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Martin L. Perl ([email protected])
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratoryand
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology at
Stanford University
Talk presented at University of Belgrade, April 2009
Matter, Energy,and the
Universe
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ORDINARY MATTERelectrons
atomsmolecules
peoplestars
DARK MATTER
?
DARK ENERGY
? ?ORDINARY ENERGY
chemicalelectricalnuclear
gravitational
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ORDINARY MATTERelectrons
atomsmolecules
peoplestars
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All ordinary matter made
up of Elementary Particles
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The Electron is anelementary particle
We cannot breakit up into smaller
parts
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The Electron is anelementary particle
Mass =10-27 grams =1 gram /1000000….00000
Size less than 10-16 centimeters
May have no size
Smallest electric chargeknown
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The Electron is anelementary particle
electric field
perhaps no center
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ORDINARY ENERGYchemicalelectricalnuclear
gravitational
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ChemicalEnergy
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ElectricalEnergy
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NuclearEnergy
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GravitationalEnergy in theUniverse
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Gravitationalenergy is more important thanall other ordinaryenergies in thebehavior of theuniverse.
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GravitationalEnergy onEarth
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GravitationalEnergy in theHeavens
Sun
OUR GALAXY
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DARK MATTER
?
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Dark Matter
In the 1930’3 Zwickyshowed that the velocityof galaxies would cause acluster to fall apart unlessthe galaxies has hiddenmass called Dark Matter
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Assumed distribution of dark matterin Solar System
Dark Matter
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Dark Matter
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Dark Matter
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Dark MatterWe hypothesize that Dark Matterconsists on a new type of electrically neutral, elementaryparticle; but there is no proof.
Therefore on earth there are twokinds of searches for the DarkMatter particle.
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Dark MatterFirst Method:Assume the earth is passingthrough Dark Matter particles andlook for collisions with ordinarymatter.
No confirmed evidence
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Dark MatterWhen Large Hadron Colliderin Geneva starts, look forDark Matter particles
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Dark Matter
Warning: Some astronomersdon’t believe in the existenceof Dark Matter. Instead theychange the equations describing the behavior of gravity.
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DARK ENERGY
? ?
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Dark Energy
•First evidence, 10 years old,that we do not understand therate of expansion of the universe.
•A great surprise.
•A great mystery
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Dark EnergyPresent model, not proven
Visible universe
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Dark EnergyPresent model, not proven
• 4 % ordinary matter + ordinary energy• 26 % Dark Matter + ordinary energy•70 % Dark Energy
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Dark Energy
Dark Energy is a new kind ofenergy hypothesized to fill allof space.
Therefore should be on earthalso. Most physicists believeits effects on earth are too small to be detected.
I disagree and am looking for an experimental method todirectly detect Dark Energy.
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There are more thingsin heaven and earth,Horatio, than aredreamt of in yourphilosophy.
Shakespeare