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Many thanks for your support of the Dairy Seminars and for sponsoring
Hugh Chester-Jones from U of Minnesota
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© 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Accelerated Feeding of Calves
Hugh Chester-Jones
U of MN Southern Research and Outreach Center, Waseca
Missouri Dairy Profit Seminars
February 23-27, 2015
Missouri Dairy Association and University of Missouri
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Discussion today will include: •SROC Calf and Heifer Commercial Calf Raising
Facilities and Management;
Accelerated vs conventional feeding systems
Post weaning transition and group housing
program brief overview
Examples of completed feeding strategies
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What does it cost to raise dairy
heifers?
Knowing true costs of raising
heifers is critical.
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Total cost associated with raising
dairy replacements is 15 to 25% of the
total cost to operate a dairy.
2014 (Tranel, Hoards Dairyman,
September) for 40 calf raising
operations av. cost of $5.31/day from
birth to 61 days
Custom raisers av. $3.16/day
(weaned at 45 days of age).
.
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Heifer raising budget birth to 24 months
(Tranel, 2014)
Feed costs $1,224
Livestock variable costs $273.52
Facilities and equipment $230.60
Total without labor
$1,728.12 ($2.37/day; Add labor at $2.73/day)
($2,166 23 mth including value of calf and
ownership cost)
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Heifer raising budget birth to 24 months
(Tranel, 2014)
Non-feed costs $1/day from birth to calving
Cost savings – reduce calving age
($94/month)
Reduce cull rate
How are costs in Wisconsin (Hagerdorn,
2013)?
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Cost Per Day To Raise A Calf Calf Cost per Day*
Tie-Stall Free-Stall Grower All
Feed Costs $2.44 $2.36 $2.00 $2.37
Labor &
Management $2.29 $2.07 $0.96 $1.99
Other Variable
Costs $0.54 $0.66 $0.63 $0.64
Fixed Costs $0.21 $0.50 $0.21 $0.35
Total Cost $5.48 $5.59 $3.81 $5.34
*Does not include $150 calf value
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Cost Per Day To Raise A Heifer Heifer Cost per Day*
Tiestall Freestall Grower All
Feed Costs $1.66 $1.83 $1.55 $1.71
Labor &
Management $0.66 $0.51 $0.39 $0.54
Other Variable
Costs $0.46 $0.49 $0.35 $0.44
Fixed Costs $0.42 $0.33 $0.29 $0.35
Total Cost $3.20 $3.15 $2.57 $3.04
*Does not include $150 calf value
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Total Cost to Raise a Dairy Replacement from Birth to Freshening*
1999 2007 2013
Total Cost $1259.38 $1648.77 $2226.88
$3.20/day
Days on Feed 743 709 696
Calving Age
(months) 24.6 23.9 23.4
*Does not include $150 calf value
© 2013 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension
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Av cost post weaning in WI to pre-fresh
was $1,323 or $2.04/day (648.5 days).
Dairy operations averaged 24 months for
first freshening. Custom raised heifers
freshened at 23 months.
According to Tranel (2014) Total costs of
raising heifers averages $94/month;
Knowing true costs of raising heifers is
critical.
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SROC Calf Project: Partners since 2004 - University of Minnesota,
Allied Industry and 3 dairy farms - Minnesota Project dairy farms: Wolf Creek Dairy,
Dundas (400+ cows); Bombay Dairy, Kenyon (700+
cows); Clay View Dairy, Gooodhue (recently
expanded from 600+ to 1,000+ cows using
genomics).
Contract with each dairy reviewed annually.
