Download - Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and
retrieval of information.
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Take out a piece of paper…..
• Name the seven dwarves…..
Now name them…..
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Was it easy or hard?
• It depends on several things….
• If you like Disney movies?
• When was the last time you have seen the movie?
• Are people around you being loud pain in the butts so you cannot concentrate?
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Recall Versus Recognition
Recall• you must retrieve the
information from your memory
• fill-in-the blank or essay tests
Recognition• you must identify the
target from possible targets
• multiple-choice tests
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The Memory ProcessThree step process….
1.Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system.
2.Storage: The retention of encoded material over time.
3.Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
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Three Box Model of Memory
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Sensory Memory
• A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information.
• Sperling’s research on Iconic Memory
• Echoic Memory
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Short Term Memory
• The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM.
• Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically.
• Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds.
• We recall digits better than letters.
Short Term Memory Activity
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Ways to remember things in STM…so they go to LTM
• Chunking: Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
• Mnemonic devices
• Rehearsal
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."
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Long Term Memory
• Unlimited storehouse of information.
• Explicit (declarative) memories
• Implicit (non-declarative) memories
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Explicit Memories
• Episodic Memories
• Semantic Memories
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Implicit Memories
• Procedural Memories
• Conditioned Memories
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Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents…
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Encoding Information
• Primacy Effect
• Recency Effect
• Serial Positioning Effect
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Spacing Effect
• DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
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The Ways we can encode…
• Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.
• Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
• Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning.
Encoding Exercise
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The Context Matters!!!
• Flashbulb Memories
• Mood Congruent Memory
• State Dependent Memory
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Constructive Memory• Memories are not always what they
seem.• Elizabeth Loftus• A constructed memory is a created
memory.• Misinformation effect
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Forgetting
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Forgetting
• Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information.
• Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information.
Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name.
Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.
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Storing MemoriesLong Term-
Potentiation• long-lasting
enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously.
• In other words…they learn to fire together and get better at it…creating a memory.