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Dr Kiro Petrovski
University of Adelaide, Roseworthy
Mastitis and colostrum management update
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Biography
– Started working with dairy cows at age of 11• First independent calving • First cow surgery at 16
– Work on mastitis 19 years• Mastitis treatment products development since 2004
• Bomac, Bayer, Elanco, Pfizer, Homeopathic farm supplies, LuodaPharma
• Organic vs. conventional farming• Causes of mastitis• Economics of mastitis• Mastitis management
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Biography cont’d
– Herd health consultancy• NZ (2006-2013)
– Mastitis consultancy• NZ (2006-2015)• Europe (2005, 2008, 2014)• USA (2007)• Argentina (2007-2012)
– Mastitis and herd health problem solving (2004-2015)• 11 countries
– Farmer and veterinarians discussion groups and workshops (1997-2016)
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Up-dates on calf management and mastitis for dairy farmers
Dr Kiro R PetrovskiDVM, MVSc, PGDipVCSc, PhD
Senior Lecturer
August 2016
Mt Gambier15 September 2016
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Roadmap
– Preventive measures to control outbreaks– Best management of colostrum for healthy calves– What is new in calf management
• At Roseworthy– What is new in mastitis treatment
• At Roseworthy– On-farm strategies to maximise mastitis management and minimise cost
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Preventive measures to control outbreaks of calf disorders
– Failure of passive transfer• Failure to get quickly enough
good quality colostrum– Calf diarrhoea
• Acute (infectious, nutritional)• Chronic (parasitic, nutritional)
– Infection of the umbilical remnant• Navel ill
– Septic arthritis• Joint ill
– Enzootic pneumonia– General sickness and weak calves
• Bacterial meningitis & Septicaemia
• Metabolic acidosis
Nutrition
Quality of stockmans
hip
Calf diarrhoea
Calf susceptibili
ty
Pathogen pathogenic
ity
Environment and
husbandry
Infectious load
Modified from Bazeley, In Practice, , March 2003
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Calf mortality rates
– Dairy• 2-60% per farm per year• Probably best KPI 6%
– Beef• 1-7% per farm per year• Probably best KPI 2%• Excludes predation
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Risk factors summarised
Controllable Partially controllable Non-controllable
Calf resistance- passive transfer of immunity
Dystocia Weather
Quality of management Calving hypoxia Season
Hygiene Type of housing Twinning
Prevalence of disorders in the herd- Infectious pressure
Calving facilities
Vaccination protocols Calf carer
Management of pregnant dams Calf size
Availability of calving assistance Age of the dam
Origin of calves Staff limitations
Feeding management- dams- calves
Dam-offspring bond- not important for dairy?
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Calving(normal, dystocia)
WeatherEnvironment(contamination)
Suckling
Colostrum intake
Navel dressing
Clean transport
Energy
Feeding
Milk / replacers
Pasture
Solids
Sick calves
Ventilation
Pen management
Bedding
Housing and stockmanship
Ventilation
Pen management
Bedding
Hygiene
Feeding equipment
Watering equipment
Pens / pasture
Calf rearer
Feedstuffs storage
Calf survival
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Prevention of calf disorders
– Vaccination of dams– Timely assistance with calving difficulties– Colostrum management
• 3Qs (quickly, quality and quantity)– Navel management
• Spray with proper navel stuff (not teat disinfectant)– Biosecurity
• Prevent entry and spread of disease– Hygiene– Comfort
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Best management of colostrum for healthy calves
– 10% of BW within first 12 hours• Not less than 7% of BW• Depends on quality of colostrum
– Blood levels of IgG (18-24 hr old calves)• Adequate passive transfer >8 g/L or ≥10 g/L• Partial failure 4-8 g/L• Complete failure <4 g/L
– Blood levels of total protein (18-24 hr old calves)• Adequate passive transfer >55 g/L• Partial failure 50-55 g/L• Complete failure <50 g/L
Antibody concentration in colostrum/milk
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Why colostrum and Colostrum absorption
– Why colostrum• Immunity• Nutrition• Programing
– Low proteolytic activity in neonatal GIT– Anti-trypsin component in colostrum
• Reaching the small intestine– First 6-24-36 hrs specialised enterocytes
• Absorption of immunoglobulins• Later specialised enterocytes sloughed• Replaced by normal enterocytes
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Quality of colostrum
– Hygiene essential– Adequate colostrum
• min 50g immunoglobulin/L – Colostrometer
• Red = inadequate• Yellow = borderline• Green = adequate
– Brix refractometer• >20-22-25 indicates adequate colostrum
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Colostrum requirements
– First 6 hours 100g IgG– 6-18 hours additional 100 g IgG
Quality of colostrum
IgG content
Volume for >100 G IgG
Excellent >90 g/L >1.2 L
Good 65-90 g/L
2 L
Moderate 40-65 g/L
3 L
Poor <40 g/L >4 L
Uptake of colostrum IgG content
Excellent <4 hours
Good 4-12 hours
Moderate 12-24 hours
Poor 24-36 hours
Ceases >36 hours
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Milk volume in first lactation
– Effect of body weight at first calving (HF primiparous cows)Weight
Passivetransfer
Mean herd milk yield (litres)
<5,000 5,000-6,000 >6,000 Mean
<480 Inadequate 3,833 (n=80) 4,172 (n=308) 4,910 (n=95) 4,261
480-520 Partial failure 4,063 (n=27) 4,388 (n=259) 5,224 (n=81) 4,548
>520 Adequate 4,337 (n=12) 4,549 (n=239) 5,402 (n=92) 4,770
Difference between adequate and inadequate colostrum intake = 509L
in the first lactationHow much for the life?
