![Page 1: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
23-11-2014
Challenge the future
Delft University of Technology
Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering
Leon van Paassen
![Page 2: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
STW program BioGeoCivil
Bio-Based Geo & Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Society:
Develop Bio-based materials and processes that substantially mitigate the pressure from the geo & civil engineering activities on the environment.
![Page 3: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Why Bio-based?
![Page 4: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Current BioGeoCivil projects
• Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments: Van Paassen (TUD), Van Loosdrecht(TUD), Hicks (TUD), Heimovaara (TUD).
• Lift up Lowlands: Upgrading of natural materials and methods for sustainable lift up of low lying polder areas: Grotenhuis (WUR), Reinaarts (WUR), Van Paassen (TUD), Van Tol (TUD).
• Biocement: Towards the development of carbondioxide neutral renewable cement: Jonkers (TUD), Grotenhuis (WUR), Coomans (WUR/ECN).
• Bioretrofit: Biobased Repair and Performance Improvements of Aged Concrete Structures: Jonkers (TUD), Van Loosdrecht (TUD), Muyzer (TUD).
• Biocoatings: Engineering of biobased substrates on buildings and infrastructure: Heimovaara (TUD), Hassanizadeh (UU), Van Veen (NIOO).
• BioWoPro: Biofilms for Wood Protection: Samson (KNAW-CBS), Adan (TUE), Huinink (TUE).
www.biogeocivil.nl
![Page 5: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
BioFix: Using bacteria to improve
soil strength
![Page 6: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Lake Clifton,Yalgorup National Park, Australia
Algea, cyanobacteria precipitate CaCO3
Micro-organisms precipitate CaCO3
![Page 7: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Initial concept: Biogrout
1. Select and cultivate suitable bacteria. 2. Inject bacteria in the subsurface. 3. Inject substrates in the subsurface. 4. Bacteria produce calcium carbonate. 5. Remaining products are removed.
![Page 8: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
CO(NH2)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O 2 NH4Cl + CaCO3 (s)
Urease
(Sporosarcina Pasteurii)
Sporosarcina pasteurii Urea CaCO3 crystals
MICP by urea hydrolysis
![Page 9: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Scale-up in 5 years: 2004-2009
10 cm 1 m 1m3 100m3
2004 2005 2007
1D 2D-radial 3D
2009
![Page 10: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
2009: Sand to sandstone in 12 days
40m3 solidified, but heterogeneous
![Page 11: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
2010: First full scale application:
Stabilizing a borehole in gravel
![Page 12: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Conclusions after Biogrout field trial
• Biological ground reinforcement is possible!
• But…
• Costs: 400.000 Euro (about 400 Euro /m3 soil)
• Resources (Urea and Calcium chloride)
• Ammonium chloride removal
• Cultivation of bacteria
• Environmental impact?
![Page 13: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
calcium-fatty acid + calcium nitrate Biomass + CaCO3 + N2(g)
Urea hydrolysis
Resources Waste Sandstone
ureum + calcium chloride CaCO3 + ammonium chloride
Denitrification
Resources Sandstone
Denitrifying micro-organisms
Microbes
Microbes
Sporosarcina pasteurii
Waste
Alternative processes
![Page 14: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
N-rich waste stream organic waste stream
Biological nitrification
reactor
Biological Acidification
reactor
CaCO3
Calcium - fatty acids Calcium nitrate
N2, CO2
Sand Sandstone
N2, CO2
CaCO3
MICP by denitrification:
using waste as a resource
![Page 15: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Proof of principle on denitrification
![Page 16: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Research challenges
• Unproven technology
• Reactive transport of liquid, solutes, gas, bacteria and solids?
• Reaction Rates?
• Accumulation of toxic intermediates N2O, NO?
• Bacterial growth the role of biomass?
• Gas production?
![Page 17: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Biogas: threat or potential?
• Biogas reduces liquefaction potential
![Page 18: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Research team
• TU Delft: GeoScience and Engineering/Environmental
Biotechnology/Numerical mathematics:
• Luke Bergwerff: use numerical models to define the optimum process
rates and how substrates and products are distributed in the
subsurface.
• Vinh Pham: define the requirements for liquefaction and piping
mitigation and prove experimentally that these requirements can be
fulfilled.
• Miranda van Wijngaarden: develop a numerical models which can be
used to predict the effect of biocementation at full scale.
• Industrial partners: Deltares, Volker Wessels
![Page 19: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Lift up lowlands
Using and upgrading dredged sediments to mitigate subsidence in low
lying polder areas
© Deltares
![Page 20: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Subsidence
• Subsidence rates up to 1 cm /year
due to:
• Gas extraction
• Peat oxidation
• Dewatering and compaction
• Associated problems
• Increased flood risk
• Salinization, land deterioration
• Increased energy for water
management
www.kennislink.nl
![Page 21: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Dredging
100 million m3/year dredged sediments
For
• Maintaining water ways
• Water quality
• Remove Nutrients
• Remove Contamination
99% not contaminated
5% is reused as construction material
![Page 22: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Lift up lowlands strategies
Three scenario’s to reverse the process of land subsidence are
envisioned:
1. Accelerate peat formation in constructed wetlands,
2. Use of dredged materials to mitigate subsidence
3. Use enhanced dredged sediments for civil engineering
structures e.g. dike reinforcement (high strength, limited
deformation).
![Page 23: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Field site Wormer & Jisperwater
x N P
![Page 24: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Installing equipment at depot X
level gauges access platform
![Page 25: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Sampling and monitoring monthly
![Page 26: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Studying the effect of crack formation and
plant growth
![Page 27: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Research questions
• How much dredging sludge is required?
• How do volume and consistency change in time? What is best
strategy to accelerate drying?
• How do cracks develop? And how do they affect the physical and
biological ripening process?
• How does the composition change (moisture, organic content,
grain size distribution, nutrients)?
• What is the role of plant?
• How does a change in composition affect the mechanical
properties?
• What is the feasibility for reusing the sediments?
![Page 28: Masterclass: Bio-based Geo & Civil Engineering€¦ · 4 Current BioGeoCivil projects •Biofix: Bio-mediated ground improvement to mitigate liquefaction and piping of granular sediments:](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060222/5f078cfb7e708231d41d8b11/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Lift up lowlands research group
• Wageningen University
• Bruna Oliveira: study the environmental and physical requirements
for reuse of dredged sediments to mitigate subsidence and can added
materials improve the material properties
• Delft University of Technology
• Roderick Tollenaar: develop a mechanical model to quantify volume
change and crack formation due to physical ripening.
• Nor Hazwani: study how the decomposition of organic matter affects
the compressibility of organic soils
• Industrial partners
• Arcadis, Deltares, Tauw, Witteveen & Bos, Hoogheemraadschap
Hollands Noorderkwartier