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MCATPHYSICS REVIEW
January 30, 2006
Dr. Ponn Maheswaranathan (Mahes)Office: Sims 213-B, Phone: 323 4940E-mail: [email protected] Hours: M and W 10-11:50.
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Online Resources
• http://www.aamc.org/mcat• Cutnell and Johnson
• Giancoli• http://www.scientia.org/cadonline/home.html• http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Union/
5092/• http://www.udayton.edu/~premed/
UCMCATReview/MainPage.htm
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Major Physics Topics
1. Translational Motion
2. Force and Motion, Gravitation
3. Equilibrium and Momentum
4. Work and Energy
5. Wave Characteristics and Periodic Motion
6. Sound
7. Fluids and Solids
8. Electrostatics and Electromagnetism
9. Electric Circuits
10. Light and Geometric Optics
11. Atomic and Nuclear Structure
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Translational Motion
A. Units and dimensions
B. Vectors: Components and addition
C. Speed, velocity, and acceleration
D. Freely falling bodies
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Units and dimensions
Time Length Mass
CGS s cm g
SI s m kg
BE/USC s ft slug
Systems of units
CGS-- Centimeter, gram, and secondSI----- The international systemBE/USC-- British Engineering or the US customary
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SI Base Quantities and Units
Physical Quantity
Unit
Name Symbol
Time second s
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Electric current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance
mole mol
Luminous intensity
candela cd
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Significant Figures
A radar signal is sent from Earth to a planet which is 7 x 1010 m from Earth. How long will it take for the signal to return to Earth?
A. 200 s
B. 300 s
C. 400 s
D. 500 s
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Vectors and Scalars
Physical quantities are divided into vectors and scalars.
Scalars have magnitude or size only.
Vectors have magnitude and direction.
Scalars Vectors
Mass Weight
Distance Displacement
Speed Velocity
Time, Length,Area, Volume,Density,
Energy,Power,etc.
Acceleration, Force Momentum, Impulse,
etc.
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Components of a Vector
Use Cosine for Adjacent component and
Sine for opposite component.
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Vector Addition
Example problem: Locating a lost plane
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Speed and Velocity
Average speed, v, is obtained by dividing travel distance, d, by travel time, t.
.t
dv
The speed at a particular time is known as the instantaneous speed.
When you drive, the speedometer of a car displays the instantaneous speed.
Speeding tickets are issued using the instantaneous speed.
Velocity = Speed with direction.
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Acceleration
Acceleration, a, is the time-rate at which the velocity changes. It is obtained by dividing the change in velocity by the time it took for that change.
t
vv
t
va 0
Acceleration is a vector quantity.
Units: Velocity --> m/s, Acceleration --> m/s2
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Kinematic Equations
For a uniformly accelerated motion:•v = v0 + at
•x = ½(v0 + v)t
•x = v0 t + ½at2
•v2 = v02 + 2ax
x = travel distance, a = acceleration, v = final velocity, v0 = initial velocity, t = travel time.
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Problem
How long will it take a runner, starting from rest andaccelerating uniformly at 1.5 m/s2, to travel 3.0 m?
A) 21/2 sec B) 1.5 sec C) 2.0 sec D) 3.0 sec
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Freely Falling Bodies
Free fall is motion under the influence of gravity.
When you toss an object in the air it is in free fall, whether it is going up or down.
Its velocity will decrease as it goes up and increase as it goes down because the Earth pulls on it due to its gravity.
Close to the surface, the acceleration due to gravity of the Earth is about 9.8 m/s2.
This means during free fall the velocity will change by 9.8 m/s every second.
All objects, regardless of their masses, fall at the same rate on Earth, provided the air drag is negligible.
They all have an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2, vertically down.
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Force and Motion, Gravitation
A. Mass, center of mass, weight
B. Newton’s second law
C. Newton’s third law
D. Law of gravitation
E. Uniform circular motion, centripetal force
F. Friction
G. Inclined planes
H. Pulley systems
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Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the bodies.
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Centripetal Force The centripetal force is the net force required to keep an object of mass m, moving at a speed v, on a circular path of radius r, and it has a magnitude of
Direction: The centripetal force always points toward the center of the circle and continually changes direction as the object moves.
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Satellites in Circular Orbits
Orbital speed is given by,
2/1
r
GMv E
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Equilibrium and Momentum
A. Equilibrium1. Translational equilibrium
2. Rotational equilibrium, torques, lever arms
3. Newton’s first law, inertia
B. Momentum1. Impulse
2. Conservation of linear momentum
3. Elastic and inelastic collisions
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Translational equilibrium
For translational equilibrium, the net force acting on the object must be zero.
.0 F
The above equation can also be written as,
0xF .0yF
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Rotational equilibrium
.0
For rotational equilibrium, the net torque acting on the object must be zero.
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TORQUE and LEVER ARM
Torque = (Magnitude of the force)×(Lever arm)
= F×l
Direction: Counterclockwise OR Clockwise.
SI Unit of Torque: newton · meter (N · m)
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Problem
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Impulse, J
The impulse J of a force is the product of the average force and the time interval t during which the force acts:
Impulse is a vector quantity and has the same direction as the average force.
SI Unit of Impulse: newton · second = (N · s)
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Momentum, p
The linear momentum p of an object is the product of the object’s mass m and velocity v:
Linear momentum is a vector quantity that points in the same direction as the velocity.
SI Unit of Linear Momentum:
kilogram · meter/second = (kg · m/s)
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The Principle of Conservation of Linear
MomentumThe total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant (is conserved).
