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Measures against Storm Surges in Japan
Hiroyuki Kishida,
Director of Seacoast Office
River BureauMinistry of Land, Infrastructure and
Transport
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Most of typhoons in June and November to
December move westward. From July to
October, they change course in the mid-
latitude and head toward Japan. As a result,
Japan frequently suffers storm surgedisasters during this period.
SourceHome page of the Meteorological Agency
http://www.kishou.go.jp/know/typhoon/1-4.html
Japan is located along the course of typhoons.
Source: Scientific chronological table
Broken lines show the course of pre-1981 typhoons with casualties and missing of 1,500 or more.
Solid lines show the course of post-1982 typhoons with casualties and missing of 40 or more.
9 54 44 06 24 8
A u g . 2 . 1 9 8 2S e p t . 2 8 . 1 9 8 3S e p t . 1 9 . 1 9 9 0S e p t . 2 7 . 1 9 9 1S e p t . 3 . 1 9 9 3
No.10 in 1982No.10 in 1983No.19 in 1990No.19 in 1991No.13 in 1993
3 , 0 3 63 , 7 5 61 , 9 3 01 , 7 6 15 , 0 9 8
S e p t . 2 1 . 1 9 3 4S e p t . 1 7 . 1 9 4 5S e p t . 1 5 . 1 9 4 7S e p t . 2 6 . 1 9 5 4S e p t . 2 6 . 1 9 5 9
MurotoMakurazakikathleenToyamaruIsewan
Casualties,missing
Year/month/dateof landing or
closest approachName of typhoonNo.
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SourceHome page of the Okinawa observatory http://www.okinawa-jma.go.jp/
1116
11
36
13
10 3
Note: Numbers inside the area show the percentage of occurrencerelative to the global level.
The worlds tropical cyclone generating areas
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Location of principal areas below sea level in Japan
Legend
Area below sea level
Sendai Bay
Tokyo Bay
Ise Bay
Osaka Bay
Seto Inland Sea
The sea of Ariake
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Tokyo Bay Ise Bay Osaka Bay
1:500000
137E
35N
137E
35N
135E
34N
135E
34N
Area 116km2
Population 1.76 millionArea 336km2
Population 0.9 million
Area 124km2
Population 1.38 million
1:500000
140E
35N
36N
140E
N
N
T.P.0m or belowHWL or below
Design high tide level (HHWL) or below
*Water surface area of rivers and lakes/marshes is not included.
*Prepared on the basis of digital national land information Shown above are areas whose three-dimensional mesh 1km1km altitude data is below the
tidal level.
Aggregate calculation of the area and population was made using the three-dimensional mesh data.
Area 577km2
Population 4.04 million
Total for three big baysActual state of areas below
sea level
SourcePrepared by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructureand Transport on the basis of Geographical Survey Institute map
The value of area and populaton is for the caseat the HWL or below.
Japanese population and property isconcentrated in the three big bay areas, which
are core areas in national economy.
Storm surge hazard areas in three big bays
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Source Lowland River Project of Tokyo, Oct. 2001River Department, Construction Bureau, Tokyo
Flood condition during Typhoon Kitty inKinshicho, Sumida Ward, Tokyo
Inundation damage by past typhoons
952.7985.9Atmospheric pressurehPa
1,324160Casualties, missingpersons
180,338137,878Total No. of floodedhouses
49,00464,127Houses inundatedbelow the floor
131,33473,751Houses inundatedabove the floor
8,6608,121Inundated area ha
3.082.02Tide level T.P. m
39.624.9Maximum wind speed
161.664.9Total amount of
rainfall mm
16.512.6Maximum hourlyrainfall mm
Year
1917 TyphoonTyphoon Kitty
Inundation damage of coastal areas of Tokyo Bay caused by storm surges
Tokyo Bay average sea level (T.P.)abbreviation of Tokyo peil
This refers to the benchmark of survey in Japan.Originally, this was the bench mark determined from the results of tide level
observation of Tokyo Bay in the Meiji Era and does not agree to the currentaverage level of Tokyo Bay.