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Profile of the 3 commercial dairies
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Photo courtesy of Ruth
Blauwiekel December 2000
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Raw mean profiles of heifer calves assigned to nursery studies from 3 dairy farms from 2-5 days up to 6
months of age through 2013
Item No. study heifers
Initial BW, lb
Initial SP, g/dl
Final BW, lb
Final Hip Height, in
ADG, lb
Farm A Farm B Farm C 1,156 1,805 1,797
88.3 88.0 86.0 5.6 5.5 5.4 474 448 452 45.6 45.1 45 1.91 1.88 1.89
Over 9,700 calves have been brought into SROC to date - mortality about 1.8% Performance of calves through 6 months has
been relatively consistent across farms
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Calf health and post calving survivability
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“Five C’s” of Successful
Calf Rearing • Colostrum
• Cleanliness • Consistency • Calories • Comfort - Dr. Sheila McGuirk, U of WI School of
Veterinary Medicine
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Colostrum basics* (Fetrow, 2009)
• Pasteurized colostrum? – batch pasteurizer 140o F for 30 (PSU) to 60 min (U of MN); PSU heat treated colostrum > IgG absorption;
• Colostrum replacers – min 100 g IgG/dose ($25-$30/dose) – feed 150-200 g IgG;
• *Remember dry cow management & nutrition
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Managing calves upon arrival
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Calf and Heifer Research and Extension Facility
• Two 30 ft x 200 ft calf barns •
40 calves/room all-in/all-out
•
160 individual pens (birth to 10 weeks of-age)
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Record keeping
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Extra calves are often fed from a milk bar.
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SROC option – grouping calves
prior to moving to grower heifer pens
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Automatic Calf Feeding System (ACFS) Since September 2011
2 pens of 23 calves (32 sq ft/calf) in a renovated
calf room used as the 5th room in rotation with 4
rooms of 40 individually penned calves.
Used automatic grain feeders initially now feed
bunks in each pen.
Calves placed in the pens off the truck - 2
groups have been evaluated with 7 days in
individual pens then trained to the ACFS.
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SROC Urban computer milk and grain feeders placed in a renovated calf room in 2011 - design by U of MN David Ziegler; ventilation help from Kevin
Janni
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Cleaning All-in all out system power wash
panels and pen structures
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Calf Stressors
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Stressors causing variance in performance of Calves:
Dehorning - after 30 days in the
nursery.
Vaccinations - pre- and post
weaning. Tail docking - after 30 days in the
nursery (1 herd only) Socialization/grouping -
Feed changes
Environmental changes Cold vs
Heat; flies
Biosecurity !! Adapted from Hayes, SROC workshop 2006
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Nursery Nutrition
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Concept of accelerated feeding re-
introduced by Cornell and U of Illinois in
the 1990’s;
Suggests that calves need more protein
and energy than provided by 1 gallon of
milk or 1 lb of milk replacer powder daily;
Calves need more protein and energy than
traditional feeding programs allow;
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Liquid feeding options: Conventional 20:20 to 22:20 1.25 to 1.5lbs/day –
1.2 gallons/day (still 60% of the market)
Accelerated 28:16-20 1.5 step up to 2 to 2.5
lbs/day > 2 gallons/day step-up (LOL et al)
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Liquid feeding options: Moderate intensive feeding 1.5 lbs 26:17 (Akey)
Modified Intensive 24:20; 26:16, 24:16 1.5 to 2
lbs/day – 1.2 to 1.5 gallons/day (U of MN)
Whole or pasteurized waste milk solids 12.5 to
17% - 1.3 to > 2 gallons/day;
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Summer Housing
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Barrel to collect water from buckets - keep the
calf rooms dry
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SROC Standard Feeding Protocol Starts with a strong healthy calf.
Standard control program to February 2010 -- a 20:20 medicated (2:1 NT)all-milk protein milk replacer (MR) fed at 1.25 lbs/day for 35 days and
0.625 lbs/day from day 36 to weaning at 42 days (12.5% solids).
After February 2010 used 1:1 NT (1600 g/ton)
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Production goals for SROC nursery calves -
double birth weight by 2 months of age with 4
inches of frame height.
