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Martini et al. Chapter 9
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Study of muscular tissue(mus = mouse, -cle = little)
What are the Muscular Tissues like?Excitability (irritability)ContractilityExtensibilityElasticity
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Skeletal* muscle tissue striated & voluntary
studied as the muscular systemCardiac muscle tissue striated & autorhythmicSmooth muscle tissue nonstriated & involuntary
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Motion body parts (or substances in body)Stability body parts (or substances in body)Heat production basal metabolic rate & shivering
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Skeletal muscles are organsMuscle cells are called “fibers”Nervous tissue -> sensory & motor neuronsBlood vessels (lined by epithelia)Connective tissues wrappers
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Each cell/fiber is covered by C.T. endomysium bundles of cells are “fascicles”Fascicles are surrounded by perimysiumWhole muscles are held together by epimysiumTendons or aponeuroses extend from muscles
direct or indirect attachments usu. to boneDeep fascia fills in between musclesSuperficial fascia fills in between muscle & skin
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Organ muscleTissue fascicleCell myofiberOrganelle myofibrilChemical myofilament(s)
myosin & actin
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Muscle cells are “excited” by nervous tissueA motor neuron stimulates multiple cells Small units are for precise movements Large units are for powerful movements
Muscles have many dif. sized motor unitsPoint of excitement = neuromuscular junction
Distal tips of motor neuron = axon terminalsneurotransmitter (ACh) crosses synaptic cleft
acetylcholine binds to motor end plates of cell
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A very long slender cylindrical cellCell membrane = sarcolemmaCytoplasm = sarcoplasmcontaining lots of mitochondria & glycogenmultiple* peripheral nucleimyofibrils: contractile organellesstriated & made of sarcomeressarcoplasmic reticulum: SER filled w/Catransverse tubules: connect sl to sr
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Sarcomere: a section of a myofibrilStriations = pattern of myofilaments
thick “myosin” & thin “actin”Z discsA & I bands
H zoneM line
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Calcium “frees-up” the myosin headsthey repeatedly “pull actin” toward M-line
Z discs also move toward M-lineI bands & H zone disappearA band length remains constantLack of Ca = relaxed muscle
antagonist can extend sarcomeres
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Red/Slow twitch (posture)aerobic: needs oxygen & glucose to make ATPlots of blood, myoglobin & mitochondria
White/Fast Twitch (power)anaerobic: works briefly from stored suppliesless blood, glycogen inclusions
Intermediate Fast Twitch (lower limbs)All muscle have combination of types
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HeartShorter branched cells
branched myofibrils = harder to see striations
Intercalated discsLong refractory period, no tetanus
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No parallel myofilamentsintermediate filaments maintain cell shape
Single-unit vs. multiunit typessheet all contracts due to gap junctions (stomach)groups of cells are innervated (arrector pili muscles)
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Muscle changes throughout lifeDevelopmentDiseases