Download - Maternal Nutrition Power Point
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Maternal NutritionIssues and Interventions
The LINKAGES ProjectAcademy for Educational Development
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Maternal Nutrition
Issues
UN
ICEF
/HQ
97-0
317/
Noo
rani
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Major Issuesin Maternal Nutrition
• Inadequate weight and height
• Micronutrient deficiencies
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44
Maternal Malnutrition:A Life-Cycle Issue (1)
• Infancy and early childhood (0-24 months)– Suboptimal breastfeeding practices– Inadequate complementary foods– Infrequent feeding– Frequent infections
• Childhood (2-9 years)– Poor diets– Poor health care– Poor education
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Maternal Malnutrition:A Life-Cycle Issue (2)
• Adolescence (10-19 years)– Increased nutritional demands– Greater iron needs– Early pregnancies
• Pregnancy and lactation– Higher nutritional requirements– Increased micronutrient needs– Closely-spaced reproductive cycles
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Maternal Malnutrition:A Life-Cycle Issue (3)
• Throughout life– Food insecurity– Inadequate diets– Recurrent infections– Frequent parasites– Poor health care– Heavy workloads– Gender inequities
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Women Giving BirthBefore the Age of 18
1821
28
0
10
20
30
Asia LAC Africa
UN, World Fertility Survey, 1986
Percent
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88
Chronic Energy Deficiencyin Women 15-49 Years Old
41.1 40.5
18.722.4
14.6
7.2
0
25
50
S Asia SE Asia China SS Africa C Amer. S. Amer.
ACC/SCN, 1992
Percent WomenBMI<18.5 kg/m2
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99
Consequences of MaternalChronic Energy Deficiency
• Infections
• Obstructed labor
• Maternal mortality
• Low birth weight
• Neonatal and infant mortality
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Determinants of IntrauterineGrowth Retardation
Low pre-pregnancy weight
Short stature
Low caloric intake
Maternal low birth-weight
Non nutritional factors
Kramer, 1989
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The IntergenerationalCycle of Malnutrition
Child growth failure
Early pregnancy
Small adult women
Low birth weight babies
Low weight and height in teens
ACC/SCN, 1992
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Dietary Iron RequirementsThroughout the Life Cycle
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
MenWomen
Required iron intake(mg Fe/1000 kcal)
Stoltzfus, 1997Age (years)
Pregnancy
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Iron Deficiency
• Most common form malnutrition
• Most common cause of anemia
• Other causes of anemia:
− Parasitic infection
− Malaria
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Causes of DietaryIron Deficiency
• Low dietary iron intake
• Low iron bioavailability− Non-heme iron− Inhibitors
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Parasitic Infection
• Causes blood loss
• Increases iron loss
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Malaria
• Destroys red blood cells
• Leads to severe anemia
• Increases risk in pregnancy
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Prevalence of Anemiain Women 15-49 years old
0
35
70
S/SE Asia Africa China LAC E Asia
Non-PregnantPregnant
ACC/SCN, 1992
Percent
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1818
Anemic Women(15-49 years old) Worldwide
215
56 5624
827
8 11 4 0.50
125
250
S/SE Asia Africa China LAC E Asia
Non-PregnantPregnant
ACC/SCN, 1992DeMaeyer, 1985
Millions
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1919
Severity of Anemiain Pregnant Women
0
50
100
Nepal China
Mild anemia (90<Hb<110 g/L)Moderate to severe anemia (Hb<90 g/L)
Stoltzfus, 1997
Percent
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2020
Severity of Anemiain Non-Pregnant Women
0
50
100
Zanzibar Indonesia
Mild anemia(90<Hb<120 g/L)Mod-severe anemia (Hb<90 g/L)
Stoltzfus, 1997
Percent
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Consequencesof Maternal Anemia
• Maternal deaths• Reduced transfer of iron to fetus• Low birth weight• Neonatal mortality• Reduced physical capacity• Impaired cognition
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2222
Severe Anemia andMaternal Mortality (Malaysia)
15.5
3.5
0
10
20
Llewellyn-Jones, 1985
< 65 > 65
Pregnancy hemoglobin concentration (g/L)
Maternal deaths / 1000 live births
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Pregnancy Hemoglobinand Low Birth Weight
13.811.5
9.7 8.9 911.4 11
0
5
10
15
80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Lowest pregnancy hemoglobin concentration (g/L)
% L
ow b
irth
wei
ght
Garn et al., 1981
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Consequences of Anemiaon Adult Productivity
UN
ICEF
/HQ
95-0
974
/Noo
rani
Reduced productivityReduced productivity
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2525
Consequences of Anemiaon Children’s Education
UN
ICEF
/C-7
9-45
/Goo
dsm
ith
Reduced learning capacityReduced learning capacity
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Causes of MaternalVitamin A Deficiency
•• Inadequate intake
• Recurrent infections
• Reproductive cycles
UN
ICEF
/DO
I93-
1879
/Zam
man
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Consequences of Vitamin ADeficiency in Pregnancy (1)
Increased risk of:• Night blindness• Maternal mortality• Miscarriage• Stillbirth• Low birth weight
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Consequences of Vitamin ADeficiency in Pregnancy (2)
Increased risk of:
• Reduced transfer of vit. A to fetus
• HIV vertical transmission
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Consequences of MaternalVitamin A Deficiency on Lactation
Low vitamin A
concentration
in breastmilk
UN
ICEF
/81-
105/
John
Isaa
c
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Consequences of Vitamin ADeficiency in Childhood
Increased risk of:
• Occular problems
• Morbidity and mortality
• Anemia
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Iodine Deficiency in Women
UN
ICEF
/95-
0065
Sha
did
Goiter
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Consequences of IodineDeficiency on Intelligence
UN
ICEF
/C-9
2/Sp
ragu
e
• 3% cretins
• 10% severely mentally impaired