A recent goal in Holsteins includes at least 1
-
lb/day gain prior to 14 days old for good health
(ADSA 2008 calf discover conference)
20% of variation in milk production is related to
growth rate prior to weaning; (Van Amburgh, 2009)
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Full potential nutrition results in greater early growth of calves
Drackley, 2009
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Table Examples of calf performance using conventional programs
Parameters
20:20
22:20
20:20
20:20 50% alt all milk
all milk
all milk
wheat & plasma
Months of study
Oct-Jan, 2005
Oct-Dec, 2013
Jan-April, 2013
Jan-April, 2013
ADG 1 to 42, lbs
1.54
1.65
1.42
1.33 ADG 1 to 56, lbs
1.72
1.93
1.69
1.63
HH gain, in
4.6
4.95
4.26
4.43
BW gain, %
208
227
208
205 CS 1 to 42, lbs
57.2
60.9
53.3
46.8
CS 1 to 56, lbs
126.1
142.5
128.3
120.6 MR 1 to 42, lbs
48.2
45.9
47.0
47.0
G/F 1 to 56, lbs
0.56
0.58
0.55
0.56 SP, g/dl
5.0
5.50
5.87
6.12
Scouring d, 1 to 42
3.3
1.9
1.8
1.2
Cost 1 to 56, $
1.27
1.26
1.06
1.08
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SROC example of Conventional vs
Modified Intensive or Intensive
Feeding Programs
Initiated for heifers in 2004
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Performance of heifer calves fed varying
milk replacer and starter programs
(proceedings Table 2 for all MR treatments)
20:20 Parameter
Non-Acidified
28:16
28:16 Feed rate lbs/day
MR Solids % Calf starter (CS), CP % Init. BW, lb
Init. HH, in
SP, g/dl
Final BW, lb
BW change vs Initial Final HH, in
1.25 1.5 2.25
13.88% 16.67% 16.67%
18% 22% 22% 90.64 89.54 88.66 31.80 31.78 31.81 5.00 4.90 4.98 169.84 179.08 188.76
187% 200% 213%
35.91 35.91 (-2%) 36.65
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Performance of heifer calves fed varying milk replacer and starter programs
20:20 Parameter
Non-Acidified
28:16
28:16
Milk DM, lb
CS DM 56 d, lb
Total DM, lb
ADG 1-56 d, lb
Cost of gain 2015, $/lb
46.86 55.44 82.72
103.40 108.46 82.94 (+19.8%) (+23.6%) ---
150.26 163.90 165.66 1.4 1.61 (+12.4%) 1.76
(+19.9%)
1.21 1.53 1.81 (+26.5%) (+49.6%) (
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Post weaning from 9 to 25 weeks
20:20 MR calves fed 16% grain mix (6 lb/d) and
28:16 calves fed 18% CP grain mix with free
choice hay -no differences in heifer
performance.
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Post weaning from 9 to 25 weeks
First calving age and lactation production (taken
from Spreadsheets by farm in 2006-2007)
Reduced first calving age for intensive (23.5 mth)
but not modified intensive (24 mth) vs 20:20 control
(24.4 mth) ; Indications of no significant milk
production differences.
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Post weaning from 9 to 25 weeks
305 STD ME - 28,386 lbs, (all 20:20); 28, 870 lb
(1.5 lb 28:16); 30,096 lb (2.25 lb 28:16)
Potential to cover the extra $85.59 for feeding
accelerated program if increase milk 6% and lower
calving age but a number of variables.
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Autofeeder program July-September, 2014 – 22
calves/pen
•MR 20:20 1.25 lbs/day 3 feedings vs. MR 28:18 up to 2.2
lbs/day 5 feedings
•Average milk intake 49 days - 8 lbs vs. 13.5 lbs/day
1-42 Gain 1.53 vs. 1.58 lbs/day
1-56 Gain 1.82 vs. 1.88 lbs/day
2.2 x IBW vs. 2.24 x IBW
5.1 in HH gains vs. 5.5 in HH gain
Calf health very good
CS x2
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What is happening elsewhere on
accelerated programs?
Overview of data from Cornell, Soberon et al 2012 –
every 1 lbs ADG pre-weaning (especially 42-56 days) >
maintenance = 850 lbs + milk; (genetic progress = 200-
250 lbs milk).
Van Amburgh, 2013 looked 12 studies (including U of MN
data) and found high milk/MR levels av. +1,582 lbs milk;
Cornell model shows + effects through 3 lactations;
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Van de Haar and Weber Nielson (2013) –
conventional at 1.2% BW (1.1 lb MR) vs.
accelerated at 2% BW (1.8 lb MR); 3% more milk
and calved 2 weeks earlier;
Suggested option to recover extra costs of MR
with good milk prices, low calf mortality and lower
calving age.
