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S L A U G H T E R I N
G
T H E A M A
Z O N S U M M A
R Y
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T E R I N G
T H E A M A Z O N
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‘ Just as no country can solveclimate change alone, harnessingthe wealth o a orest spread over eight countries requires international co-operation. For that reason, in
2008 Brazil launched the AmazonFund. Over $20 billion will be raised tofnance conservation and sustainabledevelopment. These resources will beused to curb illegal logging, but also
to develop alternative livelihoods.Norway has already pledged $1.1 billion over ten years or the und.W h th ill ll ’
‘ Supporting competitive Braziliancompanies in the international
market is a primary objective o theBrazilian government, and or morethan sixteen years BNDES has
been participating in the successul eort o maintaining a market-
based, competitive environment or Brazilian exporters.’
Brazilian National Development
Bank website, ‘Exports’
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E X E C U
T I V E S U
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IN bRIEf
SL A UGH TERING
THE A M A ZON
GLObAL AcTION TOTAckLE cLIMATE cHANGE
Bazi is the wod’s outh agest poduce o
geenhouse gas (GHG) eissions.1 The ajoit o
eissions coe o the ceaance and buningo the Aazon ainoest.. Goba, topica oest
destuction is esponsibe o aound 20% o goba
GHG eissions.2 Ending deoestation is an essentia
pat o a goba stateg to tace ciate change and
to pesee biodiesit.
The ajo chaenge, as identifed b the Wod Ban,
is to taget the ain econoic dies o deoestation
at the ‘agicutua onties, such as the Aazon’.3
Wod goenents, utiatea unding agencies such
as the Wod Ban and goba copoations a hae a
oe to pa.
The Copenhagen Ciate Suit, to be hed in
Dena in Decebe 2009, is the e oppotunit o
goenents to agee easues to dastica educe
GHG eissions. An eectie dea ust incude
actions and unding to tace deoestation.
THE cATTLE SEcTOR IN THE AMAZONIS THE SINGLE LARGEST dRIvEROf GLObAL dEfORESTATION
EffORTS TO HALT GLObAL dEfORESTATIONEMISSIONS MUST TAckLE THE bRAZILIAN
cATTLE SEcTOR IN THE AMAZON
The catte secto in the Baziian Aazon is the
agest die o deoestation in the wod,4
esponsibe o one in ee eight hectaes destoed
goba.5 Eots to hat goba deoestation
eissions ust tace this secto.
ZErO DEOrESTATION IS A SOCIAl
AND ECOlOGICAl ImPErATIvE.
The wod’s oests aintain ecoogica sstes that
ae essentia o ie. The cutua suia o anoest dweing peopes and counities depends
on the ongoing heath o thei oests. oests aso
ZErO DEOrESTATION IS A ClImATE ImPErATIvE.
oests pa a ita oe in stabiising the wod’s ciate
b stoing age aounts o cabon that woud othewise
contibute to ciate change.
The Aazon is estiated to stoe 80-120 biion tonneso cabon.7 I destoed, soe ft ties the annua GHG
eissions o the USA coud be eitted.8
DESTrUCTION O THE AmAZON, THE WOrlD’S
mOST ImPOrTANT OrEST CArBON STOrE, IS
BEING DrIvEN By THE CATTlE SECTOr.
The Baziian Aazon has the geatest annua aeage
deoestation b aea o anwhee in the wod.9
The catte secto is the e die o deoestation in
the Baziian Aazon.10 Accoding to the Baziian
goenent: ‘Catte ae esponsibe o about 80%
o a deoestation’ in the Aazon egion.11 In ecent
eas, on aeage one hectae o Aazon ainoest
has been ost to catte anches ee 18 seconds.12
The catte secto in the Baziian Aazon is esponsibe
o 14% o the wod’s annua deoestation.13 This aes it
the wod’s agest die o deoestation, esponsibe o
oe oest oss than the tota deoestation in an count
outside Bazi ecept Indonesia.14
THE bRAZILIAN GOvERNMENT fOREcASTS
dOMINATION Of THE GLObAL bEEf TRAdE
Bazi has the wod’s agest coecia cattehed15 and is the wod’s agest bee epote.16
With China, it shaes the position o top epote o
tanned eathe.17 The Baziian goenent oecasts
a doubing o Bazi’s shae o goba tade in bee
poducts b 2108.18
The Baziian catte secto has seen apid epot-oiented
gowth oe the ast decade.19 Epots o bee and ea
o Bazi inceased aost si-od in oue between
1998 and 2008.20 B 2008, nea one in ee thee
tonnes o bee taded intenationa cae out o Bazi.21
The tota aue o the catte tade o Bazi was $6.9biion22 in 2008, with eathe epesenting oe than a
quate o that aue.23
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THE bRAZILIAN GOvERNMENT ISbANkROLLING THE ExpANSION OfTHE cATTLE SEcTOR IN THE AMAZON
To aid Bazi’s doination o the goba aet o
agicutua coodities incuding bee, the Baziian
goenent is inesting in a pats o the supp chain, o
a-ee poduction to the intenationa aet.