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Collisions
Collisions are often classified according to whether the total kinetic energy changes during the collision:
1.Elastic collision—One in which the total kinetic energy of the system after the collision is equal to the total kinetic energy before the collision.
2.Inelastic collision—One in which the total kinetic energy of the system is not the same before and after the collision; if the objects stick together after colliding, the collision is said to be perfectly inelastic.
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Head-on Collision
A 1200-kg car moving east at 15 m/s collides head-on with a 1500-kg car moving west at 20 m/s. If the collision is perfectly inelastic, What is the velocity of the wreckage?
A) 4.4 m/s eastB) 18 m/s east C) 18 m/s westD) 4.4 m/s west
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Work and Energy
A. Work
B. Kinetic energy
C. Potential energy
D. Conservation of energy
E. Energy transformations
F. Conservative forces
G. Power
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Work
The work done on an object by a constant force F is:
F = magnitude of the force, s = magnitude of the displacement, and θ = angle between the force and the displacement.
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Kinetic Energy
SI Unit of Kinetic Energy: joule (J)
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Work-Energy Theorem
20
20 2
1
2
1mvmvKEKEW ff
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Gravitational Potential Energy
The gravitational potential energy PE is the energy that an object of mass m has by virtue of its position relative to the surface of the earth. That position is measured by the height h of the object relative to an arbitrary zero level:
SI Unit of Gravitational Potential Energy: joule (J)
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Problem
How much work is done when a constant horizontal 20-N force pushes a 50-kg block a distance of 10 m on a horizontal surface?
A) 50 J B) 100 J C) 200 J D) 500 J
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Wave Characteristics and Periodic Motion
A. Wave characteristics1. Transverse and longitudinal motion2. Wavelength, frequency, velocity, amplitude, intensity3. Superposition of waves, phase, interference, addition4. Resonance5. Standing waves, nodes6. Beats
B. Periodic motion1. Hooke’s law2. Simple Harmonic Motion3. Pendulum motion
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Wave Speed
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Sound
A. Production of sound
B. Relative speed of sound in solids, liquids, and gases
C. Intensity, pitch
D. Doppler effect
E. Resonance in pipes and strings
F. Harmonics
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The Doppler Effect
.
s
oso vv
vvff
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Standing wave patterns in a Stretched String
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Fluids and Solids
A. Fluids1. Density, specific gravity2. Buoyancy, Archimedes’ principle3. Hydrostatic pressure4. Viscosity5. Continuity equation6. Bernoulli’s equation7. Turbulence8. Surface tension
B. Solids1. Density2. Elementary topics in elastic properties
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Electrostatics and Electromagnetism
A. Electrostatics1. Charge, charge conservation, conductors,insulators
2. Coulomb’s law, electric force3. Electric field
a. Field linesb. Fields due to charge distribution
4. Potential difference, absolute potential, equipotential lines5. Electric dipole
B. Electromagnetism1. Magnetic fields2. Electromagnetic spectrum, X-rays
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Coulomb's Law
The magnitude F of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge on another point charge is directly proportional to the magnitudes q1 and q2 of the charges
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them.
.2
21
r
QQkF
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The Parallel Plate Capacitor
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Definition of Electric Potential
The electric potential V at a given point is the electric potential energy EPE of a small test charge q0 situated at
that point divided by the charge itself:
SI Unit of Electric Potential: joule/coulomb = volt (V)
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The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts on a Moving
Charge The following two conditions must be met for a charge to experience a magnetic force when placed in a magnetic field:
1.The charge must be moving. No magnetic force acts on a stationary charge.
2.The velocity of the moving charge must have a component that is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
).( SinqvBF
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Right-hand Rule No. 1
When the right hand is oriented so the fingers point along the magnetic field B and the thumb points along the velocity v of a positively charged particle, the palm faces in the direction of the magnetic force F applied to the particle.
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Electric Circuits
A. Current
B. Batteries, electromotive force, voltage, terminal potential, internal resistance
C. Resistance, Ohm’s law, series and parallel circuits, resistivity
D. Capacitor, dielectrics
E. Electric power
F. Root-mean-square current and voltage
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Light and Geometric optics
A. Visual spectrum, color
B. Polarization
C. Reflection, mirrors, total internal reflection
D. Refraction, refractive index, Snell’s law
E. Dispersion
F. Thin lenses, combination of lenses, diopters, lens aberrations
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Lens/Mirror Equation and Magnification, m
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Atomic and Nuclear Structure
A. Atomic number, atomic weight
B. Neutrons, protons, isotopes
C. Radioactive decay, half-life
D. Quantized energy levels for electrons
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Atomic model
Atomic Particle Charge Mass
Electron –1.6 10-19 C 9.11 10-31 Kg
Proton +1.6 10-19 C 1.673 10-27 Kg
Neutron 0 1.675 10-27 Kg
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Nuclear Structure
A Rutherford scattering experiment
Atoms Are Mostly Empty Space
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Bohr Model
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The line spectra for neon and mercury, along with the
continuous spectrum of the sun.
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Hydrogen Spectra
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Radioactivity
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Decay and the Release of Energy
The decrease in mass is,
238.0508 u – 238.0462 u = 0.0046 u.
1 u = 931.5 MeV
The released energy is = 0.0046 x 931.5 = 4.3 MeV.
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Half-Life
The half-life T1/2 of a radioactive decay is the time in which
one-half of the radioactive nuclei disintegrate.