Inundation map by Typhoon Kitty ( )
Legend
Inundated area
Rivers
Overtopping pointBreak and fracture points
Inundation depth
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Inundation map
Ise Bay
Inundation condition
*Total of Mie, Aichi and Gifu prefectures
Damages
Typhoon data
T.P.3.9
mHighest sea level
3.4m
Sea-level
departure(from astronomical
tide)
55m/sMax instantaneous
wind speed
45m/sMax wind speed
929hPaCentral pressure
310Km2Inundation damage
190,135 housesInundated
159,641 houses
Total or
partial
destruction
4,651 housesRun-offHouses
66,442 personsInjured
158 personsMissing
4,487 personsCasualties
Source Interaction between Nature and People (40 years from Ise Bay Typhoon) September, 1999,Kiso River Downstream Work Office, Chubu Regional Construction Bureau, Ministry of Construction
Inundation damage caused by the Ise Bay Typhoon (September 1959)
Inundation damage of coastal area of Ise Bay caused by storm surges
Inundation map by
Ise Bay Typhoon
Flooding duration
Less than one day
One day to 30 days
31 days to 120 days
More than 120 days
Flow line (seawater)
Ditto (river water)
Dike break point
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SourceMeasures against Storm Surges in the Western Osaka Areas,March 2002, River Office, Civil Engineering Department, Osaka
Inudation damage by typhoons in the past
Inundation damage of coastal areas of Osaka Bay caused by storm surges
Typhoon Jane inundation area map Muroto Typhoon No.2 inundation area map
7221990 41Casualties (persons) inOsaka
2,16521,46517,898
No. of sufferers (persons)
in Osaka
126,98080,464166,720Total of inundated houses(houses) in Osaka
67,78235,058Houses with below thefloor flooding (houses) inOsaka
59,19845,406
166,720
Houses with above thefloor flooding (houses) inOsaka
3,1005,6254,921Inundation area (ha)
2.82(2.55)(2.90)Tide level T.P.
33.328.142.0Maximum wind speed(m/s)
42.864.722.3Total amount of rainfall(m/s)
-19.8-Maximum hourly rainfall(mm)
937.3970.3954.5Atmospheric pressure(mb)
196119501934Year
MurotoTyphoon No.2
TyphoonJane
MurotoTyphoon
( ): Estimate
[ ]: Missing
Legend
118 dikes
No. of damaged civil
engineering facilities
899 vesselsNo. of damaged marinevessels
123,209 housesNo. of damagedhouses
18,794 personsNo. of suffers
Legend
804
No. of damaged civil
engineering facilities
464 vesselsNo. of damaged marinevessels
85,811 housesNo. of damagedhouses
2,165 personsNo. of suffers
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Typhoon No.16 caused abnormal tide level along the Coast of Inland Sea, resulting in inundation of about 44,000 homes, mainly in Kagawa, Okayama, andHiroshima Prefectures.
Particularly, the central portion of Takamatsu City of Kagawa Prefecture was submerged, resulting in paralyzed urban functions.
On the coast of Takamatu Port, the tide level of 2.45 m exceeded the previous observation record of 1.94 m observed in Muroto Typhoon No.2 in 1961) by51 cm was observed.
This is considered due to multiplexing of factors; coincidence of typhoon approach with the time of high tide, coincidence of typhoon approach withthe time of spring tide, and the center of the typhoon was as low as 970 hPa at a time of closest approach.
