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Meeting the Challenge of Periodical Payment Orders
Anthony Wright, The MDU
Sarah MacDonnell, LCP
Scott Jamieson, Kames Capital
2 June 2014
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Agenda
• The challenge posed by PPOs
• Candidate investments
• Discussion
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What is a PPO?
• A PPO is a contingent, deferred, whole-life, wage inflation linked, guaranteed, impaired annuity, where the identity of the annuitant and the size of the annual payments are unknown at inception.
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GIRO PPO Working Party
• Annual quantitative & qualitative survey
• Impaired life mortality
• Reinsurance
• Market solutions
• “How to” guide
• Structured settlements in other jurisdictions
See IFoA website!
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Agenda
• The challenge posed by PPOs
• Candidate investments
• Discussion
![Page 6: Meeting the Challenge of Periodical Payment Orders Anthony Wright, The MDU Sarah MacDonnell, LCP Scott Jamieson, Kames Capital 2 June 2014](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56649ed15503460f94bdfdc4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
PPOs – what do you need to know?
6
Fundamentally changing UK motor insurance as we know it− implications for liability and medical malpractice too
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PPOs – what do you need to know?
Replace lump sum with annuity• From 6 year liability to future term of 40 years on average
Annuity element typically covers care costs• Lump sum still paid alongside
Annual payments are inflation protected – linked to earnings inflation
Only started appearing in 2008
Periodical Payment Orders (structured settlements)
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PPOs – what do you need to know?
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
0%
2005
PPO reserves (settled PPOs only) as a proportion of UK motor market reserves
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Mean term of 40 years Earnings inflation link
Greater risk than a life annuity
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+
No
of M
otor
PPO
s
Life Expectancy
Distribution of Future Life Expectancy at the time of settlement
Pension-like cashflows (Defined benefit)
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New areas of risk for GI practitioners
Interest rate
Inflation
Mortality
Credit
Asset matching
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Impacts on all areas of the business
Reserving Capital Pricing
Investment Strategy Administration
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How is the market adapting?
Denial
The Bereavement Curve
Anger/fear
Depression
Understanding
Acceptance
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Investment
Our survey said:
just 3 out of 14 insurers
and one reinsurer
had changed their investment strategy
Critical mass?
Call for Government to issue longer term gilts
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Current value of motor industry PPO reserves: ~£2bn Based on mean:
annual amount (£85k) life expectancy (44 years) 0% net discount rate
Larger if take into account large claims known about but not yet settled as PPOs Smaller for direct insurers if take reinsurance into account
How many?
Health warning: Figures subject to a large degree of uncertaintyHighly dependant upon assumptions selected
Number of PPOs
Motor Insurance Industry: ~500
MIB: ~100
NHS: Many More
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Term of GI liabilities will continue to lengthen over decades
How many?Only set to increase
PPO reserves (settled PPOs only) as a proportion of UK motor market reserves
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HistoryNumber of PPOs by settlement year
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Motor
Liability
Settlement Year
Nu
mb
er o
f P
PO
s
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Ogden tables used to calculate lump sum awards
Real rate set at 2.5% in 2001 by Lord Chancellor Series of consultations between November 2010 and May 2013
HistoryOgden discount rate
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HistoryNumber of PPOs by settlement year
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Motor
Liability
Settlement Year
Nu
mb
er o
f P
PO
s
2008• Economic crisis• Link to ASHE established
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ASHEYear on year percentage change (April to April)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
-2%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
RPI
ASHE 70th percentile
ASHE 80th percentile
ASHE 90th percentile
An
nu
al i
nfl
atio
n
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Survey not an index Sample 1% of jobs drawn from HM Revenue and Customs PAYE records “SOC” Occupation codes Percentiles
Short history - started in 2004 replacing the National Earnings Survey NES Back history to 1998 also published at the time
Numerous “features” Occupation code allocations change every 10 years (2002 and 2012) Methodology changes 2007 External impacts:
2003 Implementation of Care Standards Act and changes to the Manual Handling Operations
Act EU Working Time Directive 1999 introduction of the minimum wage
ASHEAnnual Survey of Hourly Earnings
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Impaired lives Brain injury 70% Spinal injury 20%
Small cohorts
Longevity
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One size does not fit all
Size/Business mix• Motor proportion
• International Group• Composite
Demographics
Risk attitude/appetite
Outlook• Long/short term
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PPOs – what do you need to know?
Fundamentally changing UK motor insurance as we know it
Better outcome for claimants
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Agenda
• The challenge posed by PPOs
• Candidate investments
• Discussion
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Stochastic Liability Cashflows
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The ideal PPO investment
Source: Clarke, Lee & Jamieson (2013) How to deal with PPOs in practice, (available online at www.actuaries.org.uk)
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Option #1: UK Government IL bonds
Source: Clarke, Lee & Jamieson (2013) How to deal with PPOs in practice, (available online at www.actuaries.org.uk)
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Option #2: UK Corporate IL bonds
Source: Clarke, Lee & Jamieson (2013) How to deal with PPOs in practice, (available online at www.actuaries.org.uk)
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Option #3: Infrastructure
Source: Clarke, Lee & Jamieson (2013) How to deal with PPOs in practice, (available online at www.actuaries.org.uk)
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Infrastructure market
Source: Clarke, Lee & Jamieson (2013) How to deal with PPOs in practice, (available online at www.actuaries.org.uk)
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Opportunity set
Source: Clarke, Lee & Jamieson (2013) How to deal with PPOs in practice, (available online at www.actuaries.org.uk)
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Accessing infrastructure
Source: Clarke, Lee & Jamieson (2013) How to deal with PPOs in practice, (available online at www.actuaries.org.uk)
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Listed Infrastructure Performance
Source: Clarke, Lee & Jamieson (2013) How to deal with PPOs in practice, (available online at www.actuaries.org.uk)
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UK listed investment companies
Source: Clarke, Lee & Jamieson (2013) How to deal with PPOs in practice, (available online at www.actuaries.org.uk)
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Option #4: Unconstrained solution
Source: Clarke, Lee & Jamieson (2013) How to deal with PPOs in practice, (available online at www.actuaries.org.uk)
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Capital treatment under Solvency II
Source: Clarke, Lee & Jamieson (2013) How to deal with PPOs in practice, (available online at www.actuaries.org.uk)
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Capital treatment of investments under Solvency II
Source: Clarke, Lee & Jamieson (2013) How to deal with PPOs in practice, (available online at www.actuaries.org.uk)
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Agenda
• The challenge posed by PPOs
• Candidate investments
• Discussion