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ME551/GEO551 Geology of Industrial Minerals
Spring 2011
Commodities, Part 3
Chromite, Gypsum, helium, iodine, indium, iron ore, kyanite
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Schedule Perlite mine March 24 Thurs 1:45 PM• Field trip report due April 12
Class Mon March 28, Tue March 29 Field March 31, April 22 NMGS Spring meeting April 15 Need to reschedule April 26 class to April 25 (Mon) commodities presentation by students on April 25 project presentations on May 3 (what are you doing yours
on) Final and project report due May 10
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Field reports
What should you include?
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Field reports Introduction
• Uses• Who, what
Location and description (where, when) Geology Mining and processing (how) Conclusion References Include photos, personal evaluations,
observations, assays if available ANSWER—why would your employer send you
to examine this mine—what would he/she want to know?
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Chromite
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Chromite
chromite ore chromium chemicals chromium ferroalloys Chromium metal
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Chromite—uses
chromium chemicals Stainless steel heat-resisting steel Superalloys
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Chromite
One U.S. company began mining chromite ore in Oregon in 2005-2006 but soon closed.
This was the first U.S chromite ore mine production since 1961.
Today all chromium is imported
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http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?product=chromite&graph=production
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Gypsum and anhydrite
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The word gypsum is derived from the aorist form of the Greek verb μαγειρεύω, "to cook", referring to the burnt or calcined mineral.
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Gypsum and anhydrite—introduction CaSO4•2H2O commonest sulfate mineral heated, it loses 3/4 of its water and
becomes hemihydrate gypsum (CaSO4•½H2O), or plaster of Paris
minerals and rocks US world leader in trade
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Gypsum and anhydrite—history earliest known use of gypsum as a building
material was in Anatolia around 6000 B.C. great pyramids in Egypt, which were
erected in about 3700 B.C burning or calcining of gypsum was
described by the early Greeks gypsum mortar was used in medieval times
in castles and fortresses in Germany
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Differences
Gypsum
• lime 32.6% (CaO)
• sulfur 46.5% (SO3)
• combined water 20.9% H2O
Anhydrite
• lime 41.2% (CaO)
• sulfur 58.8% (SO3)
• combined water 0% H2O
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Gypsum http://209.51.193.54/minerals/sulfates/gypsum/gypsum.htm
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Desert-rose-big.jpg
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Anhydrite http://209.51.193.54/minerals/sulfates/gypsum/gypsum.htm
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Types of gypsum
Gypsum, CaSO4·2H2O Anhydrite, CaSO4 Bassanite, CaSO4·½H2O (phase) Alabaster, fine-grained rock gypsum Satin spar, deformed crystals Selenite, crystalline
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Gypsum—properties
Soft hardness 2 white or colorless when pure, but can
be tinted grayish, reddish, yellowish, bluish, or brownish
massive (alabaster) fibrous (satin spar) monoclinic crystals (selenite)
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Gypsum—properties
Luster is vitreous to pearly Crystal System is monoclinic Cleavage is good in one direction and
distinct in two others Gravity is approximately 2.3+ (light) very low thermal conductivity A crystal of Gypsum will feel noticeably
warmer than a like crystal of quartz.
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Gypsum—uses
Prefabricated wall board industrial or building plaster cement manufacturing agriculture (fertilizer) cements paint filler ornamental stone
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Gypsum—uses
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An average new American home of 2,000-square-foot floor area
uses approximately 7.31 metric tons (t) of gypsum
in more than 571 square meters (6,144 square feet) of gypsum wallboard
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As a filler in food products
the average person eats about 28 pounds of gypsum in a lifetime (National Gypsum Company, 2005)
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Gypsum—substitutions
Cement lime lumber masonry steel no practical substitute in the
manufacturing of Portland cement
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Gypsum—geology
sedimentary massive beds, usually from
precipitation of of highly saline waters
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Gypsum is mined at White Mesa, Sandoval County (Centex American Gypsum) and used to manufacture wallboard.
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Utility and value depends upon
Proximity to market Transportation Fuel and utilities Water
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Gypsum—production
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Gypsum—production
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Gypsum—imports
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Gypsum—prices
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Helium
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Helium—introduction
He gas odorless colorless tasteless lighter than air
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Helium—uses Cryogenic applications, 24%
• DEA blimps• advertising
pressurizing and purging, 20% welding cover gas, 18% controlled atmospheres, 16% leak detection, 6% breathing mixtures, 3% other, 13%
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Helium—uses
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Helium—substitutions
substituted for helium in cryogenic applications if temperatures below -429 degrees F are required
Argon can be substituted for helium in welding
H some lighter-than-air applications
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Helium—geology
helium in the uranium mineral clevite natural gas wells in Texas,
Oklahoma, and Kansas
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Helium
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Helium—production
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Helium—production
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Helium—production
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Helium—world trade
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Iodine
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iode in French, from the Greek word ioeides, meaning violet-colored
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Iodine—introduction
Halogen solid at least 24 minerals
• BELLINGERITE Cu++3(IO3)6.2H2O • GEORGEERICKSENITE
Na6CaMg(IO3)6(CrO4,SO4)2.12H2O • SCHWARTZEMBERGITE Pb++5I++
+O6H2Cl3
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Iodine—properties
heavy, grayish-black crystalline solid Metallic luster density of 4.9 g/cm3 halogen family melts at 114°C at 184°C it will volatilize to a blue-violet
gas that has an irritating odor
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Iodine—uses pharmaceutical and medical applications
• methamphetamine (controlled substance)• radiation emergencies
sanitation or disinfectants animal feed catalysts inks colorants photographic equipment stabilizers manufacturing of nylon cloud seeding quartz-iodine lights
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IOSAT Potassium Iodide blocks the thyroid's absorption of cancer-causing radioactive iodine released from a nuclear reactor or nuclear bomb
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Iodine—substitutions Bromine chlorine Antibiotics mercurochrome Salt crystals and finely divided carbon may be
used for cloud seeding. no substitutes for iodine in some catalytic,
nutritional, pharmaceutical, animal feed, and photographic uses.
