.25 223 x 243 x 1 x 0.30 240 x 260 x 1 x 0.25 240 x 260 x 1 x 0.30 250 x 275 x 1 x 0.25 250 x 275 x 1 x 0.30 268 x 292 x 1 x 0.25 268 x 292 x 1 x 0.30 280 x 300 x 1 x 0.25 280 x 300 x 1 x 0.30
1.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.45711.4571
2.02.12.22.12.23.02.02.12.12.22.12.22.12.22.62.72.62.72.62.7
2020202020202020202020202020202020202020
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3±0.3
0.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.90 = + 0.18 / – 0.720.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.481.20 = + 0.24 / – 0.960.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.480.90 = + 0.18 / – 0.720.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.90 = + 0.18 / – 0.720.80 = + 0.16 / – 0.640.70 = + 0.14 / – 0.560.60 = + 0.12 / – 0.48
±0.10±0.12±0.10±0.09±0.07±0.14±0.09±0.08±0.07±0.06±0.07±0.06±0.06±0.06±0.08±0.07±0.07±0.07±0.06±0.05
±0.0006±0.0007±0.0007±0.0005±0.0005±0.0012±0.0005±0.0005±0.0005±0.0004±0.0004±0.0004±0.0004±0.0004±0.0006±0.0005±0.0006±0.0005±0.0004±0.0004
1370 520 93015302200 28010501650180029001850295019003000140022001600250020003100
83.9 35.9 64.3115166
24.2 92.5145182292219349259409210331274428367569
1440000056000009130000
1800000023600000
18500001590000022600000283000004150000034160000496300004039000058100000214000003120000027800000403000003730000053600000
221.0249.0249.0272.0272.0311.0315.0315.0363.0363.0427.0427.0488.0488.0537.0537.0611.0611.0656.0656.0
20.7913.2517.6723.0827.7019.2619.9624.9426.6832.0228.9234.7031.0337.2340.7248.8641.7050.0435.9943.19
155
6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows
Metal bellows with B-cuffThe design of the weld area for the con-necting parts and the selection of the weld-ing method are determined by the total wall thickness of the bellows, i.e. multiply wall thickness by the number of layers. The dimensions for d4, nL and s can be found in the bellows tables 6.3 or 6.4.
Geometry designs in the weld seam areaOverview
6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows
Figure 6.8.1.
Table 6.8.1.
Figure 6.8.2. (values a and b in accordance with
Table 6.8.1.)
Total wall thickness
Welding method Geometry of weld lip
Weld diameter Width of weld lip
mm – – mm mm
nL x s 0.10 Laser B III a = d40.05 –
0.10 < nL x s 0.20 Laser B III a = d40.05 –
0.10 < nL x s 0.20 Laser / Microplasma B I, B IV a = d40.05 b = 0,4+0,1/-0
0.20 < nL x s 0.30 Laser / Microplasma B I, B IV a = d40.05 b = (2 x nL x s)+0,1/-0
0.30 < nL x s 0.45 Laser / Microplasma / TIG B I, B IV a = d40.05 b = (2 x nL x s)+0,1/-0
0.45 < nL x s 0.90 Microplasma / TIG B I, B IV a = d40.05 b = (2 x nL x s)0,1
0.90 < nL x s 1.20 TIG with weld accessory B II, B V a = d40.05 b = (2 x nL x s)0,1
1.20 < nL x s TIG with weld accessory B II, B V a = d40.05 b = 2,50,1
Design B I
Design B III
Design B V
Design B II (also for intermediate rings)
Design B IV
156 157
Metal bellows with S-cuffS-cuffs can be made for bellows with a maximum of 3 layers and a total wall thick-ness that is less than or equal to 0.9 mm. The design of the connecting piece is main-ly determined by the welding method. The dimensions for d3, l2, nL and s can be found in the bellows tables 6.3 or 6.4.
6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows
Table 6.8.2.
* Other dimensions with special tools
Total wall thickness
Welding method and position
Process
Cuff diameter Welddiameter
Width of weld lip Edge radius
mm – – mm mm mm mm
nL x s ≤ 0.4
Laserpressed on and welded through(6.8.3.a)
S I 35 m d3 ≤ 75 * a = (d3 + 0.3)±0.05 – R = 1.0
nL x s ≤ 0.45
Laserwelded on edge(6.8.3.b)
S IId3 ≤ 32
32 < d3 ≤ 115115 < d3
a = (d3 + 0.1)±0.05
a = (d3 + 0.3)±0.05
a = (d3 + 0.5)±0.05–
R = 0.5 R = 1.0R = 1.5
0.1 < nL x s ≤ 0.3
Microplasmawelded on edge(6.8.3.b)
S IIId3 ≤ 32
32 < d3 ≤ 115115 < d3
a = (d3 + 0.1)±0.05
a = (d3 + 0.3)±0.05
a = (d3 + 0.5)±0.05b = (2 x nL x s)+0.1/-0
R = 0.5 R = 1.0R = 1.5
0.3 < nLx s ≤ 0.9
Microplasma or TIGwelded on edge(6.8.3.b)
S IIId3 ≤ 32
32 < d3 ≤ 115115 < d3
a = (d3 + 0.1)±0.05
a = (d3 + 0.3)±0.05
a = (d3 + 0.5)±0.05b = (2 x nL x s)+0.1/-0
R = 0.5 R = 1.0R = 1.5Figure 6.8.3.b Figure 6.8.3.a
Welded through Welded on edge
159
Metal bellows with J-cuffThe welding method determines the con-nection geometry for J-cuffs (with or with-out weld lip). The dimensions for d3, l2, nL and s can be found in the bellows tables 6.3 or 6.4.
6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows
Figure 6.8.4. (values a, b and R in accordance with
Table 6.8.2., l2 in accordance with Tables 6.3. or 6.4.)
Table 6.8.3.
Design S I
Design S II Design S III
Total wall thickness
Welding method and position
Process
Cuff diameter Welddiameter
Width of weld lip Edge radius
mm – – mm mm mm mm
nL x s 0.45 Laser J Id3 10
10 < d3 5050 < d3
a = (d3 + 2 x nL x s)+0.2/+0.3 –R = 0.35 R = 1.0R = 1.5
0.1 < nL x s 0.3 Microplasma J IId3 10
10 < d3 5050 < d3
a = (d3 + 2 x nL x s)+0.3/+0.4 –R = 0.35 R = 1.0R = 1.5
0.3 < nLx s 0.9Microplasma
or TIG J IId3 10
10 < d3 5050 < d3
a = (d3 + 2 x nL x s)+0.3/+0.4 b = (2 x nL x s)+0.1/-0R = 0.35 R = 1.0R = 1.5
0.9 < nLx s 2.4TIG with
additional work material
J IId3 10
10 < d3 5050 < d3
a = (d3 + 2 x nL x s)+0.3/+0.4 b = (2 x nL x s)+0.1/-0R = 0.35 R = 1.0R = 1.5
Figure 6.8.5.
160 161
Metal bellowsConnecting pieces for diaphragm bellows may be welded at the outside or inside diameter with the microplasma welding method. The dimensions forDA, di, and lW are indicated in diaphragm bellows tables 6.6 or 6.7.
6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows6.8 | Geometry of connecting parts for metal and diaphragm bellows
Figure 6.8.6. (values a, b and R in accordance with Table 6.8.3., l2 in accordance with Tables 6.3. or 6.4.) Table 6.8.4.
Figure 6.8.7. Figure 6.8.8. (values a, b and k in accordance with Table 6.8.4., DA in accordance with Tables 6.6. or 6.7.)
Design J I
Connecting piece for inside diameter
Design J II
Connecting piece for outside diameter
Welding position Bellows inside diameter Weld
diameter Width of weld lip
Edge dimensions
– mm mm mm mm
at inside diameter
di 6060 < di 100
100 < di
a = di+0.1/-0
a = di+0.15/-0
a = di+0.2/-0
b = 0.4+0.1/-0
b = 0.5+0.1/-0
b = 0.6+0.1/-0
at outside diameter
DA 8080 < DA 140
140 < DA
a = (DA - 0.15)+0.1/-0
a = (DA - 0.15)+0.15/-0
a = (DA - 0.15)+0.15/-0.05
b = 0.4+0.1/-0
b = 0.5+0.1/-0
b = 0.6+0.1/-0
k = max 0.9
DA - di - 0.2 24
k = max 0.9
DA - di - 0.2 24
163
6.9 | HYDRA load cells
Compensating for volume changesHYDRA load cells are described on the basis of their installation dimensions, volume compensation and differential pressures at which the minimum or maxi-mum load cell volume is obtained. Nega-tive differential pressure means outside positive pressure.
1.4541 is the standard work material used for load cells; other materials are available on request.
Highvolume com-pensation
DZ: Load cell Nominaldiameterdn = 500 mm
OutsidediameterDA = 515 mm
Wall thickness 0.5 mm
Material 1.4571
Bellows description (example):
DZ 500 x 515 x 0.5 1.4541
Load cells: Dimensions and Performance
Nominal diameter dn
Outside diameter DA
Heighth
Volume compensation V ( 5%)
Differential pressure min. / max.
mm mm mm l mbar
260 275 40 1.9 -100 / 240330 342 36 4.5 -100 / 550380 390 42 7.5 -350 / 1000500 515 56 12.5 -100 / 510
162
Table 6.9.1.
6.9 | HYDRA load cells
6.10 | Precision pipesThin-walled stainless steel pipesStandard material: 1.4571
165
Thin-walled and
precise
6.10 | Precision pipes
HYDRA precision pipes are sorted by diameter and wall thickness. The maxi-mum delivery length per pipe is 6,5 m; any number of shorter lengths are also available. Tolerances for pipe diameter and length are in the range of ±0.1 mm. Standard material is 1.4571; other materials available on request.
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
7.30 0.10 8.00 0.10 8.20 0.10 8.50 0.10 8.80 0.10 9.10 0.10 9.20 0.10 9.50 0.10 9.80 0.10 10.10 0.10 10.20 0.10 10.40 0.10 10.50 0.10 10.80 0.10 11.10 0.10 11.40 0.10 11.90 0.10 12.00 0.10 12.20 0.10 12.30 0.10 12.40 0.10 12.50 0.10 12.60 0.10 12.80 0.10 13.00 0.10 13.20 0.10 13.50 0.10 14.20 0.10 14.40 0.10 14.80 0.10 14.90 0.10
15.00 0.10 15.05 0.10 15.10 0.10 15.50 0.10 15.90 0.10 16.00 0.10 16.30 0.10 16.40 0.10 16.50 0.10 16.80 0.10 17.10 0.10 17.70 0.10 17.90 0.10 18.20 0.10 18.30 0.10 18.40 0.10 18.70 0.10 19.90 0.10 20.00 0.10 20.35 0.10 20.40 0.10 22.20 0.10 22.40 0.10 22.80 0.10 22.90 0.10 24.20 0.10 25.70 0.10 27.20 0.10 30.50 0.10 32.00 0.10
8.30 0.15 8.70 0.15 9.30 0.15 9.70 0.15 10.00 0.15 10.10 0.15 10.30 0.15 10.40 0.15 10.90 0.15 12.00 0.15 12.10 0.15 12.30 0.15 12.40 0.15 12.50 0.15 12.70 0.15 13.10 0.15 13.50 0.15 13.80 0.15 13.90 0.15 14.30 0.15 14.50 0.15 14.70 0.15 14.90 0.15 15.30 0.15 15.50 0.15 15.70 0.15 15.90 0.15 16.00 0.15 16.10 0.15 16.30 0.15 16.50 0.15
HWE: Precision pipe
Outsidediameter DA = 35.8 mm
Wall thickness 0.2 mm
Length 300 mm
Material: 1.4571
Bellows description (example):
HWE 35.8 x 0.2 x 300 1.4571
6.10 | Precision pipesThin-walled stainless steel pipesStandard material: 1.4571
164
6.10 | Precision pipesThin-walled stainless steel pipesStandard material: 1.4571
166
6.10 | Precision pipesThin-walled stainless steel pipesStandard material: 1.4571
167
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
16.70 0.15 16.90 0.15 17.10 0.15 17.50 0.15 17.90 0.15 18.00 0.15 18.30 0.15 18.50 0.15 18.70 0.15 18.90 0.15 19.10 0.15 19.30 0.15 19.50 0.15 19.70 0.15 20.00 0.15 20.10 0.15 20.50 0.15 20.90 0.15 21.30 0.15 21.70 0.15 22.10 0.15 22.30 0.15 22.50 0.15 22.70 0.15 22.80 0.15 22.90 0.15 23.00 0.15 23.30 0.15 23.50 0.15 24.20 0.15 24.40 0.15
24.50 0.15 24.60 0.15 24.90 0.15 25.40 0.15 25.70 0.15 25.80 0.15 26.00 0.15 26.30 0.15 26.50 0.15 27.00 0.15 27.30 0.15 27.70 0.15 28.30 0.15 28.80 0.15 30.00 0.15 30.50 0.15 30.80 0.15 31.00 0.15 32.00 0.15 32.50 0.15 33.00 0.15 33.50 0.15 34.50 0.15 35.00 0.15 35.80 0.15 36.20 0.15 37.50 0.15 39.20 0.15 41.00 0.15 44.20 0.15 45.30 0.15
45.80 0.15 46.50 0.15 47.00 0.15 47.50 0.15 47.90 0.15 50.40 0.15 51.00 0.15 51.70 0.15 54.20 0.15
8.40 0.20 9.10 0.20 9.40 0.20 10.00 0.20 10.10 0.20 10.40 0.20 12.40 0.20 13.60 0.20 14.10 0.20 15.00 0.20 15.60 0.20 16.00 0.20 16.10 0.20 16.40 0.20 16.70 0.20 16.95 0.20 17.50 0.20 18.05 0.20 18.10 0.20 18.20 0.20 18.40 0.20
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
