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ELEMENTARY ANCIENT GREEK
UNIT 1
by Christopher Marchetti
2001 by Christopher Marchetti
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et discipulis et magistris meis
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ELEMENTARY ANCIENT GREEK
Unit One
Preface 1
Chapter 1: The Alphabet 2
The Alphabet: Breathing Marks: Accentuation:
The Gods Names
Chapter 2: The Farmer 10
- Dclnsion - Vrs
Subject-Verb-Direct Object Sentences
Chapter 3: The Maid 24
- Dclnsion -, -, -, - Vrs
Use of the Genitive: Prepositional Phrases
Chapter 4: The General 32
-, -, - Verbs: Identifying Verb Stems
Chapter 5: The Fool at the Feast 42
Long Dclnsion Intifying Noun Stms Enclitics
Chapter 6: At the Shrine 52
Nutr Gnr to in plc
Substantive Adjectives
Chapter 7: The Jackdaw 62
Predicate Nominative: Dative of Possession:
Predicative Adjective: Attributive Adjective
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Chapter 8: The Kid 70
Paroxytone Nouns
Chapter 9: Imperfect Tense 76
Chapter 10: Future Tense 80
Second Principal Part
Chapter 11: Aorist Tense 86
Third Principal Part
Chapter 12: Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses 94Fourth Principal Part
Chapter 13: The Lyre 102
Conugtion of
Chapter 14: The Fool and the Donkey 108
Adverbs of Manner
Chapter 15: The Student 114
- Dclnsion, short Dclnsion
Declension Paradigms 122
Conjugation Paradigms 126
Six Principal Parts of Verbs 130
Glossary 134
Index 144
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PREFACE
The genius of the ancient Greeks is uniquely captured in their language
and literature. The Iliad and Odysseyof Homer, our earliest poems of Western
Literature, still cast their perennially stunning spell. The tragedies of Aeschylus,
Sophocles, and Euripides pose haunting questions, as yet unanswered. The
comedies of Aristophanes and Menander are peopled with characters youll
recognize as friends and neighbors, though Aristophanes is a bit outrageous.
Herodotus, called the Father of History, tells how the Greeks united
under the leadership of Athens to defeat the invasions of the Persian emperors
Darius and Xerxes at the beginning of the 5 th century B.C. Thucydides, who
wrote his account of the Peloponnesian War to be an everlasting possession,
tells how Athens squandered her glory in a war against her rival, the Greek city-
state of Sparta, at the end of that century.
Platos philosophical dialogues preserve the inquisitive method of his
teacher, Socrates; his overriding concern is with how people come to experience
and recognize that which is truly good. The philosopher Aristotle established
the rules of rigorous logical investigation, seeking to understand what it means
to be. His wide-ranging studies also included science, politics, ethics, and
literature.
Learning the language of the ancient Greeks is the best way we can
vividly experience their unparalleled contribution to our culture and civilization.
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2 Elementary Ancient Greek
CHAPTER 1: THE ALPHABET
alpha as in father
beta b as in bit
gamma g as in get
delta d as in den
epsilon
zeta dz as in gadzooks
eta
theta th as in thoughtiota ,
kappa k as in kit
lambda l as in lit
mu m as in meet
nu n as in neat
xi ks = x as in taxi
omicron as in off
pi p as in pen
rho slightly rolled r
sigma s as in set
tau t as in ten
upsilon uy as in put
phi ph = f as in phone
chi ch = kh as in Loch Ness
psi ps as in flaps
omega
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Chapter 1: The Alphabet 3
SAMPLE VOCABULARY
= athlete
b n = book
g = geography
kr t = democracy
= I
z n = living creature
= amber (cf. electron)
th = god d = form; appearance; notion
k ls = beautiful
l gs = word
m = melody
n = new thing
x ln = piece of wood
l = Olympia
= poet
th ms = rhythm
sn t ks = syntax
t = technical skill
s = hymn, song
= voice, sound
= character
= soul
= oh (calling someone)
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4 Elementary Ancient Greek
VOWELS AND CONSONANTS
Vowels are letters that represent sounds made with the
unobstructed breath. There are seven vowels in the Greek alphabet:
, , , , , , .
The consonants represent sounds made with the lips, teeth,
nose, or throat. There are seventeen consonants in the Greek
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
u, w , y , , .