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Traditional vs. Accelerated Milk Replacers Courtesy of Stacey A. Hamilton Ph.D. and Scott Poock DVM
University of Missouri
Project sponsored by Hartville Feed and Milk Specialties Global Animal Nutrition
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But - Penn State (Heinrichs and Jones,
2011) summarized all available published
information and found no effects of
accelerated on milk production.
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Overall milk yield response 3 to 6% vs
conventional – similar to U of MN reduced
calving age in some studies; variability due
to management, environment, genetics;
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Recent Strategies(Brittney et al., 2014) in Waseca
We wanted to see if we could find a
balance between feeding programs
that would meet growth goals at a cost
acceptable to the dairy producers
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Develop a mid range feeding program that:
– Maximizes growth using protein and
energy ratio.
– Find feeding rate to maximize calf starter
intake.
• Avoid post-weaning slump seen in
Accelerated Program
– Compare mid range feeding program to
accelerated program.
• Lower cost of milk replacer with
accelerated growth
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• Can you feed more of the same milk replacer and get the same growth?
• 20:20 Low: 20:20 milk replacer fed at 1.25 lbs/d
• 20:20 High: 20:20 milk replacer fed at 1.56 lbs/d
• 24:20 Low: 24:20 milk replacer fed at 1.25 lbs/d
• 24:20 High: 24:20 milk replacer fed at 1.56 lbs/d
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• What is the correct feeding rate for a 24:20 milk replacer?
– 24:20 milk replacer:
• 1.25 lbs/d (4 qt)
• 1.50 lbs/d days 1-7, 1.56 lbs/d days 8-35 (5 qt)
• 1.50 lbs/d days 1-7, 1.88 lbs/d days 8-35 (6 qt)
• 1.50 lbs/d days 1-7, 2.19 lbs/d days 8-35 (7 qt)
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• What is the correct fat level for a Midrange milk replacer and how does it compare to an accelerate milk replacer in the summer months
– Treatments:
• 24:20 fed at 1.25 lbs/d (24:20 low)
• 24:20 fed at 1.56 lbs/d (24:20 mid)
• 24:16 fed at 1.56 lbs/d (24:16 mid)
• 24:16 fed at 1.88 lbs/d (24:16 high)
• 26:16 fed at 1.88 lbs/d (26:16 high)
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Table. Pre- and post weaning daily feed DM and water intake when fed a 24:20 milk replacer with a 18% texturized calf starter
Days in the nursery
Total DMI, lb/d
Starter intake, lb/d
Water intake, lb/d
Water to DMI ratio
Pre-weaning 7 0.57 0.02 2.11 3.7 14 0.67 0.12 2.31 3.6 21 0.82 0.26 3.15 3.8 28 1.10 0.45 3.87 3.8 35 1.0 0.68 5.34 4.9 42 1.71 1.29 9.53 5.6 Post weaning 49 2.16 2.16 16.00 7.4 56 2.46 2.46 18.50 7.5
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Water Intake by Week
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Wat
er i
nta
ke,
L/d
Experimental Week
C
C+
LF
LF+
HP+
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Calf Starter Intake by Week
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CS
DM
I, k
g/d
Experimental Week
C
C+
LF
LF+
HP+
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Feeding pasteurized waste milk
Litherland, 2010
Proper pasteurization helps control pathogens; goal
of bacterial counts < 20,000 CFU/ml; make sure
waste milk is cooled in storage before pasteurizing
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Comments from, a producer panel at the 2014 annual DCHA conference in Green Bay to raise the best calves.
J. Hall at Hall’s Calf Ranch Kewaunee, WI
Since 1995 have grown to raising 25,000 calves/year from 26 farms
6,800 calves housed in 4,000 hutches and barns at any one time 90% heifers.
Each calf is tested for BVD PI and serum protein - Pasteurized milk and MR when supply is low; Calves fed milk 7 weeks 1 gallon x2 daily; 18% CP starter and water;
Calves in hutches for 2 weeks after weaning then moved to groups of 10 at 9 weeks. Calves fed a TMR (HMC, haylage, corn silage, dry hay)
up to 5 months then leave the ranch (2% death loss).
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Comments from, a producer panel at the 2014 annual
DCHA conference in Green Bay to raise the best calves
Michael Larson Larson Acres,, