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Materials for Clean Energy Production and CO2 Reduction
Gou-Chung Chi
Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University
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OutlineOutline1.Current Status of Taiwan’s Energy & CO2
Emissions Situation
2.Materials for Energy and the Environment
3.Highlights of Clean Energy R&D in Taiwan
4.Future Prospects
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General Information of TaiwanGeneral Information of Taiwan Area : 36,000 km2
Population : 22.61 millions GDP : US$ 355.583 billion GDP per capita : US$ 15,223 Exports : US$ 178.320 billion Imports : US$ 169.225 billion Taiwan’s industries rank globally
#1 provider of chip foundry services, with 70% of the market worth $9.1 billion
#1 provider of notebook PCs, with 72% of the market worth $24 billion
Reference : Ministry of Economic Affairs 2007 (2006 data)
Ⅰ. Current Status of Taiwan’s Energy & CO2
Emissions Situation
INER
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Comparison of Energy StructureComparison of Energy StructureTaiwanTaiwan
JapanJapan GermanyGermany
Reference : 1.Energieversorgung für Deutschland 20062.INER, BOE Data, Taiwan 3.APEC Energy Database
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2006 2010 2025Year
Ene
rgy
Str
uctu
re o
f P
rim
ary
Ene
rgy
%
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewable Energy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2006 2010 2025Year
Ene
rgy
Str
uctu
re o
f P
rim
ary
Ene
rgy
%
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewable Energy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2006 2010 2025Year
Ene
rgy
Str
uctu
re o
f P
rim
ary
Ene
rgy
%
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewable Energy
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Taiwan Korea Japan Germany OECD World
Taiwan-World
ranking %
CO2 Emission
(Mt of CO2)261.28 448.91 1214.19 813.48 12910 27136 20 0.96%
Population
(millions)22.89 48.29 127.76 82.46 1172 6432 - 0.36%
GDP per capita
(2005 US$)15223.76 16443.76 35671.58 33864.68 29895.39 6947.81 - -
CO2 Emission
per capita
(t CO2 per capita)
11.41 9.30 9.50 9.87 11.02 4.22 15 -
CO2 per GDP
(kg CO2 per 2005
US$)
0.75 0.57 0.27 0.29 0.37 0.61 - -
CO2 per GDP PPP
(kg CO2 per 2005
US$)
0.40 0.42 0.31 0.33 0.60 0.44 - -
CO2 per TPES
(t CO2 per toe)2.47 2.10 2.29 2.36 2.33 2.37 30 -
Comparison of CO2 Emission indicators
Reference : 1.IEA key world energy Statistics 20072.IMF Data and Statistics
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The Challenges of COThe Challenges of CO2 2 reduction in Taiwanreduction in Taiwan Climate Change
The CO2 emission ranking of Taiwan is 20th.
Energy and Industry Structure The trend of energy supply is unfavorable for reducing
CO2 emission due to the “nuclear-free home land” policy.
The dependence on foreign energy supply is very high (98%).
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100%
Renewable /New energy
100%
Coal(+ Methane hydrate)
(+ CO2 Capture and sequestration)
IGCC+CO2 capture and sequestrationMethane hydrate
Marine energy park (Wind + Solar + Biomass)Deep sea water utilization (OTEC+ Cooling)BiofuelGeothermal100% renewable energy in offshore island
(No IGCC+CO2 capture and sequestration currently)
Development of Energy Technology with Low CO2 Emission
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Taiwan’s Advantages in Developing Renewable and Hydrogen Energy Technology
Ample renewable energy resources
Strong manufacturing capabilities for cost-down production of hydrogen energy equipment
Strong commitments to renewable and hydrogen energy R&D
2.3~18.984~7873~25Ocean-thermal Gradients
>5.7>236>7.5Geothermal Energy
20Bio-energy (bio-waste+bio-ethanol+bio-diesel)
1.3~13.456~56012~120Solar Energy
0.7~6.728~2803~30Wind Power
Percentage of Primary Energy
(%)
Energy Capacity
(PJ/y)
Estimated Capacity
(GW)
Energy Type
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Energy/Environment Technology Device/Process Advanced materials
CO2 capture and sequestration Gas adsorption Nanosized high temperature Ca/Mg
based sorbent
Hydrogen production & storageLight absorption,Gas adsorption/desorption
Photocatalytic splitting of water to generate hydrogen via quantum dot solar cells
Hydrogen storage using metal organic framework (MOF) with high surface area
Fuel cells Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)
Electrochemical reaction
Improved ceramic components for SOFC
Electrocatalysts New electrolyte
Photovoltaic solar cell Efficient solar harvesting
Ⅲ- semiconductor with multiple Ⅴjunctions
Silicon quantum dot
Biomass Cellulose ethanol
Pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and ethanol recovery
Development of genetically engineered bacteria and yeast
Growth of marine plants
Wind power Land-base & off-shore Marine energy park
Blades, wind turbine, generators, transformers, power distributors
Advanced composite materials for blades of improved strength-mass ratio
ⅡⅡ. Materials for Energy and the Environment. Materials for Energy and the Environment
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Primary Energy
Electricity
SIGCC
MOCVD
MOF
Hydrolysis Fermentation Genetic Engineering
Nanosized Ceramic PowderAtmospheric Plasma Spray
Core Technology System Application
Solar Energy
Fossil Fuel
< 100W System
Transportation
Hydrogen Production/
Storage
High EfficiencySolar Cell
Quantum DotSolar Cell
CommunitykW~GWSystem
3C
Building Materials
Hydrogen Storage System
for FCV
kW~GWSystem
kW System
Bio Energy
Application of Clean Energy and Environmental TechnologyApplication of Clean Energy and Environmental Technology
Water Splitting
SOFC
Biothanol
PECVDThin FilmSolar Cell
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Solar Water SplittingSolar Water Splitting2007-2009 2010-2012 2013-2014 2015 – 2020
2 USD/kg 20 USD/kgN/ACOST
15%10%5%Chemical conversion
process efficiency :EC
Multiple junctionsa-Si / pc-Si thin film PEC device
Single-junction pc-silicon thin film PEC device
C-silicon bulk
PEC devicePhotochemical: PEC
1. Pt Size < 10nm2. Pt Density 3. Macroporous surface4. Surface oxidation (SiO2)5. Higher shottkey barrier (Solar Cell
structure)
Voc
Isc
Efficiency
Solar Water Splitting Voc > 1.23 eVSyntheses of Pt nanoparticles
by physical or wet chemical methods
Si thin film electrode
Commercialization at cost of 0.2 USD/Kg H2
ⅢⅢ. . Highlights of Clean Energy R&D in TaiwanHighlights of Clean Energy R&D in Taiwan
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0 200 400 600 80010001200-0.50.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5
Hy
dro
ge
n a
ds
orp
tio
n (
wt%
)
Pressure (psig)
IRMOF-8 IRMOF-8 Pt/AC
Current Status of MOF Research for Hydrogen Storage•MOF (metal organic framework) has large pore volume, high specific surface area and a network of pore channels with well-defined hydrogen occupation sites ;and is promising for hydrogen storage.
