UNIVERSITATY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY
FROM CRAIOVA
MARIUS SORIN SCURTU
DOCTORAL DISSERTATION
ABSTRACT
PROBLEMS REGARDING THE STEREOTOPOGRAPHY
OF ANCETSRAL NEURONAL STRUCTURES
SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR
Prof. Univ. Dr. Gheorghe S. Drăgoi, Md, Phd
Titular Member of Medical Science Academy of Romania
2010
1
SYNTHESIS OF MAIN PARTS OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION
I - MOTIVATION, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 2
II - PRESENTATION OF PERSONAL RESEARCH 3
A. MACROANATOMIC ANALISYS OF HIPPOCAMPUS 3
1. Hippocampus location analysis 3
2. Analysis of hippocampus raports 3
3. Analysis of the hippocampus in child 4
B. THE MICROANATOMIC ANALYSIS OF HIPPOCAMPUS 5
C. DISCUSSION ON THE PROBLEM OF FUNCTIONAL HIPPOCAMPUS 5
D. CONCLUSION 6
III - IMAGING ANCESTRAL NEURAL STRUCTURES 7
IV – BIBLIOGRAPHY 11
2
SYNTHESIS OF MAIN PARTS OF THE DOCTORAL
DISSERTATION
The dissertation is divided into two parts: one part of general considerations and
one part of personal research. In general part, I record the information from the
literature regarding the development of neural and vascular structures of the brain,
cerebrospinal fluid and features in blood flow regulation in the central neural system, in
normal and pathological conditions. In the special part, I conducted a microanatomic
study over some issues regarding neural ancient structures and have exposed
motivation, objectives and purpose of research, personal observations results and their
discussion.
The dissertation contains a number of 62 images of which 37 are personal photos
and 21 processing graphics. References used to develop this thesis contains 189 subjects
consisting of books and articles published in magazines or over the internet.
I - MOTIVATION, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Interest in the study of hippocampus increased in recent decades, following its
implementation in memory and memorization processes, severely altered by
Alzheimer's disease, alcohol, or either by drugs or ischemia.
Heterogeneity of terminology, gaps in knowledge of microanatomic structures
and not least some anatomofunctional correlations uncertainties had generated
difficulties in understanding and integrating in time and space the hippocampus. Aim is
to draw attention to the problems of structural and functional anatomy of the
hippocampus, whose role is still unknown in processing the information involved in
memory, in making memorials and/or recognition of previously known phenomena.
Study objectives are related to the identification of anatomical macro- and mesoscopic
structural elements of the hippocampus, processing of tissue fragments to assess the
microanatomic spatial relationships of structural neurons and dynamic analysis of the
structures evolution in ontogenesis.
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II - PRESENTATION OF PERSONAL RESEARCH
A. MACROANATOMIC ANALISYS OF HIPPOCAMPUS
1. Hippocampus location analysis
Hippocampus location analysis has imposed its view by opening the lateral
ventricle inferior extension (Cornu temporalis). He appears on the lower horn of the
medial wall of lateral ventricle, as a cone projection, bent in a "horn" shape with the
concavity directed antero-medially. It’s anterior part (Pes hippocampi), short and 15-17
mm wide, is visible in the earlier portion of the temporal horn of lateral ventricle
(Figure no. 1). It is crossed, in adults, by notches that causes the formation of
fingerings (Digitationes hippocampi). They were not identified in the fetus.
2. Analysis of hippocampus raports
Analysis and evaluation of relationships between hippocampus elements -
hippocampus itself, dentatus gyrus and fimbria hippocampi - were made by studying the
frontal, horizontal and sculptural sections, made on the brain of a man. The front part of
the proper hippocampus, 7-11 mm wide, is visible to the crossroads of the lateral
ventricle and joining toward medial with fimbria hippocampi (Figure no. 1). From the
analysis of serial frontal sections, it is noted the presence of a layer of white substance
(Alveus) covering Ammon's horn (Figure no. 3). When examining the brain, dissected
by the sculptural method, we notice the presence of a white strip (Fimbria hippocampi)
attached to the Ammon's horn, flat from top to bottom and front to fringes on the lower
face. Upper face of the fimbria form the lower lip of “Bichat's slot” (Fig. 2 and 3). The
lower face of fimbria appears in the mid-third adhering on Ammon's horn. On every
part of it is free and is projected in the lower horn of lateral ventricle. On the external
side, the fimbria had a leaf of pia mater attached to it that invaginate to form choroid
plexus of lateral ventricle (Figure no. 3B). Toward anterior, the fimbria ends at the
union of Ammon’s horn with uncus, and posterior continue with the body of fornix
(Figure no. 1B). Along with fimbria hippocampi, we identified a gray band (Gyrus
dentatus), located between fimbria and parahippocampal gyrus. It has a width of 3-4
mm and toward lateral up to 10 - 13 transverse folds. Upper face of dentat gyrus is
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covered by fimbria hippocampi who had to be lefted to view. The internal margin is free
at exterior, and external margin is adhering the gray substance of Ammon's horn
(Figure no. 3B). Raports of gyrus dentatus determine his division in three areas:
anterior, middle and posterior. The anterior part appears as a anterior termination of
dentat gyrus, has a gray color and is compared with uncus. He goes in the deep of uncus
ditch, moat and surrounding it, reflecting at right angle to cross perpendicular to the
internal face of uncus, ending on it’s top, to where it unites with the ventricular wall.
