![Page 1: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT
Mechano-Chemical
Surface Modification With Cu2S:
Inducing Superior Lubricity
Michael Varenberg, Grigory Ryk, Alexander Yakhnis,
Yuri Kligerman, Neha Kondekar, Matthew T. McDowell
Tribology Labs @ Mechanical Engineering
![Page 2: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2Lubricated Friction
Friction C
oeffic
ient
Viscosity Velocity
Load
Full-film
h >> Rh ≈ R
h → 0
Boundary
Mixed
Solid 1
Solid 2
Lubricant
FN
vh
Surface roughness, R
![Page 3: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3Friction in Boundary Lubrication
I – Nonpolar base oil
II – Fatty acid dissolved in the base oil: reacts with the metallic surface
forming a metallic soap
III – EP additive dissolved in the base oil: reacts when Tr is reached
IV – Hypothetical curve for an effective combination of II and III
Temperature
Tm(II)
0.1
0.2
0.3
Friction c
oeffic
ient
Tr(III)
0.4
0.5
IV
Tm(III)High Low
![Page 4: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4Surface Film Formation
Approach State-of-the-art
InputExtreme pressure and anti-wear agents
containing S, Cl, P, etc.
Methods
and
means
Complex formulation
of general-purpose oil
as a mean of transportation
Uncontrolled interaction
during service
Outcome Non-uniform surface film
ImpactGood oil lubricity leading
to low friction and wear
Approach State-of-the-art Hypothesized
InputExtreme pressure and anti-wear agents
containing S, Cl, P, etc.
Methods
and
means
Complex formulation
of general-purpose oil
as a means of transportation
Simple
direct
tailored
surface treatment
during
manufactureUncontrolled interaction
during service
Outcome Non-uniform surface film Uniform surface film
ImpactGood oil lubricity leading
to low friction and wear
Superior oil lubricity leading
to ultra-low friction and wear
![Page 5: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5Surface Finishing Processes
Abrasive processesGrinding, honing, lapping,
polishing, etc.
Cold-working processesShot peening, laser-shock peening,
burnishing, etc.
![Page 6: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6Deformation Induced Diffusion
The surfaces are activated by heat and rupture of atomic
bonds at newly generated grain boundaries and dislocations.
This leads to anomalous acceleration of the diffusion activity.
Given the presence of such elements as sulfur, chlorine or
phosphorus in the immediate environment DURING the
finishing mechanical treatment, stable lubrication-beneficial
subsurface layers can be formed in advance
![Page 7: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
FeSFe S? ?
Al2O3
Fe
Al2O3
Fe
Potential Pathway
Cu2S
FeS
Cu2S
Cu
Cu2SCu
FeS
Cu CuDisplacement reaction
Al (-1.662)
Fe (-0.447)
Mo (-0.200)
W (0.100)
Cu (0.342)
Most reactive
Least reactive
![Page 8: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8Surface Treatment
Particles
Shield
Specimen
Carrier gas
Vibrating
reservoir
Peened surface Nozzle
Treated surfaces: Ground cast iron
Shot peening media: Al2O3, size 44-75 mm, and Cu2S, size <44 mm
Carrier gas: N2, pressure 2 bar
![Page 9: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9Material and Surface Properties
Material Al2O3 Cu2SCast
iron (CI)
CI after
Al2O3
CI after
Cu2S
CI after
Al2O3+
Cu2S
Mild
steel
UseShot peening
media
Tested
surfaces
Counter
surface
Hardness,
HV2,600 90 191±16 250±35 214±52 256±25 307±39
Ra, mm - - 2.3 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.3
![Page 10: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10Experimental Details
0
150
100
50
Time, s0 150 300 450 600 750 900 1050
Speed, rpm
5
8
7
6
Friction force, N
F
L
Load
Friction gage
Ring sample Spindle axis
Block sample
Moving
block
holder
Rings: Mild steel
Blocks: Grey cast iron
Loads: 30, 50 N Speeds: 0.1-0.9 m/s
Lubrication: SN90 base oil, 55 cPa s @ 30 °C, 2 drops/min
![Page 11: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11Frictional Performance
Al2O3+Cu2S
Cu2S
Al2O3
Reference
Speed/load, m s-1 N-1
0.001 0.010
0.06
0.04
0.02
Frictio
n c
oe
ffic
ien
t
0.10
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.08
30 N
50 N
![Page 12: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12X-ray Photoelectron Spectra
0
2
4
6
8
10
12×103
Inte
nsity,
counts
85 80 75 70 65
Binding energy, eV
Reference
Al2O3
Cu2S
Al2O3+Cu2S
Cu 3p1/2
Cu 3p3/2 Al 2p
0
5
10
15
20
25
30×103
Inte
nsity,
counts
960 950 940 930
Binding energy, eV
Reference
Al2O3
Cu2S
Al2O3+Cu2S
Cu 2p1/2
Cu 2p3/2
0
1
2
3
4
5
7×103
Inte
nsity,
counts
175 170 165 160
Binding energy, eV
Reference
Al2O3
Cu2S
Al2O3+Cu2S
S 2p
6
![Page 13: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13Worn Surfaces
40 mm
Not peened Peened with Al2O3
Peened with Cu2S Peened with a blend of
Al2O3 and Cu2S
40 mm
40 mm 40 mm
![Page 14: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14Summary
• A direct route to the formation of a surface layer of
superior lubricity is presented as an alternative to the
use of oil additives for friction reduction
• An ultra-low friction coefficient of about 0.01 is obtained
with base oil lubrication after shot peening the surface
using a mixture of Cu2S and Al2O3
• Preliminary results suggest that the surface treated with
a blend of Al2O3 and Cu2S particles exhibits high wear
resistance
Varenberg, Ryk, Yakhnis, Kligerman, Kondekar and McDowell, Tribol. Lett. 64 (2016) 28
![Page 15: Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification With Cu2S: Inducing Superior Lubricity · 2019-06-13 · Georgia Institute of Technology, Technion - IIT Mechano-Chemical Surface Modification](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042200/5ea0004da3709e45ff1d3bd0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15Acknowledgments
Yuri
Kligerman
Grigory
Ryk
Alexander
Yakhnis
Neha
Kondekar
Matthew T.
McDowell
Carl E. Schustak Energy Research and Development Fund
New York Metropolitan Research Fund