Download - Memory
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Memory
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Memory ____________________
persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Flashbulb Memory a clear memory of an
emotionally significant moment or event
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Memory Memory as Information Processing
similar to a computer write to file save to disk read from disk
_____________________ the processing of information into the
memory system i.e., extracting meaning
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Memory ______________________
the retention of encoded information over time
___________________ process of getting information
out of memory
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Memory Sensory Memory
the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
Working Memory focuses more on the processing
of briefly stored information
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Memory Short-Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly
look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten
Long-Term Memory the relatively permanent and limitless
storehouse of the memory system
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A Simplified Memory Model
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
Sensory inputAttention to importantor novel information
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieving
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Encoding - Getting Information In
Encoding
Effortful Automatic
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Encoding _________________________
unconscious encoding of incidental information space time frequency
well-learned information word meanings
we can learn automatic processing reading backwards
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Encoding Effortful Processing
requires attention and conscious effort
Rehearsal conscious repetition of information
to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage
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Encoding Ebbinghaus used nonsense
syllables TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1,
the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
______________________ distributed practice yields better long-
term retention than massed practice
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Encoding
20
15
10
5
08 16 24 32 42 53 64
Time in minutestaken to relearnlist on day 2
Number of repetitions of list on day 1
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Memory Demonstration
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Encoding - Serial Position Effect
12
Percentage of words
recalled
0
908070605040302010
Position of word in list
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
_______________________-tendency to recall best the last items in a list
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Encoding Imagery
mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing,
especially when combined with semantic encoding
Mnemonics memory aids especially those techniques that use
vivid imagery and organizational devices
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Encoding ________________________
organizing items into familiar, manageable units like horizontal organization--
1776149218121941 often occurs automatically use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream
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Storage - Retaining Information _________________ Memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second
__________________ Memory momentary sensory memory of
auditory stimuli
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Storage - Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory limited in
duration and capacity
“magical” number _________
0102030405060708090
3 6 9 12 15 18
Time in seconds between presentationof contestants and recall request
(no rehearsal allowed)
Percentagewho recalledconsonants
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Storage - Long-Term Memory How does storage work?
Karl Lashley (1950) rats learn maze lesion cortex test memory
Synaptic changes Long-term Potentiation
increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
Strong emotions make for stronger memories some stress hormones boost learning and
retention
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Storage - Long-Term Memory Amnesia--the loss of memory Explicit Memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
also called declarative memory _________________--neural center in limbic
system that helps process explicit memories for storage
Implicit Memory retention independent of conscious recollection also called procedural memory
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Storage - Long-Term Memory Subsystems
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Retrieval - Getting Information Out
Recall measure of memory in which the
person must retrieve information learned earlier
as on a fill-in-the blank test ___________________
Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned
as on a multiple-choice test
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Retrieval Relearning
memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time
Priming activation, often
unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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Retrieval Cues
Deja Vu (French)--already seen cues from the current situation may
subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
"I've experienced this before."
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Forgetting Forgetting as encoding failure Information never enters long-term
memory
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-term
memory
Long-term
memory
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Encodingfailure leadsto forgetting
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Retrieval Forgetting can result from failure to
retrieve information from long-term memory
Externalevents
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieval failureleads to forgetting
Retrieval
Sensorymemory
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
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Improve Your Memory Study repeatedly to boost recall Spend more time rehearsing or
actively thinking about the material Make material personally
meaningful Use mnemonic devices
associate with peg words--something already stored
make up story chunk--acronyms
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Improve Your Memory Activate retrieval cues--mentally
recreate situation and mood Recall events while they are
fresh-- before you encounter misinformation
Minimize interference Test your own knowledge
rehearse determine what you do not yet
know