BrAZIl IS OErING CrEDIT WOrTH $41 BIllION
TO ArmErS TO BOOST PrODUCTION.In Ju 2008, Bazi’s Pesident lua announced the
2008/2009 Agicutua and liestoc Pan, which ade
aaiabe $41 biion in cedit ines to boost agicutua and
iestoc poduction. 85% o this cedit was designated o
copoate agicutue.25
CATTlE ExPANSION IS CONCENTrATED IN THE
AmAZON rEGION, WHErE lACk O GOvErNANCE
mEANS lAND AND lABOUr ArE CHEAP.
Successie epots b the Wod Ban, the Baziian
goenent and eseach institutes, and anasis b
Geenpeace consistent concude that catte anching
occupies about 80% o a deoested and in the
Aazon egion.26
The agest econoic incentie o the epansion o Bazi’s
catte secto into the Aazon is ac o goenance:27
contibuting actos incude couption, disoganisation,
iited capacit and ac o coodination between
goenent depatents.
Anasis b Geenpeace o 2006–2007 sateite data and
oest ceaance peits eeas that oe than 90% o
cuent Aazon deoestation was iega.28
GOvErNmENT lAWS ArE SET TO INCrEASE
THE AvAIlABIlITy O lAND – lEGAlISING
INCrEASED DEOrESTATION.
land gabbing in the Aazon is apant. land tites in
the Aazon egion ae in disaa, with the ega status o
ough ha the aea uncetain.29
rathe than fing the pobe, a bi beoe the Baziian
Congess woud ewad and gabbes b giing the
popet ights o iega occupied and.30
A second bi31
beoe the Baziian Congess poposesto oe than doube the pecentage o oest that can be
ceaed ega within a popet.
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m e g a t o n s o f C O 2
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THE bRAZILIAN GOvERNMENT pART-OWNS THE GLObAL cORpORATIONSExpANdING IN THE AMAZON
THE bRAZILIAN GOvERNMENT
HAS SHARES IN GLObAL bEEf ANd LEATHER pROdUcERS.
Though the Baziian Nationa Deeopent Ban
(BNDES), the fnance a o the Baziian minist
o Deeopent, Indust and oeign Tade, the
Baziian goenent has oed stategic aiances
with the handu o goba paes in the catte secto.
Between 2007 and 2009, these paes – who account
o up to 50% o Bazi’s bee epots aet – eceied
$2.65 biion o the BNDES,32 in echange o
Baziian goenent shaes in the copanies.
The thee pocessos eceiing the ion’s shae o
Baziian goenent inestent – Betin, JBS and
maig – incude one o the wod’s agest eathe
tades,33 the wod’s agest bee tade (contoing at
east 10% o goba bee poduction),34 and the wod’s
outh-agest bee tade, espectie.35
Epansion b these goups is eectie a ‘joint entue’
with the Baziian goenent.
These copanies see the fnancia cisis as an
oppotunit to buid goba aet shae. Without
Baziian goenent one, the abiit o these paesto continue buiding a goba tade epie ounded on
the epot o catte poducts o the Aazon woud
hae been educed.
To boste Bazi’s shae o goba tade,36 the
goenent is poiding capita o epansion o catte
pocessing inastuctue in the Aazon egion.37
In a oan assessent o Betin, the Intenationa inance
Copoation (IC), the piate ending a o the Wod
Ban, waned o the iss o ueing deoestation b
epanding saughtehouse capacit in the egion. A Wod Ban audito concuded: ‘[Bertin’s Marabá
slaughterhouse expansion] project poses a grave
GREENpEAcE ExpOSES THEbLINd cONSUMpTION Of THEpROdUcTS Of AMAZON cRIME
bRAZILIAN GOvERNMENT ‘JOINT
vENTURES’ ARE MARkETING SLAvERY ANd fOREST dESTRUcTION
Geenpeace has taced the tade in catte poducts
bac o the epot-oiented pocessing aciities o
Betin, JBS and maig in the south o Bazi to thee
onties o deoestation in the Aazon.
Whie the Bue Chip copanies behind eputabe
goba bands appea to beiee that Aazon souces
ae ecuded o thei poducts,39 Geenpeace
inestigations epose o the fst tie how thei bind
consuption o aw ateias ues deoestation and
ciate change.