18.60 0.20 18.70 0.20 18.90 0.20 19.40 0.20 19.90 0.20 20.10 0.20 20.20 0.20 20.40 0.20 20.70 0.20 20.90 0.20 21.00 0.20 22.40 0.20 22.60 0.20 22.90 0.20 23.10 0.20 23.20 0.20 23.40 0.20 23.90 0.20 24.00 0.20 24.40 0.20 24.50 0.20 24.60 0.20 24.90 0.20 25.10 0.20 25.40 0.20 26.10 0.20 26.70 0.20 27.20 0.20 27.40 0.20 27.90 0.20 28.40 0.20
28.90 0.20 29.40 0.20 29.90 0.20 30.10 0.20 30.40 0.20 30.70 0.20 30.90 0.20 31.30 0.20 32.00 0.20 33.10 0.20 33.60 0.20 33.70 0.20 34.40 0.20 34.60 0.20 34.90 0.20 35.20 0.20 35.60 0.20 35.80 0.20 35.90 0.20 36.10 0.20 36.40 0.20 37.30 0.20 37.50 0.20 39.20 0.20 39.75 0.20 41.00 0.20 41.60 0.20 42.20 0.20 42.40 0.20 42.80 0.20 43.20 0.20
43.40 0.20 43.75 0.20 44.30 0.20 45.60 0.20 45.80 0.20 46.20 0.20 46.50 0.20 46.80 0.20 46.90 0.20 47.10 0.20 47.60 0.20 48.00 0.20 48.60 0.20 51.00 0.20 51.60 0.20 51.80 0.20 52.40 0.20 52.60 0.20 53.50 0.20 53.65 0.20 54.30 0.20 56.50 0.20 57.10 0.20
10.50 0.25 11.20 0.25 12.50 0.25 13.10 0.25 13.80 0.25 14.70 0.25 15.90 0.25
6.10 | Precision pipesThin-walled stainless steel pipesStandard material: 1.4571
168
6.10 | Precision pipesThin-walled stainless steel pipesStandard material: 1.4571
169
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
16.20 0.25 16.90 0.25 17.00 0.25 17.60 0.25 18.50 0.25 19.15 0.25 19.80 0.25 20.45 0.25 21.10 0.25 21.75 0.25 22.40 0.25 22.50 0.25 22.70 0.25 23.10 0.25 23.70 0.25 24.30 0.25 24.50 0.25 25.10 0.25 25.40 0.25 25.70 0.25 26.30 0.25 26.90 0.25 27.50 0.25 28.00 0.25 28.15 0.25 28.30 0.25 28.80 0.25 29.50 0.25 30.10 0.25 30.70 0.25 31.30 0.25
31.90 0.25 32.50 0.25 33.20 0.25 33.90 0.25 34.50 0.25 35.00 0.25 35.10 0.25 35.70 0.25 36.30 0.25 36.90 0.25 37.50 0.25 38.20 0.25 38.90 0.25 39.30 0.25 39.95 0.25 41.10 0.25 41.80 0.25 42.50 0.25 43.20 0.25 43.30 0.25 43.50 0.25 43.95 0.25 44.50 0.25 45.20 0.25 45.70 0.25 45.80 0.25 46.40 0.25 46.60 0.25 46.90 0.25 47.05 0.25 47.30 0.25
47.60 0.25 47.70 0.25 48.30 0.25 49.00 0.25 49.70 0.25 50.00 0.25 50.05 0.25 50.40 0.25 50.70 0.25 51.10 0.25 51.50 0.25 51.80 0.25 51.90 0.25 52.20 0.25 52.60 0.25 53.30 0.25 54.00 0.25 54.10 0.25 54.70 0.25 54.80 0.25 54.90 0.25 55.50 0.25 56.60 0.25 57.30 0.25 59.10 0.25 59.40 0.25 59.80 0.25 60.10 0.25 60.40 0.25 60.50 0.25 61.20 0.25
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
61.60 0.25 65.90 0.25 66.00 0.25 66.70 0.25 68.90 0.25 69.60 0.25 69.70 0.25 70.50 0.25 70.90 0.25 71.00 0.25 71.70 0.25 72.50 0.25 72.60 0.25 77.90 0.25 78.00 0.25 78.70 0.25 78.80 0.25 87.90 0.25 88.00 0.25 88.80 0.25 89.70 0.25 96.50 0.25 97.20 0.25 99.90 0.25 100.00 0.25 100.80 0.25 103.40 0.25 105.80 0.25 107.90 0.25 108.00 0.25 108.70 0.25
108.80 0.25
9.60 0.30 10.00 0.30 12.00 0.30 12.30 0.30 13.40 0.30 14.80 0.30 15.20 0.30 16.30 0.30 16.70 0.30 17.00 0.30 19.30 0.30 21.00 0.30 22.60 0.30 23.00 0.30 23.40 0.30 24.20 0.30 24.60 0.30 25.00 0.30 25.20 0.30 25.40 0.30 25.80 0.30 27.60 0.30 28.30 0.30 28.35 0.30 29.10 0.30 29.60 0.30 30.30 0.30 31.00 0.30 31.70 0.30
32.40 0.30 33.10 0.30 33.60 0.30 34.60 0.30 35.30 0.30 36.00 0.30 36.10 0.30 36.70 0.30 37.40 0.30 37.60 0.30 38.10 0.30 38.85 0.30 39.15 0.30 39.60 0.30 39.95 0.30 40.35 0.30 41.10 0.30 41.20 0.30 41.85 0.30 42.00 0.30 42.60 0.30 43.35 0.30 43.40 0.30 44.10 0.30 44.85 0.30 45.60 0.30 46.35 0.30 46.70 0.30 47.10 0.30 47.50 0.30 47.85 0.30
6.10 | Precision pipesThin-walled stainless steel pipesStandard material: 1.4571
170
Tools are available for the pipe sizes listed in the tables. Other sizes, wall thickness and materials are available on request.
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
Outer Wall thickness diam. DA s
[mm] [mm]
48.00 0.30 48.80 0.30 49.40 0.30 49.60 0.30 50.40 0.30 51.20 0.30 52.00 0.30 52.36 0.30 52.80 0.30 53.60 0.30 54.20 0.30 54.40 0.30 55.00 0.30 55.20 0.30 56.00 0.30 56.70 0.30 56.80 0.30 57.50 0.30 57.60 0.30 58.40 0.30 59.20 0.30 60.00 0.30 60.60 0.30 61.40 0.30 62.20 0.30 63.00 0.30 63.80 0.30 64.60 0.30 65.40 0.30 66.00 0.30 66.10 0.30
66.90 0.30 67.80 0.30 68.70 0.30 69.55 0.30 69.70 0.30 70.40 0.30 71.00 0.30 71.10 0.30 71.25 0.30 71.90 0.30 72.10 0.30 72.95 0.30 73.80 0.30 74.65 0.30 77.10 0.30 77.90 0.30 78.00 0.30 78.10 0.30 78.90 0.30 85.60 0.30 86.50 0.30 87.40 0.30 88.00 0.30 88.10 0.30 88.20 0.30 88.30 0.30 88.90 0.30 89.20 0.30 89.70 0.30 93.60 0.30 94.50 0.30
95.40 0.30 96.30 0.30 96.60 0.30 97.50 0.30 98.40 0.30 99.30 0.30 100.00 0.30 100.10 0.30 100.20 0.30 100.90 0.30 101.10 0.30 101.30 0.30 102.00 0.30 102.80 0.30 102.90 0.30 103.60 0.30 105.80 0.30 106.70 0.30 108.00 0.30 108.10 0.30 108.90 0.30 109.00 0.30 109.70 0.30 109.90 0.30 110.80 0.30 111.70 0.30
7 | Data Sheets
7.1 |Materialdatasheets 174
7.2 | Corrosionresistance 200
7.3 | Conversiontablesandformulasymbols 2397.4 | Inquiryspecifications 2527.5 | Documentationforotherproducts 251
173172
174 175
7.1 | Material data sheetsDesignations,availabletypes,temperaturelimits
7.1 | Material data sheetsStrengthvaluesatroomtemperature(RT)(guaranteedvalues1))
Shortnameto
DINEN10027
P235TR1
P235TR2
C22G1
S235JRG2
E295
S355J2G3
C22G2
P235GH
P265GH
P295GH
16Mo3
13CrMo4-5
10CrMo9-10
P235G1TH
P355N
P355NH
P355NL1
P355NL2
ShortnametoDIN(old)
St37.0
St37.4
C22.3
RSt37-2
St50-2
St52-3
C22.8
HI
HII
17Mn4
15Mo3
13CrMo44
10CrMo910
St35.8
StE355
WStE355
TStE355
EStE355
Semi-finishedproduct
Weldedtube
Seamlesstube
Weldedtube
Seamlesstube
Flanges
Steelbar,flat
products,wirerod,
profiles
Flanges
Sheet
Seamlesstube
Sheet
Sheet
Seamlesstube
Sheet
Seamlesstube
Sheet
Seamlesstube
Sheet
Seamlesstube
Seamlesstube
Sheet
Strip
Steelbar
Documentation
DINEN10217-1
DINEN10216-1
DINEN10217-1
DINEN10216-1
VdTÜV-W364
DINEN10025
ADW1
VdTÜVW350
DINEN10028
DINEN10216
DINEN10028
DINEN10028
DIN17175
DINEN10028
DIN17175
DINEN10028
DIN17175
DINEN10028
DIN17175
DIN17175
DINEN10028
Documenta-tionold
DIN1626
DIN1629
DIN17155
DIN17155
DIN17155
DIN17155
DIN17155
DIN17155
DIN17102
Uppertemp.limit°C
300
350
300
450
480
450
480
500
530
570
600
480
400
(-50)1)
(-60)1)
Materialno.to
DINEN10027
1.0254
1.0255
1.0427
1.0038
1.0050
1.0570
1.0460
1.0345
1.0425
1.0481
1.5415
1.7335
1.7380
1.0305
1.0562
1.0565
1.0566
1.1106
Materialgroup
Unalloyedsteel
Commonstructuralsteel
Heatresistantunalloyedsteel
Heatresistantsteel
Fine-grainedstructuralsteelStandard
heatresist.
coldresist.
special
1)Coldresistantlimit
TensilestrengthRmN/mm2
360-500
360-500
410-540
340-470
470-610
490-630
410-540
360-480
360-500
410-530
460-580
440-590
440-600
480-630
360-480
490-630
A5%
23
23
20(transverse)
21-261)
16-201)
18-221)
20
25
23
23
22
24
20
18
23
22
A80%
17-213)
12-163)
14-183)
Notchedbarimpactstrengthmin.AV(KV2))
J
at0°C:27
atRT:31
atRT:27
at-20°C:27
atRT:31
at0°C:27
at0°C:27
at0°C:27
at0°C:27
atRT:31
atRT:31
atRT:31
atRT:34
at0°C:47
at0°C:47
at0°C:55
at0°C:90
Remarks
s≤16
s≤16
s≤70
3≤s≤100(Rm)
10≤s≤ 150(KV)
s<16(ReH)
s≤70
s≤16
s≤16
s≤16
s≤16
s≤16
s≤16
s≤16
s≤16
s≤16
s≤16
s≤16
s≤16
Yieldpointmin.ReHN/mm2
235
235
240
235
295
355
240
235
235
265
295
270
275
270
300
290
310
280
235
355
1)Smallestvalueoflongitudinalortransversetest2)NewdesignationtoDINEN10045;averageof3specimensinDINENstandards3)Dependentonproductthickness
Materialno.to
DINEN10027
1.0254
1.0255
1.0427
1.0038
1.0050
1.0570
1.0460
1.0345
1.0425
1.0481
1.5415
1.7335
1.7380
1.0305
1.0562
1.0565
1.0566
1.1106
Breakingelongation,min.
176 177
7.1 | Material data sheets Strengthvaluesatroomtemperature(RT)(guaranteedvalues3))
7.1 | Material data sheets Designations,availabletypes,temperaturelimits
Shortnameto
DINEN10027
X3CrNb17
X2CrTi12
X5CrNi18-10
X2CrNi19-11
X6CrNiTi18-10
X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2
X2CrNiMo17-12-2
X2CrNiMo18-14-3
X2CrNiMnMoNbN25-18-5-4
X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5
X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-7
X6CrNi18-10
X6CrNiMo17-13
X5NiCrAlTi31-20
Semi-finished product
Strip
Strip
Strip
StripSheet
Strip
StripSheet
Strip
StripSheet
Strip
StripSheet
Strip
StripSheet
Strip
StripSheet
Strip,StripSheet
StripSheet,Strip
Seamlesstube
StripSheet,Strip
Seamlesstube
StripSheet
stripForgin
Seamlesstube
Sheet,strip,bar
Forging
Seamlesstube
Sheet,strip,bar
Forging
Seamlesstube
Documentation
DINEN10088
VdTÜV-W422
DINEN10088
SEW400
DINEN10088
DINEN10088
DINEN10088
DINEN10088
DINEN10088
DINEN10088
SEW400/97
DINEN10088
VdTÜV-W421
DINEN10088
VdTÜV-W502
DINEN10028-7
DINEN10222-5
DIN17459
DIN17460
DIN17459
DIN17460
DIN17459
Documentation
old
DIN174412)
DIN17441/97
DIN17440/96
DIN17441/97
DIN17440/96
DIN17441/97
DIN17440/96
DIN17441/97
DIN17440/96
DIN17441/97
DIN17440/96
DIN17441/97
DIN17440/96
SEW400/91
DIN17460
DIN17460
Uppertemp.limit°C
200
nach VdTÜV
350
550 / 300 1)
550 / 350 1)
550 / 400 1)
550 / 400 1)
550 / 400 1)
550 / 400 1)
550 / 400 1)
550 / 400 1)
400
400
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
Materialno.to
DINEN10027
1.4511
1.4512
1.4301
1.4306
1.4541
1.4571
1.4404
1.4435
1.4565
1.4539
1.4529
1.4948
1.4919
1.4958
Materialgroup
Stainlessferriticsteel
Stainlessausteniticsteel
Austeniticsteelofhighheatresistance
1)Temperaturelimitwhereriskofintercrystallinecorrosion2)EarlierstandardDIN174417/85
230
210
230
215
220
205
220
205
240
225
240
225
240
225
420
240
225
220
300
285
300
230
195
185
205
205
170
170
260
245
250
235
250
235
270
255
270
255
270
255
460
270
255
250
340
325
340
260
230
225
245
245
200
200
TensilestrengthRmN/mm2
420-600
380-560
540-750
520-670
520-720
540-690
530-680
550-700
800-1000
530-730
520-720
650-850
600-800
530-740
490-690
500-700
490-690
490-690
500-750
500-750
Notchedbarimpactstrength>10mmthickness,transversemin.KVinJ
atRT:60
atRT:60
atRT:60
atRT:60
atRT:60
atRT:60
atRT:55
atRT:60
atRT:60
atRT:84
atRT:60
atRT:60
atRT:60
atRT:60
atRT:60
atRT:80
atRT:80
Remarks
s ≤ 6
s ≤ 6
s ≤ 6
s ≤ 6
s ≤ 6
s ≤ 6
s ≤ 6
s ≤ 6
s ≤ 30
s ≤ 6
s ≤ 75
s ≤ 6
s ≤ 250
s ≤ 50
q
l
q
l
q
l
q
l
q
l
q
l
q
q
l
q
l
q
q
q
3)Smallestvalueoflongitudinalortransversetest,q=tensiletest,transverse,l=tensiletest,longitudinal
45
43
45
43
40
38
40
38
40
38
40
38
30
35
33
40
40
38
40
45
35
30
35
30
35
35
>3mm <3mm ThicknessA5 ThicknessA80 % %
23
25
45
40
45
40
40
35
40
35
40
35
40
35
25
35
30
40
40
35
40
45
30
30
Yieldpointsmin. Rp0,2 Rp1,0 N/mm2 N/mm2
Materialno.to
DINEN10027
1.4511
1.4512
1.4301
1.4306
1.4541
1.4571
1.4404
1.4435
1.4565
1.4539
1.4529
1.4948
1.4919
1.4958
Breakingelongation,min.