•Bridge-building enhances hydrogen adsorption through spillover.
•The maximum hydrogen adsorption capacity at room temperature and 6.9 MPa can reach 4.7 wt%.
3-D network of pore channel SEM image of MOF cubic crystals
Bridge-building reducing energy barrier for spillover
Comparison of hydrogen uptake for MOFs with and without bridge-building.
Hydrogen storage cartridge for bridged-MOFs
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Development of Advanced Ceramic Components of SOFC
I-V-P performance of porous nickel metal supported YSZ/Ni-LSGM-LSC
Atmospheric plasma spraying system
0 400 800 1200 16000 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
1 .2
0
100
200
300
400
500
Vol
tage
(V
)
Pow
er Den
sity (mW
/cm2)
I (m A /cm 2 )
Y S Z N i-L S G M -L S C F C ell(O 2= H 2= 300cc /m in )
~ 4 33 W a tt/cm 2 (8 0 5 C )
~ 2 74 W a tt/cm 2 (7 5 0 C )
~ 1 66 W a tt/cm 2 (7 0 0 C )
LSCF(20~40m)
LSGM(45~65m)
NanostructuredYSZ+Ni Anode
(15~25m)
Ni Substrate(1.0~1.2mm)
Nano YSZ (8~20nm)and Ni(20~40nm)
LSGM
Ni Substrate
SEM cross sectional view of porous nickel metal supported YSZ/Ni-LSGM-LSCF
Plasma sprayed SOFC MEA
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0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.00.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
I-V Power-voltage
Voltage(V)
Cu
rre
nt(A
)
Voc=2.72VIsc=0.1675APmax=0.384WEff.=31.08%FF=0.84
Active Area=0.163cm2
CR ratio = 72
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Po
we
r(W)
Ohmic Ohmic
n-GaAs ContactAR coating
The efficiency of self-designed solar cell The efficiency of self-designed solar cell has achieved 31% in 2006. has achieved 31% in 2006.
Ⅲ- Solar Cell Technology DevelopmentⅤⅢ- Solar Cell Technology DevelopmentⅤ
Layer structure Self-designed triple junction solar cell
Cell Pattern
Wafer diced into cells and expanded on the blue tape
5.8 cm
Self-designed - solar cell has an Ⅲ Ⅴefficiency of 31% under 72 suns.
14
Tested by INER
Designed by INER
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Cellulosic Ethanol
Ferment-able
Sugars
Pre-treatment Process
Enzyme ProcessCelluloseCellulosic
Biomass
Fermen-tation
Process
Cellulosic Ethanol Development
PROCESS
FEEDSTOCK
TARGET
rice strawbagasse
miscanthusalgae
2005 2006 2007 2009Lab scale
Bench scale (400g/batch)
Mini-scale plant(10kg/batch)
Pilot plant(1 tons/day)
Year
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A Conceptual Marine Energy ParkLand accretion along the seashore to create a new energy industry zone
Off-shore anti-typhoon design wind turbines with new blade materials of improved strength-mass ratio and with lighter components
High-concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) power-generation systems at park and solar energy panels with new thin-film materials mounted at wind turbine monopole
Connecting innovative design of wind turbines foundations to form an underwater pasture for algae, fishes, or shellfishes(see next page)
Cellulose-to-ethanol transformation plants using feedstock from on-site algae and electricity from on-site green power
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A Conceptual Underwater Pasture Combined with Wind and Solar Power Applications
Large size algae cultivationusing high strength fiber cordage
Thin-filmsolar panels
High density polyethylene (HDPE)cultivation net cage
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1. Taiwan is willing to share responsibility in addressing
the problem of global climate change under the
principle of fairness and justice.
2. Using advanced materials and clean energy
technologies to ensure Taiwan’s energy security and
to reduce the impact on the environment.
3. Any GHG emission reduction approach should
consider the global competitiveness of Taiwan’s
industries.
Reference : Conclusion from Executive Yuan Energy Policy and S&T Development Steering Committee
Ⅳ. Future Prospects
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Long-term Target of CO2 Reduction-Reduce to 2005 Level
Mid-term Target Long-term Target GDP
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
CO2 Emission (M tons)
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
GDP (100million US$)
1.Mid-term target plus high share of SIGCC & renewables2.Reduce to 2005 level
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Thank You for Your Attention