• 87% mildly mentally impaired
• 3% cretins3% cretins
•• 10% severely mentally impaired10% severely mentally impaired
•• 87% mildly mentally impaired87% mildly mentally impaired
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3333
Consequences of IodineDeficiency on Education
UN
ICEF
/C-5
6-19
/Mur
ray-
Lee
• Educability
• Drop-out rates
• Under utilizationof school facilities
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Consequences of MaternalMalnutrition on Productivity
Chronic EnergyDeficiency
Iron Deficiency
Iodine Deficiency
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Consequences of MaternalZinc Deficiency
• Rupture of membranes
• Prolonged labor
• Preterm delivery
• Low birth weight
• Maternal and infant mortality
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Consequences of MaternalFolic Acid Deficiency
• Maternal anemia
• Neural tube defects
• Low birth weight
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Consequences of MaternalVitamin B-6 and B-12 Deficiency
• Maternal anemia
• Impaired developmentof infant’s brain
• Neurological disordersin infants
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Maternal Nutrition
Interventions
UN
ICEF
/HQ
97-0
317/
Noo
rani
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Major Interventionsin Maternal Nutrition
• Improve weight and height
• Improve micronutrient status
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Improving Maternal Weight
• Increase caloric intake
• Reduce energy expenditure
• Reduce caloric depletion
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Improving Maternal Height
• Increase birth weight
• Enhance infant growth
• Improve adolescent growth
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4242
Optimal Behaviorsto Improve Women’s Nutrition
Early Infancy:Exclusivebreastfeedingto six monthsof age
UN
ICEF
/92-
070/
John
Isaa
c
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Optimal Behaviorsto Improve Women’s Nutrition
Late Infancyand Childhood:Appropriatecomplementaryfeeding fromabout six months U
NIC
EF/C
-55-
3F/W
atso
n
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4444
Optimal Behaviorsto Improve Women’s Nutrition
Late Infancyand Childhood:Continuefrequenton-demandbreastfeedingto 24 monthsand beyond
UN
ICEF
/HQ
96-0
304/
Cha
rton
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Optimal Behaviorsto Improve Women’s Nutrition
Pregnancy:
• Increase food intake
• Take iron+folic acid
supplements daily
• Reduce workload
UN
ICEF
/90-
196/
J. S
chyt
te
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4646
Optimal Behaviorsto Improve Women’s Nutrition
Lactation:• Increase food intake• Take a high dose vitamin A at delivery• Reduce workload
UN
ICEF
/C-8
8-15
/Goo
dsm
ith
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Vit A PostpartumSupplementation (Indonesia)
12.5
18.8
0 10 20
July-Dec 95
Jan-June 96
Percentage of mothers receiving postpartum Vitamin A supplements
Helen Keller International, 1997
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Optimal Behaviorsto Improve Women’s Nutrition
UN
ICEF
/HQ
97-0
934/
Noo
rani
• Delay first pregnancyDelay first pregnancy
•• Increase birth intervals Increase birth intervals
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Optimal Behaviorsto Improve Women’s Nutrition
At all times:• Increase food intake if underweight• Diversify the diet• Use iodized salt• Control parasites• Take micronutrient supplements if needed
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Improving Women’sMicronutrient Status
• Dietary modification
• Parasite control
• Fortification
• Supplementation
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Dietary Modification to ImproveWomen’s Micronutrient Status
Increase:
• Micronutrient intake
• Bioavailability of micronutrient intake
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5252
Parasite Control to ImproveWomen’s Micronutrient Status
Reduce parasite transmission:
• Improve hygiene
• Increase access to treatments
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5353
Fortification to ImproveWomen’s Micronutrient Status
Medium-term strategy:• Improves micronutrient intake• Without changing food habits
Requires:• Appropriate nutrient fortificant• Appropriate food vehicle
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5454
Examples of MicronutrientFood Fortification
• Vitamin A in sugar
• Iron in wheat flour
• Iodine in salt
• Multiple fortification- iron + iodine in salt- iron + vit B in wheat flour
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Supplementation to ImproveWomen’s Micronutrient Status
• Preventive or therapeutic
• Daily or periodic
• Targeted to groups
• Mass distribution
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5656
Iron+Folic Acid Supplementationfor Women of Reproductive Age
Prior to and between pregnancies:
• Periodic daily supplementation
or
• Ongoing weekly supplementation
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5757
Iron+Folic Acid Supplementationduring Pregnancy
• Daily supplementation
• Start as soon as possible
• Continue for six months
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Multiple MicronutrientMaternal Supplementation
Targeted to:− Pregnant women− All women of reproductive age
Iron+folic acid+other micronutrientsAddition increases:
− Costs− Benefits
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Elements of a SuccessfulSupplementation Program
• Supplement supply• Delivery system• Women’s demand and compliance• Monitoring and evaluation
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Supplement Supply
• Data-based ordering
• Timely procurement process
• Timely distribution to delivery points
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Supplement Delivery System
• Accessible to target population
• Appropriate Staff:− Motivated− Approachable− Supportive− Adequately trained
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Women’s Demand and Compliance
• Communications component− Community awareness
− Information on side effects
• Good quality supplements
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Monitoring and Evaluation
• Monitoring at all levels:− Supply− Coverage− Compliance− Communications component
• Evaluate impact on prevalence
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Produced by
The Linkages Project