PUBLIC POLICY PRESENTATION
CULTURAL POLICY AND CULTURAL COMPLEXES
HIROYASU SUDO MARCH 2012
TODAY’S NEWS
AGENDA• Issue: Arts Funding
• Countries: Canada, the US, Japan
• Situations in each country
• Cultural complex in each country
• Suggestion
ISSUE: ARTS FUNDING• Arts Funding – Public or Private
• Why? – Public Goods, Philanthropy, Diplomacy…
• Trend – Decreasing (i.e. Global Competition, The Crisis)
• ‘Creative Class’ theory -- Instrumentalism
CANADA• Objective: National Pride/ Social Cohesion/ Diversity
• History: Formed after WWII, American Influence
• Type: Public Funding is larger
• Culture: Individualistic, slightly socialistic
• Trend: Decreasing, yet the scope is broadening
THE UNITED STATES• Objective: Public Goods, Diplomacy
• History: In line with active philanthropy (Carnegie)
• Type: Private Funding is substantially larger
• Culture: Individualistic, Capitalistic (Democratic)
• Trend: Recovering from the Crisis
JAPAN• Objective: Public Goods, Preservation, Economic Growth
• History: Westernization = Modernization, WWII
• Type: Public Funding is marginal (fear of public intervention)
• Culture: Collectivist, Capitalistic
• Trend: Recovering from the Crisis, Collaboration with Private
COMPARISON
• Punctuation Equilibrium: External Influence
• Advocacy Coalition: Linear
• Path Dependency: Disconnected Evolution
• Policy tools: Direct, Indirect, Hybrid
Canada USA Japan
ObjectiveNational Pride/Social Cohesion
Economic DevelopmentPublic goods
DiplomacyPreservation
Economic Development
Policy Change PEF ACF PDF
Public/Private 27:23 13:43 6:12.2
ratio 117% 30% 49%
Culture Individualist - Socialistic Individualist - Capitalistic Collectivist - Capitalistic
CULTURE COMPLEX• Cultural Hub
• Encourage arts/culture
• Provide facilities (Theatre, Gallery, etc.)
HARBOURFRONT CENTRE• Non-profit (established as a
crown company)
• Artistic Innovation, Cultural Engagement
• 4 Theatres, 2 Galleries
• Decreasing Public Funding
• Increasing Private Funding
LINCOLN CENTER• Non-profit (most donation from Rockefeller)
• Initiated by The Mayor's Slum Clearance Committee
• Urban Renewal
• Opera house, Concert Halls, Music School
• Marginal Public Funding
ROPPONGI ART DISTRICT• Mix of Non-profit and For-profit
• Economic Development
• 3 Museums (2 Private Museums and 1 National Arts Center)
• Form the Arts Triangle
• Resulted in commercial success
CONCLUSION• Harbourfront Centre needs to be more commercial
• But cannot compromise its mission
• Could learn from the US organizations about private funds
• Programming should be aimed at ‘creative class’
• The Japan case tells that the government can support the initiative for economic growth
<Takeaways>
• Country comparison let us see a bigger picture
• This leads to deeper understanding of the issue
• Results in a better suggestion
