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Chapter 2, Section
Chapter 1
Mesopotamia(3200 B.C.500 B.C.)
Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
World History: Connection to Today
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Chapter 2, Section
Chapter 1Main Points to Learn
Locate and describe the major river systems and discuss the physical settings that supported
permanent settlement and early civilizations.
1. What 2 major rivers flowed through Mesopotamia?2. What good things did the rivers provide for the land that made it good for farming?
3. What made the Fertile Crescent so fertile?
Trace the development of agricultural techniques that permitted the production of economic
surplus and the emergence of cities as centers of culture and power.
What techniques did the people develop to better use the water for farming?
What is a surplus?
When a civilization has a surplus (more food than they need), what is the effect?
Understand the relationship between religion and the social and political order in Mesopotamia.
1. Describe the religion of early Mesopotamia and Sumeria.
2. What structures did the people build?
3. What were the different social groups in Mesopotamia.Sumeria?
Class Tutorial
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Chapter 2, Section
City-States of Ancient Sumer
How did geographic features influence the
civilizations of the Fertile Crescent?
What were the main features of Sumeriancivilization?
What advances in learning did the
Sumerians make?
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Chapter 2, SectionThe Fertil e Crescent
The Fertile Crescent is the fertileland between the Tigris and Euphratesrivers.
The first civilization in the Fertile Crescent was
discovered in Mesopotamia, which means landbetween the rivers
The first Sumerian cities emerged insouthern Mesopotamia around 3200B.C.
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Chapter 2, Section
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Chapter 2, Section
Tigris Now
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Chapter 2, Section
Tigris Now
This region is in the current country of Iraq.
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Chapter 2, Section
Euphrates now
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Chapter 2, Section
Euphrates Now
It is still important to the lives of the people who still
farm in the region. It provides water and nutrientsfor the soil used in farming.
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Chapter 2, Section
Remains of an Ancient Civilization
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Chapter 2, Section
Artifacts of Ancient Mesopotamia
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Chapter 2, Section
Worshiped many gods.
Believed gods controlledevery aspect of life.
Saw afterlife as a grim
place. Everybody would go
into darkness and eat dust.
To keep the gods happy,
each city built a
ziggurat, or pyramid
temple.
Each state had distinct
social hierarchy, or
system of ranks.
Most people were peasant
farmers.
Women had legal rights;
some engaged in trade
and owned property.
City-states with hereditary
rulers.
Ruler led army in war and
enforced laws.
Complex government with
scribes to collect taxes
and keep records.
RELIGIONSOCIAL
STRUCTUREGOVERNMENT
Sumeria n C ivil iza tion3
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Chapter 2, Section
Ziggurats
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Chapter 2, Section
Ziggurats
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Chapter 2, SectionSumerian Advances i n Learning
Developed cuneiform, believed to be the
earliest form of writing.
Developed basic algebra and geometry.
Made accurate calendars, essential to a
farming society.
Made the first wheeled vehicles.
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Chapter 2, Section
Cuneiform
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Chapter 2, Section
Cuneiform: Writing System
A stylus, a thin writing stick, was used to
write in soft clay.
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Chapter 2, Section
Section 3Assessment
The Fertile Crescent was the land locateda) along the Nile river.
b) between the Tigrisand Euphrates rivers.c) between the Euphrates and the Nile rivers.
d) between the Tigris and theNile rivers.
Most people in Sumerian city-states werea) priests.
b) merchants.c) scribes.
d) peasant farmers.
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Ch 2 S i
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Chapter 2, Section 3
The Fertile Crescent was the land locateda) along the Nile river.
b) between the Tigrisand Euphrates rivers.c) between the Euphrates and the Nile rivers.
d) between the Tigris and theNile rivers.
Most people in Sumerian city-states werea) priests.
b) merchants.c) scribes.
d) peasant farmers.
Section 3Assessment
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Ch t 2 S ti 4
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Chapter 2, Section
Invaders, Traders, and Empire Builders
How did early empires arise in
Mesopotamia?
How did ideas and technology spread?
How did the Persians unite a huge empire?
What contributions did the Phoeniciansmake?
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Chapter 2, Section
A series of strong rulers united the lands of the Fertile Crescentinto well organized empires.
Again and again, nomadic warriors invaded the rich cities of theFertile Crescent. Some looted and burned the cities. Others
stayed to rule them.
2300 B.C. Sargon, the ruler of Akkad, conquered Sumerand built the first known empire.
1790 B.C.Hammurabi, King of Babylon, united the
Babylonian empire.
Invaders, Traders, and Empire Builders
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Chapter 2, Section
Hammurabis code was the first attempt by a ruler to codify,
or arrange and set down in writing, all of the laws that would
govern a state.
One section codified criminal law, the branch of law thatdeals with offenses against others, such as robbery and
murder.
Another section codified civil law, the branch that deals with
private rights and matters, such as business contracts,
taxes, and property inheritance.
The Code of Hammurabi4
Chapter 2 Section 4
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Chapter 2, SectionWarfa re and the Spread of Ideas
Conquerors brought ideas and technologies to the conqueredregion.
For example, when the Hittites conquered Mesopotamia, they brought
the skill of ironworking to that region.
When the conquerors were in turn conquered, they movedelsewhere, spreading their ideas and technologies.
For example, when the Hittite empire was itself conquered, Hittiteironworkers migrated to other regions and spread the secret ofiron making across Asia, Africa, and Europe.
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Chapter 2, Section
The Persian Empire
Cyrus the Great and his successors conquered the largest empire yetseen, from Asia Minor to India.
Emperor Darius unified the Persian empire.
Drew up single code of laws for empire.
Had hundreds of miles of roads built or repaired to aid communicationand encourage unity.
Introduced a uniform system of coinage and encouraged a moneyeconomy.
Before it was a Barter economy-exchanging one set of goods or servicesfor another.
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Chapter 2, SectionThe Ph oenic ians
Occupied string of cities along the eastern Mediterranean coast.
Made glass from sand andpurple dye from a tiny seasnail.
Called carriers ofcivilization because theyspread Middle Easterncivilization around theMediterranean.
Most important contribution:
Invented the alphabet. Analphabet contains lettersthat represent spokensounds.
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Chapter 2, Section
What leader was the first to codify the laws that wouldgovern his state?a) Cyrus the Greatb) Sargonc) Hammurabi
d) Darius
Who invented the alphabet? a)the Persians b)the Babylonians c)the Phoenicians d)the Assyrians
Section 4 Assessment4
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Chapter 2, Section
Section 4 Assessment4
What leader was the first to codify the laws that wouldgovern his state?a) Cyrus the Greatb) Sargonc) Hammurabi
d) Darius
Who invented the alphabet? a)the Persians b)the Babylonians c)the Phoenicians d)the Assyrians
Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.
http://www.phschool.com/atschool/worldhistory/Survey_2003/Student_Area/WHS_SC14_ACT_index.htmlhttp://www.phschool.com/atschool/worldhistory/Survey_2003/Student_Area/WHS_SC14_ACT_index.html