The dental sounds, those made by the teeth, are represented by the , , , . u u, w ,
y , , , . u, ,
y , , .
that represent combinations of consonant u , .
represents the combination represented by dandz .
.
SMOOTH AND ROUGH BREATHING MARKS
Any word beginning with a vowel must have a breathing mark
over that vowel. (When the initial vowel is capitalized, the breathing
mark is written just before it.) There are two types of breathing
marks: smooth breathing marks and rough breathing marks. A
smooth breathing mark, , w vw u
sound of the word. A rough breathing mark, , u
of hbefore the vowel. A rough breathing mark appears also over the
w.
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Chapter 1: The Alphabet 5
SYLLABIFICATION AND ACCENTUATION
A syllable is a sound consisting of a vowel and the consonant or
consonants pronounced together as one unit with the vowel. A word
pronounced with one syllable is called monosyllabic. A word with more
than one syllable is called polysyllabic. A word with two syllables is
called bisyllabic, and a word with three syllables is called trisyllabic.
Many words have more than three syllables, but there are no special
names for them.
A consonant or group of consonants at the beginning of a word
belongs with the first vowel of the word. If a word begins with a
vowel, the first syllable begins with that vowel. A single consonant
standing between two vowels belongs with the second vowel. A pair
of consonants between two vowels are usually divided between the
two syllables, unless the two consonants represent a consonant blend.
u , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , . A w
belongs with the last syllable.
There are special names for the last three syllables of a word:
1. the last syllable of a word is called the ultima
2. the second to last syllable is called the penult
3. the third to last syllable is called the antepenult.
If a word has only one syllable, it is considered the ultima.
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6 Elementary Ancient Greek
Almost every word has an accent mark on one of its syllables.
There are three types of accent: acute, , v, , ux, .
An acute accent represents a rise in the vocal pitch; a grave accent
represents a drop in vocal pitch, and a circumflex accent represents a
waver in vocal pitch. The accent mark is written over the vowel of
the syllable.
An acute accent can appear on the ultima, penult, or antepenult
of a word. A grave accent can appear only on the ultima of a word.
A circumflex accent can appear on the ultima or penult of a word.
There are five classifications of words, according to the type
and position of their accents.
1. An oxytone word has an acute accent on the ultima.
2. A paroxytone word has an acute accent on the penult.
3. A proparoxytone word has an acute accent on the antepenult.
4. A perispomenon word has a circumflex accent on the ultima.
5. A properispomenon word has a circumflex accent on the penult.
There is no special name for a word with a grave accent. It is
considered an oxytone word, but the acute accent on the ultima is
turned to a grave accent when the word is followed by another word
in a sentence (or letter name):
uu
uu y
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Chapter 1: The Alphabet 7
CLASSIFICATION AND SYLLABIFICATION OF
THE NAMES OF THE LETTERS AND VOCABULARY
1. Oxytone
2. Paroxytone
3. Proparoxytone
4. Perispomenon
5. Properispomenon
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8 Elementary Ancient Greek
DIPHTHONGS
Diphthongs represent the union of two vowels in one syllable.
There are eight diphthongs in Ancient Greek. The first vowel can be
, , , , . vw wy .
word begins with a diphthong, the breathing mark goes over the
second vowel.
s = cat
ow as in cow ow ts = self
t = I am = well
= Eureka
oi as in toil = house
u s = sky, heaven
w w s = son
. xy , , ,
. xy
. xy ,
.
IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS AND IOTA SUBSCRIPTS
, , w ,
sound of the first vowel. This is called an improper diphthong. If the
first vowel is capitalized, the iota is written after it; otherwise, the iota
appears in the form of an iota subscript beneath the vowel: , , .
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Chapter 1: The Alphabet 9
NAMES OF THE GODS
Zeus dz
Hera
Poseidon P s
Hades
Demeter
Hestia h
Aphrodite fr d
Athena
Hephaestos s
Ares
Apollo pl l
Artemis r t
Dionysos d s
Hermes h
1. Oxytone:
2. Paroxytone: , , , ,
, , ,
3. Proparoxytone: ,
4. Perispomenon: ,
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10 Elementary Ancient Greek
CHAPTER 2: THE FARMER
DECLENSION PARADIGMS
The Definite Article, Masculine
sing. pl.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
- Dsi Eis
sing. pl.
Nom. - -
Gen. - -
Dat. - -
Acc. - -
Oxytone Dsi
sing. pl.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
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Chapter 2: The Farmer 11
THE CASES
Nominative: The nominative case expresses the subject of the sentence.