Geenpeace undecoe inestigations hae unpiced the
cope goba tade in bee poducts o pat-Baziian-
goenent-owned copoations – Betin, JBS and maig.
Geenpeace has identifed hundeds o anches within the
Aazon ainoest supping catte to saughtehouses in
the Aazon egion beonging to these copanies. Whee
Geenpeace was abe to obtain apped boundaies o
anches, sateite anasis eeas that signifcant suppies
o catte coe o anches actie in ecent and iega
deoestation. Tade data aso eea tade with anches
using oden-da sae. Additiona, one Betin
saughtehouse eceies suppies o catte o an iegaanch occuping Indian lands.
These saughtehouses in the Aazon egion then
ship bee o hides to copan aciities thousands o
ioetes awa in the south o uthe pocessing
beoe epot. In a nube o cases, additiona
pocessing taes pace in ipot counties beoe the
fna poduct eaches the aet. In eect, ciina
o ‘dit’ suppies o catte ae ‘aundeed’ though the
supp chain to an unwitting goba aet.
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S L A U GHT E RI N
GT HE A
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‘ The Amazon rainorest contains about one tenth o the total carbon stored in land ecosystems
and recycles a large ractiono the rainall that alls upon
it. So any major change to itsvegetation, brought about by events like deorestation or drought, has an impact on the
global climate system.’
Met Ofce Hadley Centre 2008
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T E R I N G
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The ‘laundry lisT’:global brands are silenTparTners To crime
Our evidence links an Amazon-contaminated supply chain
to suppliers to many reputable global brands and retailers,
including a long list o international Blue Chip companies:
Adidas, BMW, Carreour, Ford, Honda, Gucci, IKEA, Krat,
Nike, Tesco, Toyota, Wal-Mart. The public sector is also
exposed; our fndings link the chain to suppliers to the UK
National Health Service (NHS),40 and to a supplier in the
Middle East whose customers include the British, Dutch,
Italian, Spanish and US military orces.41
The Tour du monde – amazoncaTTle producTs geT aroundThe world in 80 ways
Our undercover investigations have taken
us on a tour o the world:
c: Globally, about hal o leather production is
or shoes.42 China is the world’s largest producer and
exporter o shoes, producing nearly 60% o the world’stotal output in 2006.43 Bertin is a major exporter o leather
to China. Greenpeace undercover investigations reveal
manuacturers producing trainers or Nike and Adidas/
Reebok being supplied by leather fnishers that are direct
customers o Bertin.
usa: Furniture and vehicle upholstery is the second-
largest use o leather. 44 Production o leather vehicle
interiors is outsourced to leather processors such as
US-based Eagle Ottawa. Eagle Ottawa accounts or
20% o all leather used globally or vehicle upholstery.45
Bertin is an exclusive supplier to Eagle Ottawa,46 which
absorbs 30% o Bertin’s leather exports.47 Eagle Ottawa
supplies BMW, Ford, Honda, Toyota and many others.48
it : Italy is the centre o high-quality leather production
or the ashion market. Italy is the world’s second largest
leather shoe exporter in terms o value. 49 Handbag lines
are the star o Italy’s leather export industry, accounting
or nearly two thirds o the trade value o Italian leather
goods.50 The two leading Italian leather processors,
Rino Mastrotto Group (RMG) and Gruppo Mastrotto
(GM), receive regular supplies o leather rom Bertin.51
Customers o these processors include Boss, Geox,
Gucci, Hilfger, Louis Vuitton and Prada.52
JBS has a 50% stake in the bee production and
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E X E C U
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railway companies SNCF and Thalys International. 53
JBS and Marrig supply Cremonini in Italy.54
uK: The convenience ood market and the ood
service industry are changing what we eat, where
we eat and how we shop. The UK ready-meal
market is ‘the most advanced in Europe’.55 ‘Sales
o ready meals, both rozen and chilled, represent
7% o all main meal occasions in the UK.’56 The
UK imports 40% o its processed bee (prepared,
cooked or tinned) rom Brazil.57 Nearly 90% o
this comes rom Bertin, JBS or Marrig.58
brazil: Brazil is an emerging market. According
to Unilever, ‘Consumer spending is growing aster
in [developing and emerging] markets than in
developed markets.’59
In Brazil, three supermarket giants – Carreour, Wal-Mart and Cia Brasiliera de Distribuição60 (known as
Grupo Pão de Açúcar and afliated to the French Casino
group) – control nearly 40% o the sector.61 Bertin,
JBS and Marrig supply various resh and processed
products to Brazil and other emerging markets.
