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Maureen Mack, Ph.D.Curriculum & Instruction
University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire
& the& theCider House Cider House
RulesRules
Attachment Attachment TheoryTheory
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Overview
Definitions of Secure/Insecure Attachment
Types of Disordered Attachment
Effects of Attachment Quality & Trauma on the Developing Brain
Treatment and Strategies
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Definition of Secure Attachment
Secure attachment is an enduring affective bond characterized by a tendency to seek and maintain proximity to a specific person, particularly when under stress.
– Ainsworth and Bowlby
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Characteristics of Secure Attachment
Deep, long lasting, emotional attachment
Influences mind, body, emotions, relationships,
and values (Levy)
Positive affect on self-esteem, independence,
enduring relationships, empathy, compassion, and
resiliency
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Critical Aspect of Attachment
Emotional Sensitivity—appropriate parental emotional expression and reception. EA qualities can be observed in parents of children of any age.
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Secure Attachment
Instinctual urge to attach rooted in evolution
Secure Attachment = Parents + Child
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Definition of Attachment Disorder
Attachment disorder is the inability to form loving, lasting intimate relationships
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Characteristics of Attachment Disorder
Lack of reciprocal behavior
Rights violations
Frequent aggressive and destructive acts
Lack of remorse
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Examples of Secure-Insecure Attachment
Homer
View Movie Clip from website (9,507 kb .wmv)
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Examples of Secure-Insecure Attachment
Bedtime at the
OrphanageView Movie Clip from website (4,131 kb .wmv)
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Small Group Exercise 1
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Overview
Definitions of Secure/Insecure Attachment
Types of Disordered Attachment
Effects of Attachment Quality & Trauma on the Developing Brain
Treatment and Strategies
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Types of Insecure Attachment
Ambivalent
Avoidant
Disorganized
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Ambivalent
• Cling, withdraw in unfamiliar environment
• Separation anxiety• Rejects efforts to
comfort, sooth
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Avoidant
• Pseudo independence and self-sufficiency
• Rejects or avoids comforting
• Unaffected by close,intimate contacts
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• Most serious form• No consistent strategy
for comfort-seeking• Depression,
motor-freezing, anddisassociation
Disorganized
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Insecure Attachment Continuum
SevereSevereMildMild
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Common Causes of Disorder Attachment
Abuse
Neglect
Addiction
Multiple out of home placements
Parental death/loss
SevereSevereMildMild
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Hard Being An Orphan
View Movie Clip from website (5,530 kb .wmv)
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Characteristics
Behavioral Emotional
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Characteristics
Thought Relational
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Characteristics
Physical Moral/Spiritual
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Small Group Exercise 2
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Overview
Definitions of Secure/Insecure Attachment
Types of Disordered Attachment
Effects of Attachment Quality & Trauma on the Developing Brain
Treatment and Strategies
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Brain Development
AlteredNormal
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Brain Development
Altered
Normal
Fetal—first 2 years—most rapid growth; quality of caretaking impacts brain
Alarm Reactions
Alter chemical wiring
Traumatized infants/children
Neurobehavioral problems
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Attachment Disorder and ADHD
Bonding Breaks
Attachment Deficits
Symptoms of ADHD
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Small Group Exercise 3
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Homer Returns
View Movie Clip from website (19,304 kb .wmv)
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Overview
Definitions of Secure/Insecure Attachment
Types of Disordered Attachment
Effects of Attachment Quality & Trauma on the Developing Brain
Treatment and Strategies
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Treatment
Create attachment patterns Systemic approach to ward against triangulation Holistic-integrative approaches Revisit, revise, revitalize Relationship healing
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Strategies for Developing Secure Attachments
Reciprocal behaviors between child and adultRespectful eye contact, body languageRespectful verbal languageCalming, soothing, nurturing responsesClaiming behaviorsPhysical proximity and touchingCareful, deliberate listeningAccepting limits - boundaries
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Strategies for Developing Secure Attachments
Climate and RelationalEase and spontaneity in words and movementsComfort in compliments, affection, appreciationHarmony in words and actionsPreserve harmony and dignity under stress
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Strategies for Developing Secure Attachments
Classroom Environment/StructureRationalityRealism IntuitivenessCreativityAdmit and correct mistakesBenevolence and cooperativeness
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Strategies for Developing Secure Attachments
Specific Instruction and Intervention Approaches Family Bereavement Program Character trait assessment through literature Integration of Search Institute External/Internal Asset Checklist into
curriculum, lessons activities Role model unit Share personal feelings and stories Create and maintain safe, non-judgmental
instructional environment Teacher Assistance Programs
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Small Group Exercise 4
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References Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Wittig, B. A. (1969). Attachment and the exploratory behavior of one year olds in a
strange situation. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 113-136). London: Metheun.Gallup, G. H., Moore, D. W., & Schussel, R. (1995). Disciplining children in America: A Gallup Poll Report.
Princeton, NJ: The Gallup Organization.Irving, John. (1999). The Cider House Rules. Modern Library: ISBN: 0679603352 Lach, J. (1997). Facilitating developmental attachment: The road to emotional recover and behavioral change in
foster and adopted children. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. Levy, Terry, M. (editor). (2000). Handbook of Attachment Interventions. San Diego: California. Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1993). Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal
psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Development, 64, 572-585.
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 121-160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Perry, B. D., Pollard, R., Blakely, T., Baker, W., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation and “use-dependent” development of the brain: How “states” become “traits”. Infant Mental Health Journal, 16(4), 271-291.
Terr, L. A. (1991). Chihood traumas: An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1-20.The Cider House Rules. (1999). Miramax Films.
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Questions