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Map Projections
• used to transfer the image of the earth’s surface onto a flat surface
• no projection is an exact representation
• generally, the larger the area, the larger the distortion
• the 3 most common projections are cylinders, cones and planes
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Cylindrical Projections
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Mercator Projections • results when the contents of a globe are
transferred onto a cylinder of paper
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Conic Projections• made by transferring the
contents of a globe onto a cone
• distortion increases north to south
• best used for land masses that have more area east to west (USA) than north to south (South America)
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Planar Projections
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Azimuthal Projections• made by transferring the
contents of a globe onto a plane
• the plane touches the globe at only 1 point, usually at the poles• very little distortion at that
point• distortion of direction,
distance and shape increase as the distance from the point of contact increases
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West Wing Map Projection Clip
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8zBC2dvERM
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Modern Map Making
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Aerial Photographs
• taken from planes
• are very important to map makers in making accurate maps
• allow for a different perspective
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Remote Sensing
• the gathering of information about a place without being there
• cameras in planes, satellites with sensors
• allow for very accurate maps
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Information shown on maps
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Title
• tells what area is being shown on the map or gives information about the map subject
– A Map of the Coast of East Florida from the River St. John Southward near to Cape Canaveral – 1791
– A Map of the New Governments of East and West FLORIDA. Inset of Pensacola – 1763
– A map of the peninsula of Florida showing the present field of surveying in the territory - 1846
– A Map of the Southern Indiana District of North America - - - Manuscript in Ayer Collection at the Newberry Library –1775
– A Map of the WEST INDIES... - 1715
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Map’s scale
• shows the relationship between the distance on the earth’s surface and the distance on the map
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Graphic scale “map’s ruler”
• the distance on the earth’s surface is represented by a bar graph that shows units of distance
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Verbal scale
• is a phrase that describes a measure of distance on a map relative to the distance on the earth’s surface
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UNITS VERBAL SCALE
inches 1 inch on the map = 62500 inches on the ground.
feet 1 foot on the map = 62500 feet on the ground
cm 1 cm on the map = 62500 cm on the ground
m 1 m on the map = 62500 m on the ground
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Representative fraction • a fraction or ratio that shows the
relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the earth’s surface
• it is unitless• it remains
constant no matter the measurement used
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Compass rose
• shows how the map is positioned in relation to true north
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Legend
• is a list of symbols used on the map and their explanations
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Date
• gives the time at which the information on the map was accurate – County Map of Florida - 1872 – County Map of Florida - 1882
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Topographic map • a map that shows surface features
(topography) of the Earth• natural features like rivers, lakes,
mountains• man made features
like cities, roads, bridges
• also show elevation
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Elevation
• the height of an object above sea level
• sea level is 0
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Topographic maps of the entire US were prepared by the Unites States
Geological Survey (USGS)
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Contour lines • are lines that connect points of equal elevation
• are used to show elevation• the closer the contour
lines, the steeper the slope
• the more spread out the contour lines, the flatter the slope
• contour lines never intersect
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contour interval • the difference in elevation between contour
lines• contour interval is chosen according to the
area’s relief
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relief
• the difference in elevation between the highest point and the lowest point being mapped
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index contour
• a darker, heavier contour line (usually every 5th line) that is labeled by elevation
• makes reading the map easier
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hachures
• short, straight lines within a contour line
• indicate a depression
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Reading a Topographic Map
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Step 1 Contour lines never cross; all points along a
contour line are of the same elevation
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Step 2 Closely spaced contour lines indicate a very
steep slope; widely spaced contour lines indicate a subtle slope
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Step 3 Contour lines crossing valleys or streams
are “V” shaped. The “V” points to the higher elevation. If there is a river or stream in the valley, the “V” indicates the upstream direction.
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Step 4Contour lines formed closed loops around hills,
mountains and depressions. Check for hachures.