Unilever is the biggest ‘staples’ player in developing
and emerging markets, including Brazil,62 where
sales o health and beauty and cleaning products
are rising. Many o these products contain by-
products o cattle processing, such as glycerine.
According to Bertin, the global personal hygienemarket is worth $269 billion, and Brazil has the
third-biggest share in this market.63 Unilever,
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T E R I N G
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fUNdING fOREST pROTEcTION IS kEY TO
MEETING THE cLIMATE cHALLENGE
Bazi is cea that its abiit to each its taget on
educing deoestation depends on the poision
o intenationa unding o ich counties. To this
end, the goenent estabished an Aazon und,
to which Bazi’s ministe o Enionent Caos
minc has said that he is hoping o unds o $21
biion b 2021.71
yet in ma 2009, on $110 iion had been
ade aaiabe – pat o a $1 biion pacage the
goenent o Nowa announced in 2008, to
be paid b instaents unti 2015. As o the end
o mach 2009, Gean is the on othe dono
coitted to the und, announcing a contibution
o €18 iion ($24.7 iion).72
The deastating eape o the destuction o the
Aazon ainoest outined in this epot is just one o
the tagic eaities acing oests wodwide. Whie the
catte secto in the Aazon is the singe agest dieo deoestation in the wod, othe industies in othe
egions o the wod ust be taced.
As the Cabon Discosue Poject (CDP) – a
patneship o an o the Bue Chip copanies
identifed in this epot – has concuded: ‘It is on
though coaboatie goba action which taes the
ong-te iew’73 that the ciate chaenge wi be et.
Cuent, industies in Euope and the USA ae
issued peits giing the aowances o a set
aount o eissions, eg o anuactuing o
ossi ue eneg geneation.
oowing the pincipe that the poute pas,
Geenpeace poposes that copanies shoud pa o
a potion o thei GHG eissions peits. reenues
geneated woud go to a oests o Ciate und
to poide fnancing o deeoping counties to
potect oests.74 This und woud poide econoic
incenties to tace deoestation and put a aue on
standing oests. It woud ewad counties with eifed
eductions in deoestation ates. The und woud be
tageted at oest aeas with high biodiesit aues
and at ceating and peseing sustainabe ieihoodso oest counities as a ong-te eans o oest
potection. As the und woud be open to a counties
with uneabe oests, it woud peent eaage – the
shiting o deoestation b goba industies o one
oest egion o the wod to anothe.
Pat o the goba dea to potect the ciate
ust be to get an ageeent to poide ong-
te unding o the potection o the wod’s
ainoests. The Copenhagen Ciate Suit in
Decebe 2009 is a citica oppotunit to agee
easues and echaniss incuding unding tocobat goba deoestation.
pROTEcT THE cLIMATE:dEfENd THE AMAZON
cLEAN Up THE cATTLE TRAdE
Sto traing with ranhers or omaniesengage in Amazon eorestation.
Sto uning omanies imliate
in orest estrution.
STOp dEfORESTATION
Suort an immeiate moratorium
on urther Amazon eorestation.
Suort measures to ahiee Zero
deorestation in the brazilian Amazon
y 2015 an gloally y 2020.
pROTEcT THE cLIMATE
Suort a strong limate rotool
in coenhagen in 2009, inluing
a mehanism to un orest rotetion.
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E X E C U
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‘We have put men on the moon, we havecreated the industrial and the technological age, we have built awesome engineering projects and we have the capacity to
develop the solutions to stop dangerousclimate change. It is only throughcollaborative global action which takes the long term view, rather than ocusing on short term gain, that we will be able to solve thischallenge – but solve it we must and we must work to solve it today.’
The Carbon Disclosure Project
comanies elonging to the caron dislosure
projet mentione in this reort inlue:
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Greenpeace is an independent global
campaigning organisation that acts to
change attitudes and behaviour, to
protect and conserve the environment
and to promote peace.
Greenpeace is committed to stopping
climate change.
We campaign to protect the world’s
remaining ancient forests and the plants,
animals and peoples that depend on them.
We investigate, expose and confront
the trade in products causing forest
destruction and climate change.
We challenge governments and industry
to end their role in forest destruction
and climate change.
We support the rights of forest peoples.
Published by Greenpeace International
Ottho Heldringstraat 5
1066 AZ Amsterdam
The Netherlands
www.greenpeace.org/forests
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CreditsExecSummaryAmazonReport2009
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Beltra/GreenpeaceFunari/Lineair
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Page 8Funari/Lineair
Funari/Lineair
Page 9Greenpeace Investigations
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Beltra/Greenpeace