178 179
Shortnameto
DINEN10027
X15CrNiSi20-12
X10NiCrAlTi32-21
X10NiCrAlTi32-21H
NICr21Mo
NiCR15Fe
NiMo16Cr15W
NiCr22Mo9Nb
NiMo16Cr16Ti
NiCu30Fe
Semi-finished product
StripSheet,Strip,
StripSheet,Strip
all
StripSheet,Strip
all
all
StripSheet,Strip
StripSheet,Strip
StripSheet,Strip
Flatproducts
StripSheet,Strip
StripSheet,Strip
StripSheet,Strip
Strip,StripSheet
Seamlesstube
Forging
Documentation
DINEN10095
(SEW470)
SEW470
VdTÜV-W412
VdTÜV-W434
DINEN10095
DIN17750/02
VdTüV-W432
DIN177442)
DINEN10095
DIN17750/02
VdTÜV-W305
DIN177422)
DIN17750/02
VdTÜV-W400
DIN177442)
DINEN10095
DIN17750/02
(VdTÜV-W499)
DIN177442)
DIN17750/02
VdTÜV-W424
DIN177442)
DIN17750/02
VdTÜV-W263
DIN177432)
Materialno.to
DINEN100271)
1.4828
1.4876
2.4858
2.4816
2.4819
2.4856
2.4610
2.4360
Materialgroup
Heatresistantsteel
Nickel-basedalloys
1)Inthecaseofnickel-basedalloys,DIN17007governsthematerialnumber2)Chemicalcomposition
Uppertemp.limit°C
900
600950900
450
1000
450
450
900450
400
425
Tradename
INCOLOY800
INCOLOY800H
INCOLOY825
INCONEL600
INCONEL600H
HASTELLOYC-276
INCONEL625
INCONEL625H
HASTELLOY-C4
MONEL
3)Smallestvalueoflongitudinalortransversetest4)ValueakinJ/cm2
7.1 | Material data sheets Strengthvaluesatroomtemperature(RT)(guaranteedvalues3))
7.1 | Material data sheets Designations,availabletypes,temperaturelimits
Materialno.to
DINEN100271)
1.4828
1.4876
INCOLOY800
(1.4876H)
INCOLOY800H
2.4858
INCOLOY825
2.4816
INCONEL600
INCONEL600H
2.4819
HASTELLOYC-276
2.4856
INCONEL625H
INCONEL625
2.4610
HASTELLOY-C4
2.4360
MONEL
230
170
210
170
170
240
235
240
180
200
180
310
310
415
275
400
305
280
175
175
270
210
240
200
210
270
265
210
230
210
330
330
305
440
340
315
205
Remarks
s ≤ 3 mm
solution annealed
Soft annealed
solution annealed (AT)
Soft annealed
s ≤ 30 mm
Annealed (+A)
solution annealed (F50)
Soft annealed
solution annealed
s ≤ 5 mm, solution anne-
aled (F69)
s ≤ 3 mm, Annealed (+A)
solution annealed (F69)
s ≤ 3 mm; Soft annealed
s ≤ 5, solution annealed
5 < s ≤ 30
s ≤ 50, Soft annealed
Soft annealed
22
30
30
30
30
35
30
30
30
40
40
30
30
28
28
30
30
30
30
30
Yieldpointsmin. Rp0,2 Rp1,0 N/mm2 N/mm2
TensilestrengthRmN/mm2
500-750
450-680
500-750
450-700
450-680
≥550
550-750
500-850
≥550
550-750
500-700
≥690
730-1000
820-1050
≥690
830-1000
≥690
700-900
≥450
450-600
A5 A80 % %
Breakingelongation,min. Notchedbarimpactstrengthmin.KVJ
atRT:1504)
atRT:80
atRT:1504)
atRT:1504)
atRT:96
atRT:100
atRT:96
atRT:96
atRT:120
180 181
Documentation
DIN-EN1652
AD-W6/2
DIN-EN1652
AD-W6/2
DIN-EN1652
DIN-EN1652
DIN-EN1652
DIN17670
DIN17660
Documentation
DINEN485-2
DINEN575-3
AD-W6/1
DIN-EN485-2
DIN-EN573-3
VdTÜV-W345
DIN17850
DIN17860
VdTÜV-W230
VdTÜV-W382
Documenta-tionold
DIN17664
DIN17670
DIN1787
DIN17670
DIN17662
DIN17670
DIN17660
DIN17670
DIN17660
DIN17670
Documenta-
tion
old
DIN1745
DIN1725
DIN1745
DIN1725
Uppertemp.limit°C
350
250
Upper
temp.
limit °C
150 (AD-W)
600
250
250
DINEN1652(new)
Number Shortname
CW354H CuNi30Mn1Fe
CW024A Cu-DHP
CW452K CuSn6
CW503L CuZn20
CW508L CuZn37
DINEN485-2(new)
Number ShortName
ENAW-5754 ENAW-AlMg3
ENAW-6082ENAW-AlSi1MgMn
2.4068 LC-Ni99
3.7025 Ti1
Ta
Materialgroup
Copper-basedalloy
Copper
Copper-tinalloy
1)Tradename
≥120
≤100
≤140
≤ 300
≤150
≤180
≤300
≥80
≤85
≥80
≥180
≥140
≥ 200
≥105
≥200
TensilestrengthRmN/mm2
350-420
200-250
220-260
350-420
270-320
300-370
≥380
Tensilestrength
Rm
N/mm2
190-240
≤150
340-540
290-410
≥225
≥280
Notchedbarimpactstrengthmin.KVJ
KNotchedbarimpactstrength-min.KVJ
62
2)Smallestvalueoflongitudinalortransversetest3)Measuredlengthlo=25mm4)StatedesignationtoDINEN1652or(--)toDIN5)ToDIN,materialnotcontainedintheDINEN
6)SpecificationinDINENfors>2.5mm7)BreakingelongationA50,specificationinDINENfors≤2.5mm8)A50forthicknesses≤5mm
A5%
356)
426)
337)/426)
457)
556)
387)
486)
387)
486)
35
A5%
14(A50)
14(A50)
40
30/248)
353)
303)
Yieldpointsmin. Rp0,2 Rp1,0 N/mm2 N/mm2
Materialno.
CW354H
2.0882
CW024A
2.0090
CW452K
2.1020
CW503L
2.0250
CW508L
2.0321
2.0402
Materialno.
ENAW-5754
3.3535
ENAW-6082
3.2315
2.4068
3.7025
TANTAL-ES
TANTAL-GS
Copper-zincalloy
Wroughtaluminiumalloy
Purenickel
Titanium
Tantalum
Materialdesignation DIN17670(old Number Shortname
2.0882 CuNi30Mn1Fe
CUNIFER301)
2.0090 SF-Cu
2.1020 CuSn6
Bronze
2.0250 CuZn20
2.0321 CuZn37
Brass
2.0402 CuZn40Pb2
DIN1745-1(old)
Number ShortName
3.3535 AlMg3
3.2315 AlMgSi1
LC-Ni99
Ti1
Ta
Semi-finishedproduct
Strip,
StripSheet
Strip,
StripSheet
Strip,
StripSheet
Strip,
StripSheet
Strip,
StripSheet
Strip,
StripSheet
Semi-
finished
product
Strip,
StripSheet
Strip,
StripSheet
Strip,Strip
Sheet
Strip,
StripSheet
Strip,
StripSheet
Remarks
R350 (F35) 4) 0.3 ≤ s ≤ 15
R200 (F20) 4) s > 5 mm
R220 (F22) 4) 0.2 ≤ s ≤ 5 mm
R350 (F35) 4) 0.1 ≤ s ≤ 5 mm
R270 (F27) 4) 0.2 ≤ s ≤ 5 mm
R300 (F30) 4) 0.2 ≤ s ≤ 5 mm
(F38) 5) 0.3 ≤ s ≤ 5 mm
Remarks
0.5 < s ≤ 1.5 mm
State: O / H111
DIN EN-values
0.4 ≤ s ≤ 1.5 mm
State: O ; DIN EN values
0.4 < s ≤ 8 mm
0.1 ≤s ≤ 5.0
Electron beam melted Sintered
in vacuum
Yieldpointsmin.
Rp0,2 Rp1,0 N/mm2 N/mm2
7.1 | Material data sheets Strengthvaluesatroomtemperature(RT)(guaranteedvalues2))
7.1 | Material data sheets Designations,availabletypes,temperaturelimits
Breakingelongation,min.
Breakingelongation,min.
182 183
7.1 | Material data sheets Chemicalcomposition(percentagebymass)
7.1 | Material data sheets Chemicalcomposition
(percentagebymass)
Shortname
P235TR1
P235TR2
C22G1
S235JRG2
E295
S355J2G3
C22G2
P235GH
P265GH
P295GH
16Mo3
13CrMo4-5
10CrMo9-10
P235G1TH
C1)
≤0.16
≤0.16
0.18-
0.23
≤0.17
≤0.20
0.18-
0.23
≤0.16
≤0.20
0.08-
0.20
0.12-
0.20
0.08-
0.18
0.08-
0.14
≤0.17
Simax.
0.35
0.35
0.15-
0.35
0.55
0.15-
0.35
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.35
0.35
0.50
0.10-
0.35
Mn
≤1.20
≤1.20
0.40-
0.90
≤1.40
1.60
0.40-
0.90
0.40-
1.20
0.50
0.90-
1.50
0.40-
0.90
0.40-
1.00
0.40-
0.80
0.40-
0.80
Pmax.
0.025
0.025
0.035
0.045
0.045
0.035
0.035
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.040
Smax.
0.020
0.020
0.030
0.045
0.045
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.040
Materialno.
1.0254
1.0255
1.0427
1.0038
1.0050
1.0570
1.0460
1.0345
1.0425
1.0481
1.5415
1.7335
1.7380
1.0305
Materialgroup
Unalloyedsteel
Commonstructuralsteel
Heatresist.unalloyedsteelHeatresistantsteel
1)Carboncontentdependentonthickness.Valuesareforathicknessof≤16mm.
Cr
≤0.30
≤0.30
≤ 0.30
≤0.30
≤0.30
≤0.30
≤0.30
≤0.30
0.70-
1.15
2.00-
2.50
Mo
≤0.08
≤0.08
≤0.08
≤0.08
≤0.08
0.25-
0.35
0.40-
0.60
0.90-
1.10
Ni
≤0.30
≤0.30
≤0.30
≤0.30
≤0.30
≤0.30
Otherelements
Cu≤0.30
Cr+Cu+Mo+Ni≤0.70
Cu≤0.30
Cr+Cu+Mo+Ni≤0.70
Alges≥0.02
Alges≥0.015
N≤0.009
N≤0.009
Alges≥0.015
Nb,Ti,V
Alges≥0.020
Cu≤0.30
Cr+Cu+Mo+Ni≤0.70
Cu≤0.3
Cu≤0.3
Cu≤0.3
Shortname
P355N
P355NH
P355NL1
P355NL2
X3CrNb17
X2CrTi12
X5CrNi18-10
X2CrNi19-11
X6CrNiTi18-10
X6CrNiMoTi
17122
X2CrNiMo
17122
X2CrNiMo
18143
X2CrNiMuMo
NbN2518-5-4
X1NiCrMoCu
25-20-5
X2NiCrMoCuN
25-20-7
Cmax.
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.05
0.03
0.07
0.03
0.08
0.08
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
Simax.
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.70
0.50
Mn
0.90-
1.70
0.90-
1.70
0.90-
1.70
0.90-
1.70
≤1.00
≤1.00
≤2.00
≤2.00
≤2.00
≤2.00
≤2.00
≤ 2.00
4.50-
6.50
≤2.00
≤1.00
Pmax.
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.025
0.040
0.040
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.045
0.030
0.030
0.030
Smax.
0.025
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.010
0.010
Materialno.
1.0562
1.0565
1.0566
1.1106
1.4511
1.4512
1.4301
1.4306
1.4541
1.4571
1.4404
1.4435
1.4565
1.4539
1.4529
Fine-grainedstructuralsteel
Stainlessferriticsteel
Stainlessausteniticsteel
Cr
≤0.3
≤0.3
≤0.3
≤0.3
16.0-
18.0
10.5-
12.5
17.0-
19.5
18.0-
20.0
17.0-
19.0
16.5-
18.5
16.5-
18.5
17.0-
19.0
21.0-
25.0
19.0-
21.0
19.0-
21.0
Mo
≤0.8
≤0.8
≤0.8
≤0.8
2.0-
2.5
2.0-
2.5
2.5-
3.0
3.0-
4.5
4.0-
5.0
6.0-
7.0
Ni
≤0.5
≤0.5
≤0.5
≤0.5
8.00-
10.50
10.0-
12.0
9.0-
12.0
10.5-
13.5
10.0-
13.0
12.5-
15.0
15.0-
18.0
24.0-
26.0
24-
26.0
Otherelements
Alges≥0.020
(s.DINEN10028-3)
Cu,N,Nb,Ti,V
Nb+Ti+V≤0.12
Nb:12x%C
-1,00
Ti:6x(C+N)-0.65
Ti:5x%C-0.7
Ti:5x%C-0.7
N≤0.11
Nb≤0.30,N:0.04
-0.15
Cu,
N:≤0.15
Cu:0.5-1
N:0.15-0.25
Materialgroup
184 185
ShortnameTradename
X6CrNi18-10
X6CrNiMo17-13
X15CrNiSi20-12
X10NiCrAlTi32-21
INCOLOY800H
NiCr21Mo
INCOLOY825
NiCr15Fe
INCONEL600
INCONEL600H
NiMo16Cr15W
HASTELLOYC-276
NiCr22Mo9Nb
INCONEL625
INCONEL625H
NiMo16Cr16Ti
HASTELLOYC4
NiCu30Fe
MONEL
CuNi30Mn1Fe
CUNIFER30
Materialno.
1.4948
1.4919
1.4828
1.4876
(DINEN10095)
2.4858
2.4816
2.4819
2.4856
2.4610
2.4360
2.0882
Materialgroup
Austeniticsteelofhighheatresistance
Heatresistantsteel
Nickel-basedalloy
Copper-basedalloy
C
0.04-
0.08
0.04-
0.08
≤0.20
≤0.12
≤0.025
0.05-
0.10
≤0.01
0.03-
0.10
≤0.015
≤0.15
≤0.05
Si
≤1.00
≤0.75
1.50-
2.00
≤1.00
≤0.50
≤0.50
0.08
≤0.50
≤0.08
≤0.50
Mn
≤2.0
≤2.0
≤2.0
≤2.0
≤1.0
≤1.0
≤1.0
≤0.5
≤1.0
≤2.0
0.5-
1.5
Pmax.
0.035
0.035
0.045
0.030
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.025
Smax.
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.020
0.050
Cr
17.0-
19.0
16.0-
18.0
19.0-
21.0
19.0-
23.0
19.5-
23.5
14.0-
17.0
14.5-
16.5
20.0-
23.0
14.0-
18.0
Mo
2.0-
2.5
2.5-
3.5
15.0-
17.0
8.0-
10.0
14.0-
17.0
Ni
8.0-
11.0
12.0-
14.0
11.0-
13.0
30.0-
34.0
38.0-
46.0
>72
Re-mainder
>58
Re-mainder
>63
30.0
-32.0
Otherelements
N:max0.11
Al:0.15-0.60
Ti:0.15-0.60
Ti,Cu,Al,
Co≤1.0
Ti,Cu,Al
V,Co,Cu,Fe
Ti,Cu,Al
Nb/Ta:3.15-4.15
Co≤1,0
Ti,Cu,
Co≤2,0
Cu:28-34%
Ti,Al,Co≤1.0
Cu:Rest,
Pb,Zn
Shortname
CuDHP
(SF-Cu)
CuSn6
Bronze
CuZn20
CuZn37
Brass
CuZn40Pb2
ENAW-Al
Mg3
ENAW-Al
Si1MgMn
LC-Ni99
Ti
Ta
Cu
≥99.9
Rest
79.0-
81.0
62.0-
64.0
57.0-
59.0
≤0.10
≤0.10
≤0.025
Al
≤0.02
≤0.05
≤ 0.10
Re-
mainder
Re-
mainder
Zn
≤0,2
Re-
mainder
Re-
mainder
Re-
mainder
≤0.1
≤0.2
Sn
5.5-
7.0
≤0.1
≤0.1
≤0.3
Pb
≤0.20
≤0.05
≤0.10
1.50-
2.50
Materialno.
CW024A
(2.0090)
CW452K
(2.1020)
CW503L
2.0250
CW508L
(2.0321)
2.0402
ENAW-5754
(3.3535)
ENAW-6082
(3.2315)
2.4068
3.7025
-
Materialgroup
Copper
Copper-tinalloy
Copper-zincalloy
Wroughtaluminiumalloy
Ni
≤0.2
≤0.3
≤0.4
≥99
≤0.01
Ti
≤0.15
≤0.1
≤0.1
Re-
mainder
≤0.01
Ta
Rem.
Otherelements
P:0.015-0.04
P:0.01-0.4
Fe:≤0.1
Si,Mn,Mg
Si,Mn,Mg
C≤0.02
Mg≤0.15
S≤0.01
Si≤0.2
N≤0.05
H≤0.013
C≤0.06
Fe≤0.15
Purenickel
Titanium
Tantalum
7.1 | Material data sheets Chemicalcomposition(percentagebymass)
7.1 | Material data sheets Chemicalcomposition(percentagebymass)
187
7.1 | Material data sheets Strengthvaluesatelevatedtemperatures
7.1 | Material data sheets Strengthvaluesatelevatedtemperatures
RT1)
235235220205315240
206
234
272
275
200
170161226185
170
195
225
215
230
250
150143206165
150
175
205
200
220
300
130122186145
130
155
185
170
205
350
110
125
120
140
170
160
190
100
210187254230
190
215
250
150
190
210
180
205
235
400
100136951911321101369519113211513013695191132115155167118243179157150
180
450
80804911369
80491136957
80491136957
93591438570145216167298239217170245191370285260
500
(53)(30)(75)(42)
(53)(30)(75)(42)(33)
(53)(30)(75)(42)(33)
4929744130140132731711018416515798239137115
550
(84)(36)(102)(53)(45)
(53)(24)(76)(33)(26)
600 700 800
()=valuesat480°C
()=valuesat480°C
()=valuesat480°C
()=valuesat530°C
()=valuesat570°C
1)Roomtemperaturevaluesvalidupto50ºC
Typeofvalue
Rp0,2Rp1/10000Rp1/100000Rm10000Rm100000Rm200000Rp0,2Rp1/10000Rp1/100000Rm10000Rm100000Rm200000Rp0,2Rp0,2Rp0,2Rp0,2Rp1Rm10000Rm100000Rp0,2Rp1Rp0,2Rp1Rm10000Rm100000Rp0,2Rp1Rp0,2Rp1Rp0,2Rp1Rp0,2Rp1Rp0,2Rp1Rm(VdTÜV)Rp0,2Rp1
Materialno.toDIN
1.7380
1.0305
1.05651.45111.45121.4301
1.4306
1.4541
1.4571
1.4404
1.4435
1.4565
1.4539
1.4529
RT1)
235
336230210215
205
205
225
225
225
420460220
520300340
200245
185
245205190127157
118147157186
167196137167137165270310175205400190225
250230
165
226190186118145
108137147177
157186127157127153255290160190390180215
300220
140
216180180110135
100127136167
145175118145119145240270145175380170205
350210
120
196165160104129
94121130161
140169113139113139225255135165370165195
MaterialstrengthvaluesinN/mm2
Temperaturesin°C
100
304230200157191
147181176208
185218166199165200350400205235440230270
150
284220195142172
132162167196
177206152181150180310355190220420210245
400200
11013695191132115167
98125
89116125156
135164108135108135210240125155360160190
500180147103196135120
(53)(30)(75)(42)(33)
92120
81109119149
129158100128100128210240110140
600
4422613428
12274
11565
700
4823
4522
800
(17)(5)
(17)(8)
()=valuesat480°C
(approx.valuestoDIN17441)
1)Roomtemperaturevaluesvalidupto50ºC
550
83491086858
90120
80108118147
1271579812798127200230105135
45019024016630622120110580491136957
95122
85112121152
131160103130103130210240115145
(approx.valuestoDIN17441)
(valuestoADW1)
Materialno.toDIN
1.02541.02551.04271.00381.05701.0460
1.0345
1.0425
1.0481
1.5415
1.7335
MaterialstrengthvaluesinN/mm2
Temperaturesin°CTypeofvalue
Rp0,2Rp0,2Rp0,2Rp0,2Rp0,2Rp0,2Rp1/10000Rp1/100000Rm10000Rm100000Rp0,2Rp1/10000Rp1/100000Rm10000Rm100000Rm200000Rp0,2Rp1/10000Rp1/100000Rm10000Rm100000Rm200000Rp0,2Rp1/10000Rp1/100000Rm10000Rm100000Rm200000Rp0,2Rp1/10000Rp1/100000Rm10000Rm100000Rm200000Rp0,2Rp1/10000Rp1/100000Rm10000Rm100000Rm200000
189
Typeofvalue
Rp0,2Rp1Rp0,2Rp1/100000Rm100000Rm1000Rm10000Rp0,2Rp1Rp0,2RmRp1/10000Rp1/100000K/SRp1Rp1/10000Rp1/100000K/SRp1RmRp2/10000Rp2/100000K/SK/SRp0,2Rm100000Rp0,2Rp1RmRp1/10000Rp1/100000Rp1Rm10000Rm100000Rp0,2RmA30[%]Rp0,2RmA30[%]
Materialno.toDIN
2.4819VdTÜV-W400
2.4856DINEN10095
2.4610
2.4360
CW354H2.0882
CW024A2.0090
3.3535EN-AW5754
2.4068Nickel
3.7025Titan
Tantal
100280305350
285315150420
87130
93582205856576370(80)7095290
180160145100200
160270
250
132385999480120999482
14537303641
901109070160
130230
300220215300
245270130380928678117928680
6085260
150
350
130375847875112847878
85
400195200280
225260130370
75
55802407560
MaterialstrengthvaluesinN/mm2
Temperaturesin°C
150
140400
84126
875819553495056
45
15015013090185
150260
200240275320
2552851353901071028212310710284
17046404349
6590275
11013012080175
140240
450
(130)(360)
5540
500
170
50752103523
550
1911
600
250290
4065150106
700
90135260190
800
304510763
(F20)(F22)
900
10183420
PermissibletensiontoAD-W6/2für105h
RT310330410
305340175450
93140
65220
576780
80105340
2002202001402253520028025
PermissibletensiontoAD-W6/2für105h
Electronbeammelted
Sinteredinvacuum
(S<=5)
Manufacturer’sfiguresforInconel625H
()=valuesat425°C
PermissibletensiontoAD-W6/1
1)Roomtemperaturevaluesvalidupto50ºC
Typeofvalue
Rp0,2Rp1RmRp1/10000Rp1/100000Rm10000Rm100000Rm200000Rp0,2Rp1Rp1/10000Rp1/100000Rm10000Rm100000Rp0,2RmRp1/1000Rp1/10000Rm1000Rm10000Rm100000Rp0,2Rp1RmRp1/1000Rp1/10000Rm1000Rm10000Rm100000Rp0,2Rp1RmRp0,2Rm
Rp0,2Rm
Rp1/10000Rp1/100000Rm1000Rm10000Rm100000
Materialno.toDIN
1.4948
1.4919
1.4828DINEN10095
1.4876DINEN10095
Incoloy800H
2.4858
2.4816DINEN10095
100157191440
177211
332653
185205425
205235530180520
170480
250117147385
150170
175200
300108137375
127157
300600
145165390
170195500155485
150445
350103132375
165190
40098127375
118147
279550
130150380
160185490150480
150440
MaterialstrengthvaluesinN/mm2
Temperaturesin°C
150142172410
170190
190220
200127157390
147177
318632
160180400
180205515165500
160460
45093122370
155180485145475
145435
50088118360147114250192176108137
253489
125145360
153126
297215
5508311333012196191140125103132180125250175
120140
60078108300947413289789812812585175120218421120801901206511513530013090200152114
916616013897
700
3522552822
46256534
5025753616
7040906848
4328966342
800
201035187,5
3015453021
1812382917
900
84158.53.0
13520108
8422137
RT1)
230260530
205245
230550
170210450
235265550200550-750180500-700
(Softannealed)
(solutionannealed)
(Manufacturer’sfigures)
7.1 | Material data sheets Strengthvaluesatelevatedtemperatures
7.1 | Material data sheets Strengthvaluesatelevatedtemperatures
(Manufacturer’sfigures)
1)Roomtemperaturevaluesvalidupto50ºC
190 191
7.1 | Material data sheets Materialdesignationsaccordingtointernationalspecifications
7.1 | Material data sheets Materialdesignationsaccordingtointernationalspecifications
Standard
ASTMA53-01
ASTMA106-99
ASTMA135-01
ASTMA500-01
ASTMA694-00
ASTMA414-01
ASTMA414-01
ASTMA414-01
ASTMA204-99
ASTMA387-99
ASTMA387-99
ASTMA106-99
Materialno.toDINEN1.0254
1.0255
1.0038
1.0050
1.0570
1.0345
1.0425
1.0481
1.5415
1.7335
1.7380
1.0305
USA JAPANUNS
designation
K02504A53
K02501A106
K03013A135K03000A500
K03014A694
K02201A414K02505A414K02704A414K12320A204K11789A387K2159022(22L)K02501A106
Standard
JISG3445(1988)
JISG3454(1988)
JISG3457(1988)
JISG3455 (1988)
JISG3101(1995)
JISG3106(1999)
JISG3106(1999)
JISG3115(2000)
JISG3118(2000)
JISG3118(2000)
JISG3458(1988)
JISG3462 (1988) JISG4109
(1987) JISG3461
(1988)
Designation
STKM12A
STPG370
STPY400
STS370
SS490
SM490A
SM520B
SPV450
SGV480
SGV410
STPA12
STBA22
SCMV4
STB340
Semi-finishedproductapplications
Tubes
Pipesunderpressure
Weldedtubes
Pipessubjectedtohigh
pressures
Generalstructuralsteels
Steelsforweldedcon-
structions
Heavyplateforpressure
vessels
Tubes
Boilerandheatexchanger
pipes
Heavyplateforpressure
vessels
Boilerandheatexchanger
pipes
Standard
KSD3583(1992)
KSD3503(1993)
KSD3517(1995)
KSD3521(1991)
KSD3521(1991)
KSD3572(1990)
KSD3572(1990)
KSD3543(1991)
Materialno.toDINEN1.0254
1.0255
1.0038
1.0050
1.0570
1.0345
1.0425
1.0481
1.5415
1.7335
1.7380
1.0305
KOREA CHINADesignation
SPW400
SS490
STKM16C
SPPV450
SPPV315
STHA12
STHA22
SCMV4
Semi-finishedproductapplications
Weldedtubesof
carbonsteel
Generalstructuralsteels
Unalloyedsteeltubesforgen-
eralmechanicalengineering
Heavyplateforpressurevessels
formediumapplicationtemp.
Tubesforboilersandheat
exchangers
Cr-Mosteelforpressure
vessels
Standard
GBT700(1988)
GBT700(1988)GBT713(1997)GBT8164(1993)
GB5310(1995)YBT5132(1993)GB5310(1995)
Designation
Q235B;U12355
Q275;U1275216Mng;L2016216Mn;L20166
15MoG;A6515812CrMo;A3012212Cr2MoG;A30138
Semi-finishedproductapplications
(unalloyedstructural
steels)
Plateforsteamboilers
Stripforweldedtubes
Seamlesstubesfor
pressurevessels
Plateofalloyed
structuralsteels
Seamlesstubesfor
pressurevessels
Semi-finishedproductapplications/title
Weldedandseamless
black-oxidizedand
galvanizedsteeltubes
Seamlesstubesofhigh-
temperatureunalloyedsteel
Electricresistance
weldedtubes
Weldedandseamless
fittingsofcold-formedunal-
loyedsteel
Forgingsofunalloyed
andalloyedsteelforpipe
flanges,fittings,valvesand
otherpartsforhigh-
pressuredrivesystems
Sheetofunalloyedsteel
forpressuretanks
Sheetofmolybdenumalloyed
steelforpressuretanks
SheetofCr-Moalloyed
steelforpressuretanks
Seamlesstubesofhigh-
temperatureunalloyedsteel
192 193
7.1 | Material data sheets Materialdesignationsaccordingtointernationalspecifications
7.1 | Material data sheets Materialdesignationsaccordingtointernationalspecifications
Standard
ASTMA299-01
ASTMA714-99
ASTMA633-01
ASTMA724-99
ASTMA573-00
ASTMA707-02
Materialno.toDINEN1.0562
1.0565
1.0566
1.1106
USA JAPANUNS
designation(AISI)K02803A299K12609A714(II)
K12037A633(D)
K12037A724(C)
K02701A573
K12510A707(L3)
Semi-finishedproductapplications/title
PlateofC-Mn-Sisteel
forpressuretanks
Weldedandseamless
tubesofhigh-strength
low-alloysteel
Normalizedhigh-strength
low-alloystructuralsteel
Plateoftemperedunal-
loyedsteelforwelded
pressuretanksoflayered
construction
Plateofunalloyedstruc-
turalsteelwithimproved
toughness
Forgedflangesofalloyed
andunalloyedsteelforuse
inlowtemperatures
Standard
JISG3106(1999)
JISG3444(1994)
JISG3126(2000)
JISG3444(1994)
Designation
SM490A;B;C;STK490
SLA365
STK490
Semi-finishedproduct applications
Steelsforweldedcon-
structions
Steelsforweldedcon-
structions
Heavyplateforpressure
vessels(lowtemperature)
Tubesforgeneraluse
Standard
KSD3541(1991)
Materialno.toDINEN1.0562
1.0565
1.0566
1.1106
KOREA CHINADesignation
SLA1360
Semi-finishedproductapplications/title
Heavyplateforpressure
vessels(lowtemperature)
Standard
GBT714(2000)
GB6654(1996)
Designation
Q420q-D;L14204
16MnR;L20163
Semi-finishedproduct applications
Steelsforbridgecon-
struction
Heavyplatefor
pressurevessels
194 195
7.1 | Material data sheets Materialdesignationsaccordingtointernationalspecifications
7.1 | Material data sheets Materialdesignationsaccordingtointernationalspecifications
Standard
ASTMA240-02
ASTMA240-02
ASTMA240-02
ASTMA240-02
ASTMA240-02
ASTMA240-02
ASTMA240-02
ASTMA240-02
ASTMA240-02
ASTMB625-99
Materialno.toDINEN1.4511
1.4512
1.4301
1.4306
1.4541
1.4571
1.4404
1.4435
1.4565
1.4539
1.4529
USA JAPANUNS
designation(AISI)
S40900;A240(409)S30400;A240(304)S30403;A240(340L)S32100A240(321)S31635A240(316Ti)S31603A240(316L)S31603A240(316L)S34565A240N08904A240(904L)N08925B625
Semi-finishedproductapplications/title
Sheetandstripof
heatproofstainless
CrandCr-Nisteelfor
pressuretanks
Sheetandstripoflow-
carbonNi-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu
alloys
Standard
JISG4305(1999)
JISG4305(1999)
JISG4305(1999)
JISG4305(1999)
JISG4305(1999)
JISG4305(1999)
JISG4305(1999)
Designation
SUS430LX
SUS304
SUS304L
SUS321
SUS316Ti
SUS316L
SUS316L
Semi-finishedproductapplications
Cold-rolledsheet,heavy
plateandstrip
Cold-rolledsheet,heavy
plateandstrip
Standard
KSD3698(1992)
KSD3698(1992)
KSD3698(1992)
KSD3698(1992)
KSD3698(1992)
KSD3698(1992)
KSD3698(1992)
KSD3698(1992)
Materialno.toDINEN1.4511
1.4512
1.4301
1.4306
1.4541
1.4571
1.4404
1.4435
1.4565
1.4539
1.4529
KOREA CHINADesignation
STS430LX
STS304
STS304L
STS321
STS316Ti
STS316L
STS316L
STS317J5L
Semi-finishedproductapplications
Cold-rolledsheet,heavy
plateandstrip
Cold-rolledsheet,heavy
plateandstrip
Cold-rolledsheet,heavy
plateandstrip
Standard
GBT4238(1992)
GBT3280(1992)
GBT3280(1992)
GBT3280(1992)
GBT3280(1992)
GBT4239(1991)
GBT3280(1992)
Designation
0Cr11Ti;S11168
0Cr18Ni9;S30408
00Cr19Ni10;S30403
0Cr18Ni10Ti;S32168
0Cr18Ni12Mo2Cu2S31688
00Cr17Ni14Mo2;S31603
00Cr17Ni14Mo2;S31603
Semi-finishedproductapplications
olledsheet,heavyplate
andstrip
Hot-rolledsheetof
heatproofsteel,ferritic
Cold-rolledsheet,heavy
plateandstrip
196 197
7.1 | Material data sheets Materialdesignationsaccordingtointernationalspecifications
7.1 | Material data sheets Materialdesignationsaccordingtointernationalspecifications
Standard
ASTMA240-02
ASTMA240-02
ASTMA240-02
ASTMA167-99
ASTMA240-02
ASTMB424-98
ASTMB168-98
ASTMB575-99
ASTMB443-99
ASTMB575-99
ASTMB127-98
Materialno.toDINEN1.4948
1.4919
1.4958
1.4828
1.4876
2.4858
2.4816
2.4819
2.4856
2.4610
2.4360
USA JAPANUNS
designation(AISI)S30409A240(304H)S31609A240(316H)N08810A240S30900A167(309)N08800A240
N08825B424
N06600B168
N10276B575
N06625B443
N06455B575
N04400B127
Semi-finishedproductapplications/title
Sheetandstripofheatproof
stainlessCrandCr-Nisteel
forpressuretanks
Sheetandstripofstainless
heatproofCr-Nisteel
Sheetandstripofstainless
heatproofCrandCr-Nisteel
forpressuretanks
Sheetandstripoflow-carbon
Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cualloys
(UNSN08825andN08221)
Sheetandstripoflow-carbon
Ni-Cr-FeandNi-Cr-Co-Mo
alloys(UNSN06600and
N06690)
Sheetandstripoflow-carbon
Ni-Mo-Cralloys
SheetandstripofNi-Cr-Mo-Nb
alloy(UNSN06625)
Sheetandstripoflow-carbon
Ni-Mo-Cralloys
SheetandstripofNi-Cualloy
(UNSN04400)
Standard
JISG4312(1991)
JISG4902(1991)
JISG4902(1991)
JISG4902(1991)
Designation
SUH309
NCF800
NCF825
NCF625
Semi-finishedproductapplications
Heatproofsheetand
heavyplate
Specialalloyinsheetform
Specialalloyinsheetform
Standard
KSD3732(1993)
KSD3532(1992)
KSD3532(1992)
KSD3532(1992)
Materialno.toDINEN1.4948
1.4919
1.4958
1.4828
1.4876
2.4858
2.4816
2.4819
2.4856
2.4610
2.4360
KOREA CHINADesignation
STR309
NCF800
NCF825
NCF625
Semi-finishedproductapplications
Heatproofsheetand
heavyplate
Specialalloysinsheetand
heavyplateform
Specialalloysinsheetand
heavyplateform
Standard
GBT1221(1992)
GBT15007(1994)
GBT15007(1994)
GBT15007(1994)
GBT15007(1994)
GBT15007(1994)
GBT15007(1994)
Designation
1Cr20Ni14Si2;S38210
NS111;H01110
NS142;H01420
NS312;H03120
NS333;H03330
NS336;H03360
NS335;H03350
Semi-finishedproductapplications
Heatproofsteels,
austenitic
Stainlessalloys
198
7.1 | Material data sheetsPermissibleoperatingpressuresandtemperaturesforthreadedfittingsinmalleablecastiron
Threadedfastenersofmalleablecastironareapplicableuptotheoperatingpressuresindicatedinthetablebelow,dependingontypeoffluidandoperatingtemperature.
Sealingistobecarriedoutwithspecialcare.Thesealingmaterialsaretobeselectedaccordingtotheoperatingconditions.Onlyapprovedsealingmaterialsmustbeappliedforsealingofthreadedfastenersindrinkingwaterandgasinsulations.
Onlyhigh-qualitythreadsareappropriateforhighoperatingrequirements.
permissibleoperatingpressureforthefluids
nipples,flatsealingthreadedfasteners
6-50 1⁄4-2 65bar 50bar 40bar 35bar
conicallysealingthreadedfasteners
6-32 1⁄4-11⁄4 65bar 50bar 40bar 35bar
40 11⁄2 65bar 50bar 40bar 30bar
50 2 55bar 40bar 32bar 24bar
DN d waterandgas gasesandsteam gasesandsteam oils inch uptomax.120°C uptomax.150°C upto300°C upto200°C
200 201
Corrosion resistance
7.2 | Corrosion resistance
GeneralFlexible metal elements are basically suit-able for the transport of critical fluids if a sufficient resistance is ensured against all corrosive media that may occur during the entire lifetime.
The flexibility of the corrugated elements like bellows or corrugated hoses generally require their wall thickness to be consider-ably smaller than that of all other parts of the system in which they are installed.
As therefore increasing the wall thickness to prevent damages caused by corrosion is not reasonable, it becomes essential to
select a suitable material for the flexible elements which is sufficiently resistant.
Special attention must be paid to all pos-sible kinds of corrosion, especially pitting corrosion, intercrystalline corrosion, crev-ice corrosion, and stress corrosion crack-ing, (see Types of corrosion).
This leads to the fact that in many cases at least the ply of the flexible element that is exposed to the corrosive fluid has to be chosen of a material with even higher cor-rosion resistance than those of the system parts it is connected to (see Resistance table).
7.2 | Corrosion resistance
Types of corrosion According to EN ISO 8044, corrosion is the “physicochemical interaction between a metal and its environment that results in changes in the properties of the metal, and which may lead to significant impairment of the function of the metal, the environ-ment, or the technical system, of which these form a part. This interaction is often of an electrochemical nature”.
Different types of corrosion may occur, depending on the material and on the corrosion conditions. The most important corrosion types of ferrous and non-ferrous metals are described below.
Uniform corrosion A general corrosion proceeding at almost the same rate over the whole surface. The loss in weight which occurs is generally specified either in g/m2h or as the reduc-tion in the wall thickness in mm/year.
This type of corrosion includes the rust which commonly is found on unalloyed steel (e. g. caused by oxidation in the pres-ence of water).
Stainless steels can only be affect by uni-form corrosion under extremely unfavour-able conditions, e.g. caused by liquids, such as acids, bases and salt solutions.
200 201
202 203
7.2 | Corrosion resistance
related changes in the structure can be reversed by means of solution annealing (1000 – 1050 °C).
This type of corrosion can be avoided by using stainless steels with low carbon con-tent ( 0,03 % C) or containing elements, such as titanium or niobium. For flexible elements, this may be stabilized material qualities like 1.4541, 1.4571 or low-carbon qualities like 1.4404, 1.4306.
The resistance of materials to intergranu-lar corrosion can be verified by a stand-ardized test (Monypenny - Strauss test according to ISO 3651-2). Certificates to be delivered by the material supplier, proving
resistant to IGC according to this test are therefore asked for in order and accept-ance test specifications.
Stress corrosion cracking This type of corrosion is observed most frequently in austenitic materials, sub-jected to tensile stresses and exposed to a corrosive agent. The most important agents are alkaline solutions and those containing chloride.
The form of the cracks may be either transgranular or intergranular. Whereas the transgranular form only occurs at temperatures higher than 50 °C (especially in solutions containing chloride), the inter-granular form can be observed already at room temperature in austenitic materials in a neutral solutions containing chloride.
At temperatures above 100 °C SCC can already be caused by very small con-centrations of chloride or lye – the latter always leads to the transgranular form.
Stress corrosion cracking takes the same forms in non-ferrous metals as in auste-nitic materials.
Fig. B.3: Intergranular corrosion (decay) in austenitic
material 1.4828. Sectional view (100-fold enlarge-
ment).
7.2 | Corrosion resistance
Pitting corrosionA locally limited corrosion attack that may occur under certain conditions, called pitting corrosion on account of its appear-ance. It is caused by the effects of chlorine, bromine and iodine ions, especially when they are present in hydrous solutions.
This selective type of corrosion cannot be calculated, unlike surface corrosion, and can therefore only be kept under control by choosing an adequate resistant material.
The resistance of stainless steels to pitting corrosion increases in line with the molyb-denum content in the chemical composi-tion of the material.
The resistance of materials to pitting cor-rosion can approximately be compared by the so-called pitting resistance equiva-lent (PRE = Cr % + 3.3 · Mo % + 30 N %), whereas the higher values indicate a bet-ter resistance.
Intergranular corrosionThese deposit processes are dependent on temperature and time in CrNi alloys,
whereby the critical temperature range is between 550 and 650 °C and the period up to the onset of the deposit processes differs according to the type of steel. This must be taken into account, for example, when welding thick-walled parts with a high thermal capacity. These deposit-
Fig. B.1: Pitting corrosion on a cold strip made of
austenitic steel. Plan view (50-fold enlargement).
Fig. B.2: Sectional view (50-fold enlargement).
204 205
7.2 | Corrosion resistance
Contact corrosionA corrosion type which may result from a combination of different materials.
Galvanic potential series are used to assess the risk of contact corrosion, e.g. in seawater. Metals which are close together on this graph are mutually compatible; the anodic metal corrodes increasingly in line with the distance between two metals.
Materials which can be encountered in both the active and passive state must also be taken into account. A CrNi alloy, for example, can be activated by mechani-cal damage to the surface, by deposits (diffusion of oxygen made more difficult)
or by corrosion products on the surface of the material. This may result in a potential difference between the active and passive surfaces of the metal, and in material ero-sion (corrosion) if an electrolyte is present.
DezincingA type of corrosion which occurs primarily in copper-zinc alloys with more than 20% zinc.
During the corrosion process the copper is separated from the brass, usually in the form of a spongy mass. The zinc either remains in solution or is separated in the form of basic salts above the point of cor-rosion. The dezincing can be either of the surface type or locally restricted, and can also be found deeper inside.
Conditions which encourage this type of corrosion include thick coatings from cor-rosion products, lime deposits from the water or other deposits of foreign bodies on the metal surface. Water with high chlo-ride content at elevated temperature in conjunction with low flow velocities further the occurrence of dezincing.
Fig. B.6: Crevice corrosion on a cold strip made from
austenitic steel. Sectional view (50-fold enlarge-
ment).
7.2 | Corrosion resistance
Damage caused by intergranular stress corrosion cracking can occur in nickel and nickel alloys in highly concentrated alkalis at temperatures above 400 °C, and in solu-tions or water vapour containing hydrogen sulphide at temperatures above 250 °C.
A careful choice of materials based on a detailed knowledge of the existing oper-ating conditions is necessary to prevent from this type of corrosion damage.
Crevice corrosionCrevice corrosion is a localized, seldom encountered form of corrosion found in crevices which are the result of the design or of deposits. This corrosion type is caused by the lack of oxygen in the crev-ices, oxygen being essential in passive materials to preserve the passive layer.
Because of the risk of crevice corrosion design and applications should be avoided which represent crevice or encourage deposits.
The resistance of high-alloy steels and Ni-based alloys to this type of corrosion increases in line with the molybdenum content of the materials. Again pitting resistance equivalent (PRE) (see Pitting corrosion) can be taken as criteria for assessing the resistance to crevice corro-sion.
Fig. B.5: Intergranular stress corosion cracking on a
cold strip made of austenitic steel. Sectional view
(50-fold enlargement).
Fig. B.4: Transgranular stress corosion cracking on
a cold strip made of austenitic steel. Sectional view
(50-fold enlargement).
207
7.2 | Corrosion resistance7.2 | Corrosion resistance
Resistance tableThe table below provides a summery of the resistance to different media for metal materials most commonly used for flex-ible elements.
The table has been drawn up on the basis of relevant sources in accordance with the state of the art; it makes jet no claims to completeness.
The main function of the table is to pro-vide the user with an indication of which materials are suitable or of restricted suit-ability for the projected application, and which can be rejected right from the start.
The data constitutes recommendations only, for which no liability can be accepted.
The exact composition of the working medium, varying operating states and other boundary operating conditions must be taken into consideration when choos-ing the material.
Fig. B.8: Dezincing on a Copper-Zinc alloy (Brass /
CuZn37). Sectional view (100-fold enlargement).
Fig. B.7:Galvanic potentials in seawater
Source: DECHEMA material tables
Contact corrosion
Fe, galvanizedSteelCast iron
Ni-resistAlloy CuZn with additives
LeadAdmiralty brass (CuZn28Sn1As)
Alloy CuZn 35
Alloy CuZn 15Copper
Alloy CuNi 70/30Red bronzeNickel silver (CuNi18Zn20)Marine bronze (NiAl bronze)
Alloy 304 (1.4301)NiCr alloysNickelNiCu alloy 400 (2.4360)
Alloy 316 (1.4401)Graphite
Galvanic potentials in mV
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
208 209
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceTable keys
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Acetanilide (Antifebrine) <114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C8H9NO
Acetic acid 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 CH3COOH or C2H4O2 5 bp 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 50 20 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 50 bp 3 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 3 1 80 20 3 3 P P 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 96 20 3 3 3 P 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 98 bp 3 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Acetic acid vapour 33 20 3 1 1 100 50 3 3 3 0 1 0 1 3 3 3 0 1 100 bp 3 3 3 0 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 3
Acetic aldehyde 100 bp 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH3–CHO
Acetic anhydride all 20 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 (CH3–CO)2O 100 60 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 100 bp 3 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 3 0
Acetic anilide 114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Antifebrine)
Acetone 100 bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH3COCH3
Acetyl chloride 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 CH3COCI
Acetylene dr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3
H-C=C-H dr 200 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 3
Acetylene dichloride hy 5 20 1 C2H2CI2 dr 100 20 0 P P P 0 0 0 0 0 0
Acetylen tetrachloride 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0CHCI2–CHCI2 100 bp 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 bp 1 3 1 3
Adipic acid all 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOOC(CH2)4COOH
Alcohol see ethyl or methyl alcohol
Assessment Corrosion behaviour Suitability
0 resistant suitable
1 uniform corrosion with reduction in thickness of up to 1 mm/year restricted P risk of pitting corrosion suitability
S risk of stress corrosion cracking
2 hardly resistant, uniform corrosion not with reduction in thickness of more recommended than 1 mm/year up to 10 mm/year
3 not resistant unsuitable (different forms of corrosion)
Meanings of abbreviations:dr: dry condition cs: cold-saturated (at room temperature)mo: moist condition sa: saturated (at boiling point)hy: hydrous solution bp: boiling pointme: melted adp: acid dew point
208
210
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
211
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Allyl alcohol 100 bp 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 CH2CHCH2OH
Allyl chloride 100 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH2=CHCH2Cl
Alum 100 20 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 KAI (SO4)2 hy 10 20 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 W hy 10 80 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 sa 3 3 1 3 3
Aluminium me 750 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Al
Aluminium acetate hy 3 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 (CH3–COO)2Al(OH) hy sa 3 0 0 0 1 0 1
Aluminium chloride hy 5 20 3 3 3 P 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 1 3 1 0 0 3 1 AlCl3
Aluminium fluoride hy 10 25 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 0 3 1 1 AlF3
Aluminium formate 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Al (HCOO)3
Aluminium hydroxide hy 10 20 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Al (OH)3
Aluminium nitrate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Al(NO3)3
Aluminium oxide 20 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 Al2O3
Aluminium potassium sulphatesee alum
Aluminium sulphate hy 10 bp 3 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 3 Al2(SO4)3 hy 15 50 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 3
Ammonia dr 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 S S 0 3 0 0 0 0 NH3 hy 2 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 S S 3 3 0 0 1 0 W hy 20 40 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 W hy sa bp 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 3 0 0
Ammonia bromide hy 10 25 3 P P P 0 0 1 0 1 NH4Br
Ammonium acetate 1 0 0 0 0 0 CH3–COONH4
Ammonium alum hy cs 20 0 0 3 0 NH4Al(SO4)2
Ammonium bicarbonate hy 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 (NH4)HCO3
Ammonium bifluoride hy 10 25 3 3 3 3 0 3 0 NH4HF2 hy 100 20 3 3 0 0 0 3 0
Ammonium bromide see ammonia bromide
Ammonium carbonate hy 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 NH4)2CO3 hy 50 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
Ammonium chloride hy 1 20 1 P P P 0 0 0 0 0 1 S S 1 1 0 0 1 1 NH4Cl hy 10 100 1 P P P 0 0 0 0 1 1 S S 1 1 0 1 1 1 W hy 50 bp 1 P P P 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
Ammonium fluoride 10 25 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 NH4F hy hg 70 3 W hy 20 80 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0
Ammonium fluosilicate hy 20 40 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (NH4)2SiF6
Ammonium formate hy 10 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HCOONH4 hy 10 70 0 0
Ammonium hydroxide 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 NH4OH
Ammonium nitrate hy 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 NH4NO3 hy 100 bp 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0
Ammonium oxalate hy 10 20 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 (COONH4)2 hy 10 bp 3 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
Ammonium perchlorate hy 10 20 P P P 1 0 NH4CIO4
212
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
213
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Ammonium persul- hy 5 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 phate (NH4)S2O8 hy 10 25 3 1 1 1 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3
Ammonium phos- hy 5 25 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 1 phate NH4H2PO4
Ammonium rhodanide 70 0 0 0 0 0 NH4CNS
Ammonium sulphate hy 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 1 0 0 P (NH4)2SO4 hy 10 20 0 1 1 0 0 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 0 P 1 W hy sa bp 1 0 3 2 3 0 0
Ammonium sulphite cs 20 1 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 (NH4)2SO3 sa bp 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0
Ammonium sulphocyanate see ammonium rhodanide
Amyl acetate all 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CH3–COOC5H11 100 bp 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Amyl alcohol 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C5H11OH 100 bp 1 0 0 0 0 1
Amyl chloride 100 bp 1 P P 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 CH3(CH2)3CH2Cl
Amyl thiol 100 160 0 0 0
Aniline 100 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 C6H5NH2 100 180 1 1 1 3 0
Aniline chloride hy 5 20 P P P 0 3 3 3 0 0 3 C6H5NH2HCl hy 5 100 P P P 0 0
Aniline hydrochloride see anilin chloride
Aniline sulphate 20 0 0 1
Aniline sulphite hy 10 20 0 1 0 hy cs 20 0 0
Antifreeze 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Glysantine
Antimony me 100 650 3 0 0 3 3 Sb
Antimony trichloride dr 20 0 3 3 3 0 3 SbCl3 hy 100 1 3 3 3 0 3
Aqua regia 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 3HCl+HNO3
Arsenic 65 0 0 As 110 1 1
Arsenic acid hy 20 3 0 0 H3AsO4 hy 90 110 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Asphalt 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Azobenzene 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6H5–N=N–C6H5
Baking powder mo 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Barium carbonate 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BaCO3
Barium chloride hy 5 20 P P P 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 1 0 0 3 BaCl2 hy 25 bp P P P 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 P
Barium hydroxide solid 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 Ba(OH)2 hy all 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 hy all bp 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 hy 100 815 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 cs 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 hy sa bp 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 50 100 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
Barium nitrate hy all bp 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 0 0 0 Ba(NO3)2
Barium sulphate 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 BaSO4
Barium sulphide 25 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 BaS
214
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
215
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Basic aluminium acetat see aluminium acetat
Beer 100 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 100 bp 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Benzaldehyde dr bp 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 C6H5–CHO
Benzene 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 100 bp 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
Benzenesulfonic acid hy 5 40 3 0 0 0 C6H5–SO3H hy 5 60 3 3 1 1
Benzine 100 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Benzoic acid hy all 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6H5COOH hy all bp 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
Benzyl alcohol all 20 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6H5–CH2OH
Biphenyl 100 20 0 0 S S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6H5–C6H5 100 400 0 0 S S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Blood 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Boiled oil 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Borax hy cs 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Na2B4O7 hy sa 3 0 0 0 0 0 1
Boric acid hy 50 100 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 H3BO3 hy 50 150 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 hy 70 150 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
Boron 20 0 0 0 0 B 900 0
Bromine dr 100 20 P P P P 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 Br mo 100 20 P P P P 3 3 0 1 3 1 3 0 0 3 0 Bromine water 0.03 20 P P P 1 20 P P P
Bromoform dr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 CHBr3 mo 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
1,3-Butadiene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH2=CHCH=CH2
Butane 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 C4H10 100 120 1 0 0
Butanol 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH3–CH2–CH2– CH2OH 100 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Butter 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
Buttermilk 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0
Butylacetate 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH3COOC4H9 bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Butyric acid hy cs 20 3 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3 0 CH3–CH2–CH2–COOH hy sa bp 3 3 3 0 1 3 0 0 1 3 1
Cadmium me 3 3 Cd
Calcium me 850 3 3 3 Ca
Calcium bisulphite cs 20 3 3 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 CaSO3 sa bp 3 3 3 0 0
Calcium carbonate 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CaCO3
Calcium chlorate hy 10 20 P P P 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 Ca(CIO3)2 hy 10 100 3 3 P 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0
Calcium chloride hy 5 100 3 P P P 0 0 0 3 CaCl2 hy 10 20 3 P P P 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 3 cs 3 P P P 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 3 sa 3 3 P P 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 P 0 3
Calcium hydroxide 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 Ca(OH)2
216
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
217
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Calcium hypochlorite hy 2 20 3 3 3 P 0 3 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 Ca(OCI)2 hy cs 3 3 3 P 1 0 3
Calcium nitrate 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ca(NO3)2 all 100 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Calcium oxalate mo 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 (COO)2Ca
Calcium oxide 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 CaO
Calcium sulphate mo 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 CaSO4 mo bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Calcium sulphite hy cs 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 CaSO3 hy sa 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Carbolic acid 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 C6H5(OH) bp 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 hy 90 bp 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 3
Carbon dioxide dr 100 540 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 CO2 dr 100 1000 3 3 0 mo 20 25 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 3 mo 100 25 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3
Carbon monoxide 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0CO 100 540 3 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 3 0 0 1 3
Carbon dr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 tetrachloride dr bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 CCl4 mo 25 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 mo bp 3 1 3
Carbonic acid see carbon dioxide
Caustic-soda solution see sodium hydroxide
Chilean nitrate see sodium nitrate
Chloral 20 0 0 3 CCl3–CHO
Chloramine 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0
Chloric acid hy 20 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 HClO3
Chlorinated lime see calcium hypochlorite
Chlorine dr 100 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Cl2 dr 100 300 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 dr 100 400 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 mo 20 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 mo 150 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3
Chlorine dioxide hy 0.5 20 3 3 3 3 1 3 0 0 CIO2
Chloroacetic acid all 20 3 3 3 L 3 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 3 CH2Cl–COOH hy 30 80 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 1 0 0 3
Chlorobenzene dr 0 0 0 0 0 C6H5Cl mo 100 20 0 P P P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
Chloroethane 0 S S S 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 C2H5Cl
Chloroform dr 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CHCl3 mo 3 P P P 0 0 0 0 0 3
Chloronaphthaline 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C10H7Cl
Chlorophenol 1 0 0 0 0 C6H4(OH)Cl
Chlorosulphon acid hy 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 HOSO2Cl mo 20 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 0 3 3
Chrome alum hy 1 20 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 KCr(SO4)2 cs 3 3 1 0 0 0 3 1 0 3 sa 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 3 0 3
Chromic acid hy 5 20 3 3 0 0 1 3 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 0 Cr2O3 hy 5 90 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 (H2CrO4) hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 1 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 hy 10 65 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 hy 10 bp 3 3 3 3 1 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 hy 50 bp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 hy 60 20 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
218
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
219
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Chromic-acid anhydride see chromium oxide
Chromium oxide 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CrO3
Chromium sulphate cs 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cr2(SO4)3 sa 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Cider 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 bp 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Citric acid hy all 80 3 3 0 0 0 0 C6 H8O7 hy all bp 3 3 3 0 0 0
Combustion gases free from S or H2SO4 and Cl 400 0 0 0 0 0 with S or H2SO4 and Cl adp and 400 0 0 0 0 0
Copper (II) acetate hy 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 1 0 0 3 1 CU2 (CH3COO)4 hy bp 3 0 0 0 3 0 3
Copper (II) chloride hy 1 20 3 3 P P 0 3 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 CuCl2 hy cs 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 0 3
Copper (II) nitrate hy 1 20 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 Cu(NO3)2 hy 50 bp 0 0 0 3 1 3 0 0 3 hy cs 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Copper (II) sulphate hy cs 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 CuSO4 hy sa 3 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 0 0 3 0
Cresol all 20 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6H4(CH3)OH all bp 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0
Crotonaldehyde 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH3–CH=CH–CHO bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cyclohexane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (CH2)6
Diammonium phosphate see ammonium phosphate
Dibromethane 1 0 0 0 3 CH2Br–CH2Br
Dichlorflourmethane dr bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CF2Cl2 dr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 mo 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dichloroethane dr 100 20 0 P P P 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 CH2Cl–CH2Cl mo 100 20 P P P 0 1
Dichloroethylene see acethylene dichloride
Diethyl ether 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (C2H5)2O
Ethane 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH3–CH3
Ether see diethyl ether
Ethereal oils 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ethyl alcohol all 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C2H5OH all bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ethylbenzene 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6H5–C2H5
Ethyl chloride 0 S S S 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 C2H5Cl
Ethylene 20 0 0 0 0 0 CH2=CH2
Ethylene dibromide see dibromethane
Ethylene dichloride see dichloroethane
Ethylene glycol 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 CH2OH–CH2OH
Exhaust gases see combustion gas
220
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
221
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Fats 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fatty acid 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 C17H33COOH 100 60 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 100 150 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 3 0 100 180 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 0 0 0 3 0 100 300 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 0
Fixing salt see sodium thiosulphate
Flue gases see combustion gases
Fluorine mo 20 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 0 F dr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 dr 100 200 0 0 P P 0 0 3 0 0 3 dr 100 500 3 0 3
Fluorosilicic acid 100 20 3 3 P P 1 1 3 1 1 3 H2(SiF6) 25 20 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 70 20 3 3 3 3 1 3 vapour 3 3 3 3 1 2 3
Formaldehyde hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 CH2O hy 40 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 hy all bp 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
Formic acid 10 20 3 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 HCOOH 10 bp 3 3 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 3 3 80 bp 3 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 3 3 3 85 65 3 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 3 3
Fuels Benzine 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benzene 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benzine-alcohol-mixture 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Diesel oil 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Furfural 100 25 1 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 100 bp 3 1 1 1 0 3 0 0
Gallic acid hy 1 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 C6H2(OH)3COOH 100 20 3 0 0 0 0 100 bp 3 0 0 0 3 0
Gelatine 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Glacial acetic acid CH3CO2H see acetic acid
Glass me 1200 1 1 1
Glauber salt see sodium sulphate
Gluconic acid 100 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH2OH(CHOH)4–COOH
Glucose hy 20 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 C6H12O6
Glutamic acid 20 1 P P 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 HOOC–CH2–CH2– 80 3 P P 0 1 1 CHNH2–COOH
Glycerine 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 CH2OH–CHOH–CH2OH 100 bp 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Glycol see ethylenglycol
Glycolic acid 20 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 CH2OH–COOH bp 3 3 3 3 0 0 1
Glysantine see antifreeze
Hexachloroethane 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 CCl3–CCl3
Hexamethylene- hy 20 60 1 0 0 0 1 tetramine hy 80 60 3 0 0 0 (CH2)6N4
Household ammonia see ammonium hydroxide
Hydrazene 20 0 0 3 3 3 3 1H2N–NH2
222
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
223
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Hydrazine sulphate hy 10 bp 3 3 3 (NH2)2H2SO4
Hydrobromic acid 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide (HBr)
Hydrochloric acid 0.2 20 3 3 P P 0 P 0 0 HCl 0.5 20 3 3 3 P 0 0 0 0.5 bp 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 1 20 3 3 3 P 3 3 0 1 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 3 2 65 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 5 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 1 3 3 3 15 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 0 32 20 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 0 3 1 32 bp 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3
Hydrochloric-acid gas see hydrogen chloride
Hydrofluoric acid 10 20 3 3 3 3 1 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 HF 80 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 80 bp 1 1 3 3 3 90 30 1 1 0 1 3 3 3
Hydrogen 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H 300 3 0 0 0 0
Hydrogen bromide dr 100 20 0 0 0 0 HBr mo 30 20 3 3 3 3 0
Hydrogen chloride dr 20 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 1 0 HCl dr 100 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 dr 250 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 dr 500 3 3 3 3 1 0 3 3 3 3
Hydrogen cyanide dr 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 HCN hy 20 20 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 hy cs 20 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0
Hydrogen fluoride 5 20 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 HF 100 500 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 3 3 3
Hydrogen peroxide all 20 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 0 0 H2O2
Hydrogen sulphide dr 100 20 1 S 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 H2S dr 100 100 3 S 0 0 0 0 dr 100 200 3 3 0 0 0 mo 20 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 3
Hydroiodic acid dr 20 0 0 0 0 mo 20 3 3 3 3
Hypochlorous acid 20 3 3 3 3 0 3 HOCl
Indol 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ink see gallic acid
Iodine dr 100 20 0 P P P 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 J2 mo 20 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 0 3 3 mo bp 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3
Iodoform dr 60 0 0 0 0 0 CHJ3 mo 20 3 3 P P
Iron (II) chloride hy 10 20 0 P P 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 3 FeCl2 hy cs 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Iron (II) sulphate hy all bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 FeSO4
Iron (III) chloride dr 100 20 0 P P P 1 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 FeCl3 hy 5 25 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 hy 10 65 3 1 1 1 3 0 0 hy 50 20 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 0 0
Iron (III) nitrate hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 Fe(NO3)3 hy all bp 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0
Iron (II) sulphate hy all bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 FeSO4
Iron (III) sulphate hy 30 20 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 Fe(SO4)3 hy all bp 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 3
Isatine 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C8H5NO2
224
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
225
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Kalinite see alum
Ketene 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R2C=C=O bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lactic acid hy 1 20 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 C3H6O3 hy all 20 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 3 hy 10 bp 3 3 3 3 0 3 0 3 1 1 3 0 0 3 hy all bp 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 3
Lactose hy 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C12H22O11
Lead me 388 3 1 1 1 0 3 3 0 0 Pb 900 3 3 3 3 0
Lead acetate me 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 (CH3–COO)2Pb
Lead acide 20 30 0 0 0 1 1 Pb(N3)2
Lead nitrate hy 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pb(NO3)2
Lime see calcium oxide
Lithium me 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 Li
Lithium chloride hy cs 3 3 3 P 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 LiCl
Lithium hydroxide hy all 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LiOH
Magnesium me 650 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3Mg
Magnesium hy 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 carbonate MgCO3 hy bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Magnesium chloride hy 5 20 3 3 P P 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 MgCl2 hy 5 bp 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 hy 50 bp 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3
Magnesium hydroxide hy cs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Mg(OH)2 hy sa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Magnesium nitrate cs 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 1 Mg(NO3)2
Magnesium oxide see magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium sulphate hy 0.1 20 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 MgSO4 hy 5 20 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 hy 50 bp 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Maleic acid hy 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 HOOC–HC=CH– hy 50 100 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 COOH
Maleic anhydride 100 285 0
Mallic acid hy 20 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 W hy 50 100 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0
Malonic acid 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CH2(COOH)2 50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 100 3 3 3 3 3 3
Manganese(II) hy 5 100 3 P P P 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 0 0 chloride MnCl2 hy 50 20 1 3 P P 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 0 0
Manganese(II) cs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 sulphate MnSO4
Maritime climate mo 2P 1P 1P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1
Methanol see methyl alcohol
Menthol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C10H19OH
226
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
227
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Mercury dr 100 20 0 P P P 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 3 Hg all <500 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Methane 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0CH4 600 0 0
Methyl acetate 60 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH3COOCH3 60 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0
Methyl alcohol 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 CH3OH 100 bp 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Methylamine hy 25 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 CH3–NH2
Methyl chloride dr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH3Cl mo 20 3 P P P 0 0 0 3 mo 100 P P P 0 0 1 0 3
Methyldehyde see formaldehyde
Methylene dichloride dr 20 0 P P P 0 0 0 CH2Cl2 mo 20 P P P 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 3 mo bp P P P 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 3
Milk of lime 20 0 1 0 0 0 Ca(OH)2 bp 0 1 0 0 0
Milk sugar see lactose
Mixed acids 20 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 20 0 0 0 3 90 3 1 1 120 3 3 3 50 3 0 0 50 3 1 0 90 3 3 1 157 3 3 3 20 3 3 0 0 80 3 1 0 50 3 0 0 90 3 1 0 20 3 3 0 0 90 3 3 0 0 bp 3 3 1 1 134 3 1 1
Molasses 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Monochloroacetic acid see chloroacetic acid
Naphthaline 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 C10H8 100 390 0 0 0 0
Naphthaline chloride 100 45 0 100 200 0
Naphthaline sulphonicacid 100 20 0 0 0 0 C10H7SO2H 100 bp 3 3 3 0
Naphthenic acid hy 100 20 P P P 0 0 0 0 1 0
Nickel (II) chloride hy 10 20 3 P P P 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 1 3 1 0 0 NiCl2 hy 10 bp 3 3 P P 0 0 tot 70 0 1
Nickel (II) nitrate hy 10 25 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 Ni(NO3)2 hy 100 25 3 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 3 0 0 3
Nickel (II) sulphate hy 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 0 NiSO4 hy bp 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0
HNO3 H2SO4 H2O % % % 90 10 – 50 50 – 50 50 – 50 50 – 38 60 2 25 75 – 25 75 – 25 75 – 15 20 65 15 20 65 10 70 20 10 70 20 5 30 65 5 30 65 5 30 65 5 15 80
228
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
229
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Nitric acid 1 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 HNO3 1 bp 3 0 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 5 bp 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 10 bp 3 1 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 15 bp 3 1 0 0 3 0 0 25 bp 3 3 0 0 3 1 0 50 bp 3 3 3 1 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 3 65 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 65 bp 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 99 bp 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 20 290 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 40 200 3 3 3 3 3 3 0
Nitrobenzene hy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6Hx(NO2)y
Nitrobenzoic acid hy 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0C6H4(NO2)COOH
Nitroglycerine hy 20 0 0 0 0 0 C3H5(ONO2)3
Nitrogen 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 100 900 1 3
Nitrous acid HNO2 similar to nitric acid
Oleic acid see fatty acid
Oleum see sulphur trioxide
Oxalic acid hy all 20 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 C2H2O4 hy 10 bp 3 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 0 3 hy sa 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1
Oxygen 500 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 3 O
Ozone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Paraffin 20 0 0 0 0 0 0CnH2n+2 me 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Perchlorethane see hexachlorethane
Perchloric acid (60%) 10 20 3 3 3 3 0 3 HClO4 100 20 3 3 3 3 0
Perchlorethylene 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C2Cl4 bp 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 3 mo 3 P P P
Perhydrol see hydrogen superoxide
Petroleum 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0
Petrol see benzine (benzene)
Phenol see carbolic acid
Phloroglucinol 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6H3(OH)3
Phosgene dr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 COCl2
Phosphoric acid hy 1 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 3 H3PO4 hy 10 20 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 hy 30 bp 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 3 0 3 hy 60 bp 3 3 3 3 1 3 0 hy 80 20 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 hy 80 bp 3 3 3 3 0 3 1 3 3 0 1
Phosphorous dr 20 0 0 0 0 P
Phosphorous penta- dr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 chlorite PCl5
Phtalic acid and 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 phtalic anhydride 200 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0C6H4(COOH)2 dr bp 0 0 0 0 0 0
230
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
231
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Picric acid hy 3 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 C6H2(OH)(NO2)3 hy cs 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 me 150 3 0 0 0 0 3
Plaster see calcium sulphate
Potash lye see potassium hydroxide
Potassium me 604 0 0 0 1 0 0 K 800 0 0 1 0 1 0
Potassium acetate me 100 292 1 0 0 1 0 CH3–COOK hy 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
Potassium bisulphate hy 5 20 3 3 2 0 0 KHSO4 hy 5 90 3 3 3 3 3
Potassium bitartrate hy cs 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 KC4H5O6 hy sa 3 3 3 1 1 0 0
Potassium bromide hy 5 30 3 P P P 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3KBr
Potassium carbonate hy 50 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 K2CO3 hy 50 bp 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0
Potassium chlorate hy 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 KCIO3 hy sa 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 3 1 3 0 0 1
Potassium chloride hy 10 20 3 3 P P 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 KCl hy 10 bp 3 3 P P 1 3 1 hy 30 bp 3 3 P P 1 0 3 1 3 0 0 0 hy cs 3 P P P 1 hy sa 3 3 P P 1
Potassium chromate hy 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 K2CrO4 hy 10 bp 1 0 0 0 0
Potassium cyanide hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 3 3 0 3 KCN hy 10 bp 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3
Potassium hy 10 40 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 dichromate hy 25 40 3 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 K2Cr2O7 hy 25 bp 3 3 0 0 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0
Potassium hy 1 20 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ferricyanide hy cs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 K3(Fe(CN)6) hy sa 3 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Potassium hy 1 20 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ferrocyanide hy 25 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 K4(Fe(CN)6) hy 25 bp 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Potassium fluoride hy cs 0 0 0 0 0 3 KF hy sa 1 0 0 0 0
Potassium hydroxide hy 10 20 0 S S 1 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 3 3 KOH hy 20 bp 0 S S 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 3 3 hy 30 bp 3 S S 1 3 1 0 3 0 3 3 3 hy 50 20 S 0 S S 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 3 3 hy 50 bp S 3 3 3 1 3 1 0 3 3 0 3 3 3 hy sa S 3 S S 1 0 3 3 0 me 100 360 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3
Potassium hy all 20 P P P 3 3 0 3 3 3 0 3 hypochloride KCIO hy all bp P P P 3 3 1 3 3 3 0 3
Potassium iodide hy 20 0 P P P 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 3 KJ hy bp 0 3 P P 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 3
Potassium nitrate hy all 20 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 KNO3 hy all bp 0 0 0 1 0 1
Potassium nitrite all bp 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 KNO2
Potassium permang- hy 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 anate KMnO4 hy all bp 3 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Potassium persulphate hy 10 50 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 K2S2O8
Potassium silicate 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 K2SiO3
Potassium sulphate hy 10 25 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 K2SO4 hy all bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
232
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
233
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Medium Materials Medium Materials
Protein solutions 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pyridine dr all 20 0 0 0 0 0 C5H5N all bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pyrogallol all 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6H3(OH)3 all bp 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Quinine bisulphate dr 20 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Quinine sulphate dr 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Quinol 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 HO–C6H4–OH
Salicylic acid dr 100 20 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 HOC6H4COOH mo 100 20 3 0 0 1 0 0 hy cs 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Salmiac see ammonium chloride
Salpetre see potassium nitrate
Seawater at flow velocity v (m/s) 0 v 1.5 20 1 P P P P P 0 0 P 1 1 P 1.5 v 4.5 20 1 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1
Siliceous flux acid see fluorsilicic acid
Silver nitrate hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 AgNO3 hy 10 bp 3 0 0 0 3 0 hy 20 60 3 0 0 0 0 hy 40 20 3 0 0 0 1 0 me 100 250 3 3 0 0
Soap hy 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 hy 1 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 hy 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sodium (O2 0.005 %) 200 0 0 0 0 0 1 Na me 600 3 1 0 0 0
Sodium acetate hy 10 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH3–COONa hy sa 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sodium aluminate 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 Na3AlO3 hy 10 25 0 0 0 0 1 0 3
Sodium arsenate hy cs 0 0 0 0 0 0 Na2HAsO4
Sodium bicarbonate 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 NaHCO3 hy 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 hy cs 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 hy sa 0 0 0 1 0
Sodium bisulphate hy all 20 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 NaHSO4 hy all bp 3 3 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 0 0 1
Sodium bisulphite hy 10 20 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 NaHSO3 hy 50 20 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 hy 50 bp 3 3 3 0 0 0
Sodium borate hy cs 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1NaBo3 4 H2O me 3 3 3 3 3 (Borax)
Sodium bromide hy all 20 3 3 3 P 1 0 3 NaBr hy all bp 3 3 3 P 1 0 3
Sodium carbonate hy 1 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Na2CO3 hy all bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 hy 400 3 3 3 3 me 900 3 3 3 3 0 0
Sodium chloride hy 0.5 20 P P P 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 NaCl hy 2 20 P P P 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 hy cs 3 P P P 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 hy sa 3 3 3 P 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0
Sodium chlorite dr 100 20 3 P P 0 0 0 NaClO2 hy 5 20 3 P 0 hy 5 bp 3 3 1 0 hy 10 80 3 3 P 0 1 0
Sodium chromate hy all bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Na2CrO4
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
234
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
235
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Sodium cyanide me 600 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 NaCN hy cs 1 0 0 0 3 1 3 3 3 0 0 3 3
Sodium fluoride hy 10 20 0 0 0 3 0 NaF hy 10 bp 0 0 0 hy cs S S 0
Sodium hydrogensulphate see sodium bisulphate
Sodium hydrogensulphite see sodium bisulphite
Sodium hydroxide solid 100 all 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NaOH hy 10 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 hy 10 bp 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 hy 20 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 hy 20 bp 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 hy 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 hy 40 100 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 hy 40 100 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 hy 50 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 hy 50 100 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 hy 50 100 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 hy 60 90 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 hy 60 140 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 hy 60 140 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 0 hy 60 140 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 0
Sodium hypochlorite hy 5 20 3 3 3 P 0 3 0 3 3 3 3 0 3 NaOCl hy 10 50 3 P P 0 1 0 3
Sodium hyposulphite all 20 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 0Na2S2O4 all bp 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 0
Sodium iodide P P P 0 0 0 0 0 1 NaJ
Sodium nitrate hy 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 NaNO3 hy 10 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 hy 10 bp 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 hy 30 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 hy 30 bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 me 320 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3
Sodium nitrite hy 20 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 NaNO2
Sodium perborate hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 1 1 NaBO2 hy 10 bp 3 0 0 0 1 1
Sodium perchlorate hy 10 20 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 NaClO4 hy 10 bp 3 0 0 1 1 0
Sodium peroxide hy 10 20 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 Na2O2 hy 10 bp 3 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 me 460 3 1 3 3 0
Sodium phosphate hy 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 Na2HPO4 hy 10 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 hy cs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sodium salicylate hy all 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0C6H4(OH)COONa
Sodium silicofluoride hy cs 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 Na2(SiF6)
Sodium sulphate hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Na2SO4 hy cs 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 hy sa 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Sodium sulphide hy 1 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 Na2S hy cs 20 3 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 1 0 0 1 hy sa 3 3 3 1 0 3
Sodium sulphite hy 10 20 3 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 Na2SO3 hy 50 bp 3 3 0 0 0 3
Sodium superoxide see sodium peroxide
Sodium tetraborate see borax
Sodium thiosulphate hy 1 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Na2S2O3 hy 10 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 hy 25 bp 3 P P P 0 0 1 cs 3 3 0 0 1 1 3 3 1 0 0 0
Spirit of terpentine 100 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 100 bp 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
236
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
237
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
Sulphuric acid 60 20 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 3 3 0 3 0 3 H2SO4 80 20 3 3 1 1 0 1 3 3 1 1 3 0 3 90 20 3 3 1 0 0 3 0 3 96 20 1 1 1 0 0 3 3 1 1 3 0 3
Sulphurous acid hy 1 20 3 3 0 0 1 0 3 3 0 1 H2SO3 hy cs 3 3 0 0 0 3 1 0 3 hy sa 3 3 1 0 1 0 3
Sulphur trioxide hy 100 20 3 SO3 dr 100 20 0 2 3 0 3 2 0 0 0 3 3 0
Tannic acid hy 5 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 C76H52O46 hy 25 100 3 3 0 0 0 hy 50 bp 3 3 0 0 0 0
Tar 20 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Tartaric acid hy 10 20 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 3 hy 10 bp 3 1 0 0 0 3 1 3 0 3 3 1 0 3 hy 25 20 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 hy 25 bp 3 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 3 hy 50 20 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 hy 50 bp 3 3 3 3 1 0 3 0 3
Tetrachloroethane see acetylen tetrachloride
Tetrachloroethylene pure 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 pure 100 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 mo 20 3 3 P P 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 3 mo bp 3 3 P P 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 3
Tin chloride 5 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 1 0 0 3 SnCl2 ; SnCl4 sa 3 3 3 3
Toluene 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C6H5-CH3 100 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Town gas 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
Trichloroacetaldehyde see chloral
Trichloroethylene pure 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CHCl=CCl2 pure 100 bp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 mo 20 3 3 P P 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 3 mo bp 3 3 P P 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 3
Spirits 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 bp 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Steam02 1 ppm; Cl10 ppm 560 1 1 1 0 0 0 02 1 ppm; Cl10 ppm 315 S S S S 0 0 002 15 ppm; Cl3 ppm 450 S S S S 0 0
Stearic acid 100 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 CH3(CH2)16COOH 100 95 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 100 180 1 0 3
Succinic acid bp 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HOOC–CH2–CH2–COOH
Sulphur dr 100 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 S me 130 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 me 240 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 mo 20 3 2 1 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 0
Sulphur dioxide dr 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SO2 dr 100 60 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 dr 100 400 3 3 3 0 1 3 0 0 3 dr 100 800 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 mo 100 20 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 3 0 0 0 3 mo 100 60 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 mo 100 70 3 3 3 3 0 0 3
Sulphuric acid 0.05 20 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 H2SO4 0.05 bp 3 1 1 0 1 0 3 0.1 20 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 0.2 bp 3 3 3 0 1 0 3 0.8 bp 3 3 3 3 1 0 3 1 20 3 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 1 3 bp 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 0 3 5 bp 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 0 3 7.5 20 3 3 1 0 1 0 1 10 bp 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 25 20 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 0 1 25 bp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 40 20 3 3 3 3 0 1 3 3 3 3 1 0 1 40 bp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 1 50 20 3 3 3 3 1 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 50 bp 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
238
Medium Materials
Conc
entra
tion
Tem
pera
ture
% ˚C
Non
-/low
- allo
y st
eels
Ferr
itic
stee
ls
Aust
eniti
c st
eels
Aust
eniti
c +
Mo
stee
ls
2.48
58 /
allo
y
825 2
.481
6 / a
lloy
600
2.48
56 /
allo
y 62
5
2.46
10, 2
.481
9 /a
lloy
C-4,
C-2
462.
4360
/ al
loy
400
2.08
82 /
allo
y Cu
Ni 7
0/30
Tom
bac
Bron
ze
Copp
er
Nick
el
Tita
nium
Tant
alum
Alum
iniu
m
Silv
er
Stainlesssteels
Nickel alloys Copperalloys
Pure metals
DesignationChemical formula
Trichloromethane see chloroform
Tricresylphosphate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Trinitrophenol see picric acid
Trichloroacetic acid see chloroacetic acid
Urea 100 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO(NH2)2 100 150 3 1 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 3 1
Uric acid hy 20 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 C5H4O4N3 hy 100 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3
Vinyl chloride dr 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CH2=CHCl 400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Water vapour see steam
Wine 20 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 3 bp 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 3
Yeast 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Yellow potassium prussiate see potassium ferricyanide
Zinc chloride hy 5 20 3 P P P 0 1 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 3 ZnCl2 hy 5 bp 3 3 3 3 0 3 1 3 3 1 0 0 3 hy 10 20 3 P P P 3 0 0 0 0 hy 20 20 3 P P P 3 3 3 0 0 hy 75 20 3 3 P P 0 0
Zinc sulphate hy 2 20 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ZnSO4 hy 20 bp 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 hy 30 bp 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 3 hy cs 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 hy sa 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 3
7.2 | Corrosion resistanceResistance tables
239
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbols
Conversion tables and formula symbols
Water vapour table 240
Temperature, saturated steam, pressure (alignment diagrams) 242
Greek alphabet 243 Formula symbols 244
Physical units (D, GB, US) 246 Conversion tables 248 Length, dimensions, time Temperature, angle, pressure Energy, capacity, volume
239
Contents
240 241241
bar
p
Saturation temperature
°C
t
17.513 28.983 36.183 41.534 45.833 52.574 60.086 64.992 69.124 75.886 78.743 81.345 85.954 89.959 93.512 96.713 99.632 111.37 120.23 127.43 133.54 138.87 143.62 147.92
Kinematic viscosityof vapour
10-6 m2/s
"
650.240 345.295 240.676 186.720 153.456 114.244 83.612 68.802 58.690 45.699 41.262 37.665 32.177 28.178 25.126 22.716 20.760 14.683 11.483 9.494 8.130 7.132 6.367 5.760
Density ofvapour
kg/m3
"
0.01492 0.02873 0.04212 0.05523 0.06814 0.09351 0.1307 0.1612 0.1912 0.2504 0.2796 0.3086 0.3661 0.4229 0.4792 0.5350 0.5904 0.8628 1.129 1.392 1.651 1.908 2.163 2.417
0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.10 0.14 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
bar
p
Saturation temperature
°C
t
151.84 158.84 164.96 170.41 175.36 179.88 184.07 187.96 191.61 195.04 198.29 212.37 223.94 233.84 240.88 247.31 250.33 257.41 263.91 269.93 275.55 280.82 285.79 290.50
Kinematic viscosityof vapour
10-6 m2/s
"
5.268 4.511 3.956 3.531 3.193 2.918 2.689 2.496 2.330 2.187 2.061 1.609 1.323 1.126 1.008 913 872 784 712 652 601 558 519 486
Density ofvapour
kg/m3
"
2.669 3.170 3.667 4.162 4.655 5.147 5.637 6.127 6.617 7.106 7.596 10.03 12.51 15.01 17.03 19.07 20.10 22.68 25.33 28.03 30.79 33.62 36.51 39.48
5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 34.0 38.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0
Pressure(absolute)
Pressure(absolute)
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbolsWater vapour table
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbolsWater vapour table
242
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbolsStability table
243
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbolsStability table
Alpha Alpha
Beta Beta
Gamma Gamma
Delta Delta
Epsilon Epsilon
Zeta Zeta
Eta Eta
Theta Theta
Jota Jota
Kappa Kappa
Lambda Lambda
My My
Ny Ny
Xi Xi
Omikron Omikron
Pi Pi
ρ Rho Rho
Sigma Sigma
Tau Tau
Ypsilon Ypsilon
Phi Phi
Chi Chi
Psi Psi
Omega Omega
Temperature Pressure
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbols Temperatures, saturated vapour, pressure
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbolsGreek alphabet
Saturation vapour
244 245
Formula symbol Significance
A Constant to describe fatigue behaviourCm Hardening factor to determine pressure resistance of bellows
Cd, Cf, Cp Anderson factors - geometry-dependent correction factors to calculate stress on bellows
DA Bellows outside diameterDAT Pressurised diameter of connecting pieceDm Average bellows diameterE(T) Temperature-dependent value of E-moduleF Force, reaction forceKPδ Reduction factor for pressure at high temperaturesKΔN Correction factor for the effect of load cycles on impulseKΔP Correction factor for the effect of pressure on impulseMB Bending momentMT TorqueMT,c Critical torqueN Load cyclesNxx% Number of load cycles for a failure probability of xx %P Damage parameterPS Operating pressure at temperature TSRP1,0(T) Temperature-dependent value of 1% elastic limitRm(T) Temperature-dependent value of tensile strengthS Safety factorSF Safety factor for plastic flowSK Safety factor for bucklingT TemperatureTS Operating temperaturecang Angular spring rate of entire bellowscax Axial spring rate of entire bellowsclat Lateral spring rate of entire bellowscα Angular spring rate of one bellows corrugationcδ Axial spring rate of one bellows corrugationcλ Lateral spring rate of one bellows corrugation
Formula symbol Significance
di Bellows inside diameter dhyd Bellows hydraulic diameterh Corrugation heightk Woehler curve exponentlf Flexible (corrugated) length of bellowslW Corrugation lengthnL Number of layersnW number of corrugationsp PressureΔp Pressure pulsationpK Buckle pressurePN Nominal pressurepRT Design pressure (operating pressure converted to room temperature)pT Design test pressures Wall thickness of individual layerα Angular bellows deflection (incline of bellows ends towards each other)αn Angular deflection per corrugationαn,0 Angular nominal deflection per corrugation (10,000 load cycles)δ Axial bellows deflectionδn Axial deflection per corrugationδn,0 Axial nominal deflection per corrugation (10,000 load cycles)δequ Equivalent axial bellows deflectionλ Lateral bellows deflection (perpendicular to bellows axis)λn Lateral deflection per corrugationλn,0 Lateral nominal deflection per corrugation (10,000 load cycles)λE Dimension-less buckling lengthηP Pressure capacityσB, meridional Bending stress parallel to bellows surfaceσum Average circumferential stressσmax, meridional Maximum permissible meridional stress under pressureτ Shear stress
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbolsFormula symbols used
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbolsFormula symbols used
246 247
Size
MeterKilogramSecondAmpereKelvinMolCandela
SI base unit
Name Symbol
SI base units
LengthMassTimeStrength of electrical currentThermodynamic temperatureQuantity of materialLight intensity
mkgsAKmolcd
Prefix
p n
m c d de h k M G
Prefix symbol
Prefix symbol
PikoNanoMikroMilliCentiDeciDecaHectoKiloMegaGiga
10-12
10-9
10-6
10-3
10-2
10-1
101
102
103
106
109
Factor by which unitis multiplied
Symbol
MillimetreKilometreInchFoot (=12 in)Yard (=3ft / = 36 in)
Name
Length - SL unit meter, m
mmkminftyd
0.0010 1000.00 0.0254 0.3048 0.9144
in m
Symbol
GramTonneOuncePoundShort ton (US)Ton (UK)
Name
Mass - SL unit kilogram, kg
gtozlbsh tntn
0.00100 1000.00 0.02835 0.4536 907.20 1016.00
in kg
Symbol
MinuteHourDayYear
Name
Time - SI unit seconds, s
minhda
60 360086400 3.154 ∙ 107
( 8760 h)
in s
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbolsPhysical units (D, GB, US)DIN1301-1, Version 10.2002
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbols
248 249
Symbol
Degrees CelsiusDegrees Fahrenheit
Name
Temperature - SI unit Kelvin, K (also see above alignment table)
°C deg F
/°C + 273.16/deg F ∙ 5/9 + 255.38
in K
1(/deg F - 32) ∙ 5/9
in °C
Symbol
Full angle Gon Degree (grd) Minute Second
Name
Angle - SI unit radiant, rad = m/m
gon
8
' "
2
/200/180/1.08 ∙ 10-4
/6.48 ∙ 10-5
in rad
Symbol
Pascal Hectopascal = Millibar Kilopascal Bar Megapascal Millimetre water column pound-force per square inchpound-force per square foot
Name
Pressure - SI unit Pascal, Pa = N/m2 = kg/ms2
Pa = N/m2
hPa = mbarkPAbarMPa = N/mm2
mm WSlbf/in2 = psilbf/ft2
1 100 1000 100000 1000000 9.807 6895 47.88
in Pa
0.00001 0.001 0.01 1 10 0.0001 0.0689 0.00048
in bar
Symbol
Kilowatt secondKilowatt hour Kilocalorie Pound-force foot British thermal unit
Name
Energy (also work, heat quantity) SI unit Joule, J = Nm = Ws
kWskWhkcallbf x ftBtu
1000 3.6 ∙ 106
4186 1.356 1055
in J
Symbol
Kilowatt Horsepower
Name
Capacity - SI unit Watt, W = m2 kg/s3 = J/s
kWPShp
1000 735.5 745.7
in W
Symbol
Liter Cubic inch Cubic foot Gallon (UK) Gallon (US)
Name
Volume - SI unit, m3
lin3
ft3
galgal
0.001 1.6387 ∙ 10-5
0.02832 0.004546 0.003785
in m3
7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbols 7.3 | Conversion tables and formula symbols
251
For more product information, see www.witzenmann.de/service
Metal hose manual
Manual of the expansion joint technology
7.5 | Documents for other products7.4 | Inquiry specifications