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What is new on calf management at RW
– Estimate colostrum quality locally• Age of dam• Breed• Season• Colostrum yield
– Estimate colostrum intake locally• Effect of cross-fostering• Effect of colostrum mixing• Effect of diluting colostrum
– Estimate epigenetic programing effect of colostrum• Production, fertility and product quality
– Pilot study finished
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Pilot study results
– Near Mt Compass, SA• HF only
– 30 cows colostrum• Production of immunoglobulins cow dependent
– 15 calves, 3 groups• Original dam full colostrum• Foster dam full colostrum• Foster dam half colostrum
– Half quality colostrum resulted in failure of passive transfer– No significant difference between feeding from original or foster dam
detected– NOTE: small sample size
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Call for assistance
– Dairy and beef farmers to do this again on larger scale– Next year colostrum quality only in first instance– Planned to do full repeated study year after this
• We provide all sampling and testing equipment• Test individual cows and colostrum given to the calf/calves
• We need approx. 4 farms (preferred different breeds) to host 2 students for the calving season (spring and autumn)• Can be the same farm with split calving• But can be 4 different farms each time
– Involved farms will get first study results (before anyone else sees them)• If interested can get colostrum quality results as you go• Can do measurement of total protein per calf at approx. 24 hours age (need
AEC approval)
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What is new in mastitis treatment at RW
– New mastitis treatment development• Antimicrobial usually used as rumen modifier• 5-7 years away
– We detected novel resistance pattern in CNS isolated for the SE of SA• Early stages of work• Risk of mastitis treatment failure• Common mechanism for humans, plants and animals
• Potential to cause public and occupational health risks• Farmers, farm staff, veterinarians
• No difference form other CNS morphologically
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On-farm strategies to maximise mastitis management and minimise cost
– Follow Countdown 2020 guidelines– Have herd health management
programme in place– Call promptly when problems arise– Proper management of cows at
drying off• Timely culling• Nutrition• Dry cow product• Use of internal teat sealants
– Proper management around calving (transition cow 3-4 weeks either side of calving)• Nutrition (prevent milk fever and changes in
appetite)• Milking (full milking from start ASAP) and
milking procedure (enjoyable experience for the cow)
• Detection of mastitis (palpate from milking 1 & RMT from milking 5)
• Teat disinfection in high concentration• Hygiene
KNOW YOUR ENEMY – take regularly milk samplesProperly train your staff in detection, treatment and management of mastitis
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Call for assistance
– We need a minimum of 10 samples of bulk milk and hospital mob separately per farm• Take sample, freeze, deliver to your vet• By 31st October 2016
– We will provide you with free information on your Mycoplasma status by 30 November 2016
– If you interested in testing you CNS resistance profile let us know• We will need samples from you• Free of cost• Delivery only• Unfortunately, if other bacteria involved we
do not report back – testing only for CNS and Mycoplasma
– Do you have plenty of calves with• Tilted heads• Joint ills• Pneumonia
– We can help to test for Mycoplasma in your herd
– Talk to your vet to get in contact with us
– We need appropriate samples• Free testing – takes bit longer as it is a
research lab• If urgent we will try our best to
accommodate this
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Do you have herd level problem with health
– Talk to your vet– We can be involved in your herd health management programme– We are here to support you and your industry– We can come to your farm
• Students regularly involved• Charge for the travel and time only, no additional fees• If few of you get together much cheaper (travel cost divided between all)
– Talk to DairySA• They can get in contact with us for further education events