The posterior part of the dentat gyrus is visible in the corpus callosum, where continue
with longitudinal supracalouse tions. Equally, we have identified hippocampus ditch
that separates the gyrus dentatus from gyrus parahippocampalis. We noticed that the
entry into this ditch is very narrow, and its two lips are fused together by the presence of
an extension of pia mater that goes into the ditch. Upper lip of the ditch is formed by the
inferior face of dentat gyrus, and the inferior lip of Ammon's horn and subiculum
(Figure no. 3). Toward posterior, the hippocampus ditch surround splenium corpus
callosum and continue with sulcus corporis callosi (Figure no. 5G).
3. Analysis of the hippocampus in child
From the analysis of the medial face of the left cerebral hemisphere, taken from
a fetus of 12 weeks, is easily observed "a curled appearance" of it. Draw attention in
particular, two parallel folds parallel with each other and with the superior and medial
margin of the cerebral hemisphere. They made a reliefs whose shape and direction can
be measured by sections or by dissection. These folds, which will make projections in
lateral ventricle, arise above the interventricular orifice of Monro (Figure no. 5G) and
is moving on curvilinear paths towards the lower end of the temporal lobe. "superior
fold" nominated as arched fold is separate by inferior fold or lateral choroidian fold, by
a third fold - "marginal arch ". "Arched fold" continue with parahippocampal gyrus and
in-depth with the hippocampus. "Marginal arch" contain its derivatives: fornix, fimbria
hippocampi, gyrus dentatus, the corpus callosum and longitudinal ridged (Lancisi).
There is equally remark, an archform band, a circumvolution bordered superior by
caloso-marginal ditch, nominated as the cingulate gyrus, which continues through the
gyrus cingulate isthmus with gyrus parahippocampalis (Figure no. 5G). The first skatch
of the corpus callosum is visible in front of the cerebral hemisphere (Figure no. 5E).
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B. THE MICROANATOMIC ANALYSIS OF HIPPOCAMPUS
From the analysis of serial sections through the hippocampus stands
microanatomical relations between the gyrus dentatus, subiculum and hippocampus
proprii (Figure no. 3). From the examination with the 4X and 10X objectives, we
identified the constitutive layers of the dental gyrus: multiforme, granular and
molecular (Fig. 6 and 7A). When examining with the 40X objective can be easily
recognize "granular cells", "stellate cells" and numerous "progenitor cells" in mitosis
(Fig. 7C and 8D). The process of apoptosis is present and contemporary with the
angiogenesis phenomenon (Figure no. 8).
On serial sections through Ammon’s horn are easily identifiable the layers of his
structure: molecular, pyramidal and oriens. Pyramidal layer cells have basal dendrites
and oriented to hippocampus surface. When examining with the 20 objective, the
pyramidal layer structure is heterogeneous, by coexistence of cell in division with cells
in apoptosis (Figure no. 9A). Pyramidal cells, in telophase had neurilema joined
toghether, hypertrophic nuclei with hyperchromatic nucleolus and cromatofil corpuscles
form semilunar perinuclear conglomerates (Fig. 9A-F).
C. DISCUSSION ON THE PROBLEM OF FUNCTIONAL
HIPPOCAMPUS
Research on the functional neuroanatomy of hippocampus focused on
knowledge citoarhitectural and remodeling structures, mechanisms of synaptic
transmission, involvment in pathology and / or memorization and memory processes.
Hippocampus is a decisive structure for memorizing process and forming the
semantic memory (Duvernoy, 1998) and is susceptible to be altered by a wide variety of
neurological diseases: hypoxia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia
(Insausti and Amaral, 2004). Hippocampus lesions are associated with memory
deficits, but this hippocampus function is still obscure. From functional point of view,
attention was focused on memory encoding and disfunctions in Alzheimer's disease. Is
well known the hippocampus role in long-term memory encoding, but the excesive
concern on hippocampus memory function would be a mistake. Issues related memory
by hippocampus lesions were recorded since 1898. However, memory impairment
associated with the Alzeheimer disease reflect hippocampus disfunction (Carlesiom and
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Oscar-Berman, 1992). Hippocampus is currently considered the main structure
responsible for effects of endocanbinoides on memory: drops potency and long-term
depression observed in hippocampus neurons (Misner and Sulivan, 1999) by
endocanabinoides by stimulating hippocampus neurons, suggesting an important role in
the physiological control of memory (Stella, Schweitzer, Piomelli, 1997).
