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Robert Robinson, MD, FACP
No Disclosures
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OBJECTIVES
Definition
Risk Factors
Treatment
Prognosis
Clinical
Cases
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77 YEAR OLD LOST IN PARKING LOT
• Wandering
• Does not know how he got there
• Cannot find car
• Oriented to person
• Knows address
• Brought to ED by EMS for evaluation
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77 YEAR OLD LOST IN PARKING LOT
Diagnosis
History
Exam
Tests
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DEFINITION- DSM-V
Metabolic Encephalopathy
Acute Onset
Attention
Awareness
Cognition
Not neurocognitive
disorder
Evidence of a medical cause
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77 YEAR OLD LOST IN PARKING LOT
Diagnosis
History
Exam
Tests
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77 YEAR OLD LOST IN PARKING LOT
• CT Head
• CBC
• BMP
• UA
• Urine toxicology
• Blood alcohol level
• Chest X-ray
• EKG
• Cardiac enzymes
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77 YEAR OLD LOST IN PARKING LOT
• CT Head
• CBC
• BMP
• UA
• Urine toxicology
• Blood alcohol level
• Chest X-ray
• EKG
• Cardiac enzymes
• Discuss patient with primary care provider
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DEFINITION- DSM-V
Metabolic Encephalopathy
Acute Onset
Attention
Awareness
Cognition
Not neurocognitive
disorder
Evidence of a medical cause
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77 YEAR OLD LOST IN PARKING LOT
• Not metabolic encephalopathy
• Progression of dementia
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62 YEAR OLD 2 DAYS POSTOP
• Confused
• Tolerated pain meds on POD #1
• No significant PMHx
• SHx – Family denies alcohol/drugs
• Exam
• Confused, inattentive
• Febrile
• Tachycardia
• Hypertensive
• Tremor
• Diaphoretic
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PREVALENCE IN HOSPITALS
Metabolic Encephalopathy
30%
J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40(8):829. , J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13(4):234.
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CAM (CONFUSION ASSESSMENT METHOD)
Features
Acute onset and fluctuating course
Inattention
Disorganized Thinking
OR
Altered level of consciousness
• Most common assessment tool
• Superior to MMSE
• Sensitivity 94-100%
• Specificity 90-95%
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(5):823.
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RISK FACTORS
Dementia
Stroke
Parkinson’s Disease
Sensory impairment
Critical illness
Sleep deprivation
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PRECIPITATING FACTORS
Metabolic
EncephalopathyDrugs
Infection
MetabolicCNS
Disorder
Organ Failure
Physical Disorder
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COLLISION OF FACTORS
Chronic Conditions Acute Illness
Environment Medications
Metabolic Encephalopathy
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62 YEAR OLD 2 DAYS POSTOP
• Confused
• Tolerated pain meds on POD #1
• No significant PMHx
• SHx – History of alcohol abuse
• Exam
• Confused, inattentive
• Febrile
• Tachycardia
• Hypertensive
• Tremor
• Diaphoretic
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Differential Diagnosis?
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MEDICATIONS AS A CAUSE
Medications30%
CNS Drugs. 1996; 5:103.
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Drugs
PrescriptionOver the counter
Recreational
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PRESCRIPTION DRUGS
• Take a thorough drug history• Call pharmacies
• Review medication administration record (MAR)
• Pay close attention to drug changes
• Consider drug withdrawal
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COMMON PRECIPITATING DRUGS
• Narcotics
• Benzodiazepines
• Muscle relaxers
• Antipsychotics
• Antidepressants
• Antibiotics
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CONSIDER CHECKING LEVELS
• Anti-seizure medications
• Digoxin
• Theophylline
• Lithium
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Drugs
PrescriptionOver the counter
Recreational
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OVER THE COUNTER DRUGS
• Take a thorough drug history• Antihistamines (including H2 blockers)
• Alternative medicines
• Analgesics
• Sleep aids
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Drugs
PrescriptionOver the counter
Recreational
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RECREATIONAL DRUGS
• Take a thorough drug history• Alcohol (consider withdrawal...)
• Stimulants
• Sedatives
• Narcotics
• “Designer drugs” - MDMA, MDPV
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MDMA – ECSTASY, MOLLY
• Delirium, agitation
• Hyponatremia
• Hyperthermia
• Liver injury
• Rhabdomyolysis
• Serotonin syndrome (with SSRI, MAOI)
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
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MDPV – BATH SALTS
• Delirium, agitation
• Hypertension
• Tachycardia
• Seizures
• Psychosis
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone
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SYNTHETIC CANNABIS – SPICE, K2
• Delirium
• Psychosis
• Hypertension
• Myocardial infarction
• Stroke
• Seizures
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62 YEAR OLD 2 DAYS POSTOP
• Metabolic Encephalopathy
• Drug history• Narcotics for pain control (New)
• Possible chronic alcohol use
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Differential Diagnosis?
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LABORATORY EVALUATION
• For most patients• CBC
• BMP
• TSH
• UA + Culture
• Consider• ABG
• Toxicology screening
• Drug levels
• CMP
• B12
• Folate
• RPR
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IMAGING STUDIES
• Tailor studies based on history/exam• Chest x-ray
• CT of brain
• MRI of brain
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CT WITHOUT NEUROLOGICAL FINDINGS
Posive CT Findings
4%96%
Acta Neurol Scand. 2008;118(4):245.
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OTHER STUDIES
• Tailor studies based on history/exam• Lumbar puncture
• EEG
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NON-CONVULSIVE STATUS EPILEPTICUS
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Privitera 1994 Claassen 2004
Epilepsy Res. 1994;18(2):155., Neurology. 2004;62(10):1743.
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62 YEAR OLD 2 DAYS POSTOP
• Metabolic Encephalopathy
• Drug history• Narcotics for pain control (New)
• Possible chronic alcohol use
• Labs unremarkable
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67 YEAR OLD IN ICU
• Admitted for septic shock and UTI
• On vent
• Reducing sedation• Agitated
• Combative
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Differential Diagnosis?
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DEFINITION- DSM-V
Metabolic Encephalopathy
Acute Onset
Attention
Awareness
Cognition
Not neurocognitive
disorder
Evidence of a medical cause
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How to assess ICU patients
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CAM-ICU
Features
Acute onset and fluctuating course
Inattention
Disorganized Thinking
OR
Altered level of consciousness
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CAM-ICU – ONSET AND COURSE
Is there evidence of an acute change in mental status from the patient’s baseline?
OR
Has the patient had any fluctuation in mental status in the past 24 hours as evidenced by fluctuation on a sedation/level of consciousness scale (i.e., RASS/SAS), GCS, or previous delirium assessment?
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CAM-ICU – INATTENTION
Say to the patient, “I am going to read you a series of 10 letters. Whenever you hear the letter ‘A,’ indicate by squeezing my hand.”
Read letters from the following letter list in a normal tone 3 seconds apart.
S A V E A H A A R T or C A S A B L A N C A or A B A D B A D A A Y
Errors are counted when patient fails to squeeze on the letter “A” and when the patient squeezes on any letter other than “A.”
Two or more errors qualifies for inattention.
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CAM-ICU – DISORGANIZED THINKING
Ask the following Yes/No questionsWill a stone float on water?
Are there fish in the sea?
Does one pound weigh more than two pounds?
Can you use a hammer to pound a nail?
Say to patient: “Hold up this many fingers” (Hold 2 fingers in front of patient) “Now do the same thing with the other hand”
More than one error qualifies for disorganized thinking
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CAM – ALTERED LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Present if the RASS score is anything other than alert and calm (zero)
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Differential Diagnosis?
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67 YEAR OLD IN ICU
• Admitted for septic shock and UTI
• On vent
• Reducing sedation• Agitated
• Combative
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Treatment
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TREATMENT & PREVENTION
Behavior Management
Precipitating Factors
Risk Factors
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PHYSICAL RESTRAINTS
• 3x more likely to have persistent delirium
• Increased risk for• Falls
• Pressure ulcers
• Increased agitation
Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(13):1406.
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BENZODIAZEPINES
• Commonly used in treatment of delirium
• No clear evidence of benefit
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;
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Neuroleptic Medications
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NEUROLEPTIC MEDICATIONS
• Haloperidol
• Haloperidol + Quetiapine
• Risperidone
• Olanzapine
• Quetiapine
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007
Crit Care Med. 2010;38(2):419
J Hosp Med. 2013 Apr;8(4):215-20
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HALOPERIDOL + QUETIAPINE
Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: A prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study *.Devlin, John; Roberts, Russel; Fong, Jeffrey; Skrobik, Yoanna; Riker, Richard; Hill, Nicholas; Robbins, Tracey; Garpestad, Erik
Critical Care Medicine. 38(2):419-427, February 2010.DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b9e302
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HALOPERIDOL VS. QUETIAPINE
Maneeton B, Maneeton N, Srisurapanont M, Chittawatanarat K.
Quetiapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of delirium: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.
Drug Des Devel Ther. 2013 Jul 24;7:657-67.
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HALOPERIDOL VS. NEWER NEUROLEPTICS
Hyung-Jun Yoon, Kyoung-Min Park, Won-Jung Choi, Soo-Hee Choi, Jin-Young Park, Jae-Jin Kim and
Jeong-Ho Seok
Efficacy and safety of haloperidol versus atypical antipsychotic medications in the treatment of
delirium
BMC Psychiatry 2013, 13:240
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FREQUENCY OF ADES
80%
Adverse Drug Event20%
BMC Psychiatry 2013, 13:240
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Prevention
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TREATMENT & PREVENTION
Behavior Management
Precipitating Factors
Risk Factors
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RISK FACTORS FOR DELIRIUM
• Dementia
• Stroke
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Sensory impairment
• Critical illness
• Sleep deprivation
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MODIFYING RISK FACTORS
• Orientation
• Sleep
• Mobilization
• Glasses
• Hearing aids
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1:CD009537
Promising data from small studies
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AVOIDING PRECIPITATING FACTORS
• High risk drugs
• Withdrawal syndromes
• Metabolic disturbances
• Manage Pain
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Prophylaxis
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RISPERIDONE
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Hakim 2012 Prakanrattana 2007
Risperidone
Placebo
Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007 Oct;35(5):714-9., Anesthesiology. 2012 May;116(5):987-97.
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OLANZAPINE
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Larsen 2010
Olanzapine
Placebo
Psychosomatics. 2010 Sep-Oct;51(5):409-18.
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MELATONIN
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Sultan 2010 Al-Aama 2011
Melatonin
Placebo
Saudi J Anaesth. 2010 Sep;4(3):169-73., Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011 Jul;26(7):687-94
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RAMELTEON
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Hatta 2014
Ramelteon
Placebo
JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 Apr;71(4):397-403.
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MALE FOUND UNRESPONSIVE
• Brought to ED by police• Unknown identity
• No history
• Disheveled
• Smells strongly of alcohol
• Snoring
• No signs of trauma
• Vitals stable
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Differential Diagnosis?
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PRECIPITATING FACTORS
Metabolic
EncephalopathyDrugs
Infection
MetabolicCNS
Disorder
Organ Failure
Physical Disorder
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COLLISION OF FACTORS
Chronic Conditions Acute Illness
Environment Medications
Metabolic Encephalopathy
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MALE FOUND UNRESPONSIVE
• Brought to ED by police• Unknown identity
• No history
• Disheveled
• Smells strongly of alcohol
• Snoring
• No signs of trauma
• Vitals stable
• Alcohol Intoxication
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MALE FOUND UNRESPONSIVE
• Brought to ED by police• Unknown identity
• No history
• Disheveled
• Smells strongly of alcohol
• Snoring
• No signs of trauma
• Vitals stable
• Alcohol Intoxication
• Thiamine deficiency
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MALE FOUND UNRESPONSIVE
• Brought to ED by police• Unknown identity
• No history
• Disheveled
• Smells strongly of alcohol
• Snoring
• No signs of trauma
• Vitals stable
• Alcohol Intoxication
• Thiamine deficiency
• Aspiration pneumonia
![Page 82: Metabolic encephalopathy diagnosis and management](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051710/5a6479857f8b9a76568b4607/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
MALE FOUND UNRESPONSIVE
• Brought to ED by police• Unknown identity
• No history
• Disheveled
• Smells strongly of alcohol
• Snoring
• No signs of trauma
• Vitals stable
• Alcohol Intoxication
• Thiamine deficiency
• Aspiration pneumonia
• Subdural hematoma
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PRECIPITATING FACTORS
Metabolic
EncephalopathyDrugs
Infection
MetabolicCNS
Disorder
Organ Failure
Physical Disorder
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