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Iodine—geology Chile, iodine is a coproduct of sodium nitrate
production Japan and Oklahoma produced iodine from
brines associated with natural gas production seawater and brines brackish waters from oil wells iodides in sea water is assimilated by
seaweeds 150-250 ppm in Permian Basin
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2005
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http://www.npckk.co.jp/english/technology/iodine/prod.html
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http://www.npckk.co.jp/english/technology/iodine/prod.html
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Iodine
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Iodine
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Iodine
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Iodine
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Health effects of iodine
contact with the skin can cause lesions
irritating to the eyes
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Indium
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Indium
Solar panels Flat screens (LCDs) Solders and alloys Semiconductors
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Indium in solar panels 50 metric tons required for enough solar panels to
provide 1 gigawatt of energy $500/kg in 2009 2008—US used 800 megawatts of energy by solar
panels connected to the grid (0.1% total US energy) 600,000 metric tons reserves in the world in 2009
• Zinc sulfide deposits• Tin-tungsten veins• Porphyry copper deposits
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Geology
Base metal deposits• Chalcopyrite• Sphalerite• Stannite
Tin and tungsten vein deposits• Difficult to recover
Volcanic massive sulfide deposits Porphyry deposits Skarn deposits Zinc deposits
• 1-100 ppm
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Porphyry copper deposits Current
• Gold
• Silver
• Molybdenum
Possible• Tellurium
• Gallium
• Germanium
• Indium
• Others
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http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1034/of2009-1034_text.pdf
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Production
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Production
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http://geology.com/articles/indium.shtml
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2007
http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?product=indium&graph=production
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Iron ore
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Iron ore—introduction
hematite, which is a red iron oxides limonites, which vary from yellow to
brown magnetite, which is black
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Magnetite http://209.51.193.54/scripts/item.exe?
ENLARGE+Minerals+Oxides+Magnetite+MAG-24
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Iron ore—uses
Steel pigment (ocher, umber, sienna, and
metallic paints, brick coloring) coatings heavy cement
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Iron ore—substitutions
ferrous scrap organic dyes Synthetic iron oxide pigments
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Iron and steel—production
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Iron ore—production
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Iron oxide pigments—production
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Iron and steel—production
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Iron ore—production
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Iron oxide pigments—production
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Iron ore—production
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Iron ore—production
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Iron ore—geology
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Kyanite
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Kyanite—introduction wide variation in hardness 4-7.4 specific gravity 3.2-3.6 bluish-gray to gray lath-like crystals polymorph with two other minerals;
andalusite and sillimanite 60% alumina – which means that it is a
relative cheap source of refractoriness
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Kyanite—introduction Al2SiO5 polymorph with two other minerals;
andalusite and sillimanite but differing crystal structures
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http://www.kyanite.com/kyaniteandproducts.html
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Kyanite—properties conversion to mullite (Al6Si2O13) and
SiO2 at 1400-1500 deg C, expands irreversibly by up to 18%, thereby offsetting the firing shrinkage of other raw materials, especially clay, in ceramic bodies and refractories
1 metric ton (t) of aluminosilicate concentrate yields approx 0.88 t of mullite
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Kyanite—properties increases the fired strength resistance to deformation under load thermal resistivity of refractories
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Kyanite—uses
Refractories, 90% • iron and steelmaking• manufacture of chemicals, glass,
nonferrous metals, and other materials. 10% in other uses
• Dimension stone
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http://www.kyanite.com/refractory.html
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http://www.kyanite.com/refractory.html
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http://www.kyanite.com/refractory.html
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Kyanite—substitutions
Andalusite Sillimanite Two types of synthetic mullite (fused and
sintered), superduty fire clays, and high-alumina materials are substitutes for kyanite in refractories.
Bauxite kaolin and other clays silica sand
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Kyanite—production
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Kyanite—production
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Kyanite—production
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Kyanite—geology
deposits of micaceous schist and gneiss in the Appalachian Mountains area and in Idaho
aluminous gneiss in southern California
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Schedule Perlite mine March 24 Thurs 1:45 PM• Field trip report due April 12
Class Mon March 28, Tue March 29 Field March 31, April 22 NMGS Spring meeting April 15 Need to reschedule April 26 class to April 25 (Mon) commodities presentation by students on April 25 project presentations on May 3 (what are you doing yours
on) Final and project report due May 10