Genitive: The genitive case expresses possession.
Dative: The dative case expresses the indirect object.
Accusative: The accusative case expresses the direct object.
DECLENSION OF THE NOUN
Singular
Nominative: = the god (subject)
Genitive: = of the god, the gods
Dative: = to or for the god
Accusative: = the god (direct object)
Plural
Nominative: o = the gods (subject)
Genitive: = of the gods
Dative: = to or for the gods
Accusative: = the gods (direct object)
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12 Elementary Ancient Greek
CONJUGATION PARADIGMS
PRESENT TENSE
First principle part + personal endings
sing. pl.
1 - -
2 - -
3 - -
uati t V
sing. pl.
1
2
3
SUBJECT, PERSON AND NUMBER
The subject of a sentence is what the sentence is about.Logically , the subject is that of which something is predicated.
Grammatically, the subject is the noun with which the verb agrees in
person and number. In ancient Greek, the subject is expressed in the
nominative case.
Verb conjugations identify the relationship between the speaker
and the person or thing that is the subject of the sentence. When the
speaker is speaking about himself, and is the subject of his own
sentence, he uses a first person form of the verb. When the speaker is
speaking about the person he is speaking to, he uses a second person
form of the verb. When the speaker is speaking about other people
or things, he uses a third person form of the verb.
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Chapter 2: The Farmer 13
This relationship is expressed in English by the personal
pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we, they. While Greek does have
corresponding personal pronouns which you will learn later, the verb
conjugation itself is sufficient to identify the subject of the sentence.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB
Singular
First Person: = I release; destroy
Second Person: = you (sing.) release
Third Person: = he, she, it releases
Plural
First Person = we release
Second Person = you (pl.) release
Third Person = they release
MOVABLE NU
When a 3rdplural verb form, with the final letters , s at t
end of a sentence, the end of a clause, or before a word beginning
with a vowel, the letter nu will be added to that verb form.
The farmers release the rams.
.
.
.
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14 Elementary Ancient Greek
SPELLING OF THE ADVER , ,
1. Before a word beginning with a consonant: 2. Before a word beginning with a smooth vowel:
. a w ii wit a u vw
VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, AND THE PLACEMENT OF
BREATHING MARKS
Four words in this chapter begin with two vowels in a row:
= t . si. = t = aist = s. I , ,
a , t ati a, wt u st, is a
over the second of the two initial vowels. In , it aas v
the first. This shows that in , t vws a a t pronounced separately, as two distinct syllables: . I t t
three words, the first two letters are pronounced together in one
sya syai syai . Tw vws
thus joined into one syllable are called diphthongs.
Diphthongs represent the union of two vowels in one syllable.
T s vw is aways it . Aitia ws iui
diphthongs in this chapters vocabulary are these verbs: =
ut, at = = ut, at a =
nod.
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Chapter 2: The Farmer 15
VOWEL LENGTH
In Greek, the term vowel length refers to the length of time a
vowel was pronounced in its syllable of a word. (This differs from
the meaning in English phonics of the term vowel length, by which
different sounds are distinguished.)
T vws , a aways .
The vws , a aways st.
T vws , , a stis a stis st.
Dipthongs are long, with some exceptions. In this chapter, all
dipthongs are long except the nominative plural ending -.
ACCENTUATION
All words in this chapter have an accent, except the adverb
, , , a t iit ati t iativ as, siua
plural, a . Ts ws a a itis. A iti w
is pronounced together with the word that follows it.
The rules of Greek accentuation require one to count the
syllables of a word from the end of the word. The last syllable of a
word is called the ultima. The second to last syllable is called the
penult. The third to last syllable is called the antepenult.
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16 Elementary Ancient Greek
ACCENTUATION OF VERBS
Greek verbs follow a rule called recessive accentuation. All of
the verbs in this chapter have acute accents on the penult, or second
to last syllable, in the first person singular (which is the form by
which verbs are listed in the dictionary). In order to apply the rule
of recessive accentuation, one must consider the length of the vowel
in the words last syllable, the ultima. The rule of recessive accent
states that the accent of a verb will be an acute accent on the syllable
as far from the ultima as allowed by the quantity, long or short, of the
ultima. If the ultima of the verb form contains a long vowel or
diphthong, the accent will be an acute on the penult. If, however, the
vowel in the ultima is short, the words accent will be an acute on the
antepenult.