D - CONCLUSION
1. Hippocampus, by his arheocortex composition, is an ancestral interface with the
paleo-and neocortex.
2. Studies on the functional anatomy of the hippocampus in the last decades have been
caused by its implementation in memorization and memory processes.
3. Remodeling capacity by structure regenesis give to gyrus dentatus quality of
residency of neural stem cells.
4. Microanatomical lack of data related to structural changes in general and forensic
pathology requires increased attention to this anatomical structure, easily to identify and
process.
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III - IMAGING ANCESTRAL NEURAL STRUCTURES
8
Fig. 2 Form and mesoscopic structure of the hippocampus are assessed on serial sections in successive frontal plane from posterior (A) to anterior (D). There is variability in the relationship between location and hippocampus, girus parahipocampalis, Bichat gap, sulcus hippocampalis and sulcus colateralis
Macrophotos made with Canon T20 Fotoanalog System, Kodak 200 ISO film, autotelefoto 1:2.8 lens (Collection Prof. Univ. Dr. G.S. Drăgoi).
B
C
D
D
C
B
A
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3 11
Sectional Imaging of the Hippocampus, strips of frontal sections (A-D)
1. Fimbria hippocampi 2. Gyrus dentatus 3. Ventriculus lateralis et
plexus choroideus
4. Cornu Ammon 5. Sulcus hippocampalis 6. Bichat gap 7. Subiculum 8. Gyrus parahippocampalis 9. Sulcus collateralis 10. Optic bandeleta 11. Eminentia collateralis 12. Digitationis hippocampi
Sculptural imagery, of hippocampus, selected from Fig. 1 (E)
8. Pes hippocampi et digitationes hippocampi
5. Fimbria hippocampi
12. Crus fornicis
14. Tenia fornicis
13. Corpus fornicis
17. Corpus mammilare
A
1 3
4 2
5
6
7
8
9 6
5
9
8
10
6 5
8
9
5
8
12
E
9
Alveus 1
CA1
CA2 CA3
CA4
2
3
B
5 6 7
Parasubiculum
Fimbria
hippocampi
Subiculum
Presubiculum Sulcus
Ventriculus
lateralis
Aria entorhinalis
Fig. 6 Microanatomic architecture of the hippocampus. CA1 - CA4 - regions of the Ammon’s horn. Strata Cornu Ammonis: 1. Stratum oriens; 2. Pyramidal Stratum 3. Stratum molecular and stratum lacunosum; 4. Hilus faciae, dentat gyrus strata 5. Stratum multiforme 6. Stratum granulare; 7. Stratum moleculare;
Crezil violet staining, 2D Reconstruction, Oc. 7, Ob 4 (B), 10 (A) x 28 (B) x 70 (A)
Image acquisition with Fotonomicroscope Nikon Eclipse 600 in Research Laboratories and Structural Forensic Anthropology Nucleum of Scientific Research of the Academy of Medical Sciences - Craiova Branch.
A
CA1
CA2 CA3
CA4
Ventriculus
lateralis
Fimbria hippocam
Sulcus
hippocampalis Gyrus dentatus
Cornu Ammonis
2
1
3 4
5 6 7
10
Fig. 9. Cornus Ammonis. A. On 20X objective examination, pyramidal layer structure is heterogeneous becouse the coexistence of cell in division with cell in apoptosis. B. pyramidal cells in telophase with neuroleme reassigned, hypertrophic nuclei with central hyperchromatic nucleus, cytoplasmic nucleotide ratio for the core, cromatofil corpuscles (Nissl) form perinucleare semilunar conglomerates. C. In the vicinity of newly formed pyramidal cells is remarked the presence of two cells with nulcei ready for fragmentation (apoptosis). D. pyramidal cell dendrites are long and oriented towards stratum radiatum. E. bipolar location of cromatofil corpuscles in pyramidal cells neuroplasma. F. pyramidal cells in different stages of apoptosis.
Crezil violet staining, Oc. 7, Ob 4 (A), 20 (D), 40 (B, C, E, F) x 28 (A) x 140 (D) x 280 (B, C, E, F)
Image acquisition with Fotonomicroscope Nikon Eclipse 600 in Research Laboratories and Structural Forensic Anthropology Nucleum of Scientific Research of the Academy of Medical Sciences - Craiova Branch.
A
B C
D
E
F
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