Central portion
of TakamatsuCity was
submerged,
resulting in
paralyzed urban
functions
Typhoon passed
through the
coastal areas ofSeto Inland Sea
while
maintaining the
central pressure
of 970 hPa,
causing storm
surge disaster
over the entire
area
Inundation area
Inundation of
the urban areaof Takamatsu
City
Storm surge caused disaster due to abnormal tide level in Takamatsu City, Kagawa
Prefecture, by Typhoon No.16 (August 2004)
Houses with above the floor flooding 6,094 houses
Houses with below the floor flooding 9,468 houses
Total 15,562 houses
Inundation area
Takamatsu City
0:00 Aug. 31
9:00 Aug. 31
21:00 Aug. 30
9:00 Aug. 30
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Damage suffered: (Below) Houses where three deaths occurred
(below).Upper rightFurniture scattered in the back of houses
under force of overtopping wave. Lower right) Fractured dike
Graphical illustration of dike fracture
Typhoon No. 23 generated abnormal high sea in Kochi Prefecture, causing fracture of the dike in Muroto City and resulting in the deaths of threesenior citizens.The Murotsu Misaki Observatory recorded T.P. + 2.86 m exceeding the design tide level (T.P. + 2.20 m) by 66 cm. In addition, the Murotsu wave
observation gauge recorded 13.5 m (significant wave height) exceeding the record for observed maximum wave height (9.45 m: Typhoon No.131993) by 4.1 m.Probable factors were the (1) long stationary period of Typhoon No. 23 in the Pacific, readily causing sea waves; (2) extremely wide storm and that
included high-wind zones, readily generating high sea waves; and (3) re-landfall of the typhoon at Muroto City, Kochi Prefecture, without losingstrength.
Coastal disaster in Muroto City, Kochi Prefecture, caused by abnormally high waves due
to Typhoon No. 23 (October 2004)
Damaged facilities L=30mm
Damages
Dike: Completed in 1967
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Design crest height = HWL + High water departure + Run-up height + Free board
m m mHWL
mm to mHigh water departure
Muroto and Jane Typhoons were compared, andthe Muroto Typhoon course with expected largedamage was set.
Actual Ise Bay Typhoon courseParallel courses of Ise Bay, Kitty, and othertyphoons were compared and the worst coursewas set.
Course setting
mm to mDesign high tide level
Ise Bay Typhoon .9Ise Bay Typhoon .9Ise Bay Typhoon .9Design external forces
Osaka Bay (Osaka Port)Ise Bay (Nagoya Port)Tokyo Bay (Tokyo Port)
Concept to set the target and course in the plan against storm surges
Syzygetic average
high tide level
Run-up
height
Free board
Design crest height
Design high water line
Sea bottom
High water
departure
Design concept for height of storm surge barrier coastal dike
Water level rise amount
due to storm surgeAttacking wave component
Revetment
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Present situation in sections of areas below sea level in Tokyo that will not be inundated high tide level
How to read
The figure shows the building height asmeasured from upper atmosphere. Buildings
indicated in red may suffer submersion of the
first floor when the surrounding area is
indicated in blue.
However, residents can evacuate to the upper
floor or to the roof.
Altitude 1.0 m or less Section submerged at HWL
Altitude 1.04.0m Section whose totalsubmersion may be avoided at HWL
Altitude 4.0 m or more Section where inundationabove the first floor of homes can be avoided in the event
of inundation at HWL
Legend
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In Japans three big bays, storm surge barrier are created by assuming a surge equivalent to the Ise Bay Typhoon class concurrent
with a high tide.Of the coastal dikes in the three big bays, 89%, 90%, and 100%, respectively, have been developed with the required height for
Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay, and Osaka Bay.
Nationwide (13,792m) Tokyo Bay (150km) Ise Bay (54km) Osaka Bay (103km)
Height of coastal dikes
1,176km
657km
9,000km 134km
7km9km
103km49km
5km1km
Tokyo Bay (157km)Nationwide (1,269km) Ise Bay (87km) Osaka Bay (79km)
Height of river dikes
For seacoast preservation areaFor Nationwide, the lowest height of a consecutive
sections is calculated as representative for the section.
Dike height is sufficient.
Current dike height design dike height
Dike height is tentatively sufficient.
Design high tide level current dike height