In the conjugation of the present tense, taught in this chapter,
the singular endings are monosyllabic: -, -, -. is a vw
wi is aways is a it. Ts is wi
become the ultimae of the singular forms of the conjugation. Since
all are long, the singular forms of the verb all have an acute accent on
t ut , , .
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Chapter 2: The Farmer 17
The plural forms all have bisyllabic endings: -, -, -.
In each case, the vowel in the last syllable is short. Therefore, the
accent on each plural form of the present tense is an acute on the
atut , , .
It is characteristic of the present tense that the accent is always
written on the same vowel of the verb stem. This will not necessarily
be true in other tenses.
ACCENTUATION OF NOUNS
Ancient Greek nouns follow a principle called persistent
accentuation. The accent tends to stay on the same syllable, though it
may change from one type to another. All of the nouns in this
chapter have their accent on the last syllable, the ultima. They have
acute accents in the nominative and accusative, singular and plural,
and circumflex accents in the genitive and dative, singular and
plural. They are oxytone in the nominative and accusative, and
perispomenon in the genitive and dative.
The acute accent at the end of an oxytone word becomes a
grave accent when another word follows that word in a sentence.
The nouns in this chapter are oxytone nouns that have an acute
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18 Elementary Ancient Greek
accent in the nominative and accusative cases. If such a noun is
written in a sentence in the nominative or the accusative case, its
acute accent will be turned into a grave accent, unless the word
comes at the end of its sentence.
GREEK SYNTAX AND WORD ORDER
Like Latin, Greek uses the case endings of nouns to indicate the
syntactic role of the noun in the sentence. In English, the order of the
sentence indicates the syntactic role of each member.
In the sentence The farmer honors the gods, the subject is the
farmer. T tasat it it G, t w = a wi
used in the nominative singular: . F t v, honors, the
v = wi ut it t ti s siua
. F t it t, t w = will be used in
t ausativ ua .
.
The farmer honors the gods.
The Greek sentence can be rearranged: as long as each noun has
the same case ending and the verb has the same person and number, the
meaning of the sentence will be the same. Each of the following
sentences means The farmer honors the gods.
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Chapter 2: The Farmer 19
.
.
.
.
.
Conversely, the meaning of a sentence will change if the word
endings are changed, though the word order remain the same.
.
The farmer catches the rams.
.
The rams catch the farmer.
PUNCTUATION
A declarative sentence ends in a period, as in English. A
usti is iiat y a si. aus is iiat y a
comma, as in English; an oxytone noun keeps its acute accent before a
comma.
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20 Elementary Ancient Greek
NOUNS
, - field, - farmer
, - god
, - fruit, crop
, - ram
, - rainstorm
, - son
VERBS
hunt, catch
drench
serve, honor; treat sacrifice
release, destroy
nod
grow, produce
ADVERBS
yes
, not
never, not at all
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Chapter 2: The Farmer 21
MORPHOLOGY EXERCISES
. Tasat t wi u s.1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
. asat t wi v s.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9. 5. 10.
C. Translate into Ancient Greek.
Nouns Verbs
1. of the ram 1. you (s.) serve
2. to the gods 2. we nod
3. the sons (d.o.) 3. it produces
4. the rainstorms (sub.) 4. they sacrifice
5. the field (d.o.) 5. you (pl.) hunt
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22 Elementary Ancient Greek
MODEL SENTENCES
1. .The farmer serves the gods.
2. .
The farmer catches a ram.
3. .
The farmer sacrifices the ram to the gods.
. .
The gods nod to the farmer.
5. .
The rainstorm drenches the fields.
. .
The fields produce the crop.
7. .
The farmer catches a ram.
8. .
The god nods to the ram.
9. .
s t a ass t a.
10. .
The farmer does not sacrifice the ram.
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Chapter 2: The Farmer 23
GREEK TO ENGLISH TRANSLATION
1. o .
.
. , .
4. .
. .
.
. . .
8. .
9. .
.
11. .
12. .
. .
14. .
. .
ENGLISH TO ANCIENT GREEK TRANSLATION.
1. The farmers son catches the ram.
2. Do you (pl.) release the ram?
3. Yes, we release the ram.
4. Do you (sing.) sacrifice to the god of rams?
5. Not at all. I sacrifice to the god of farmers.
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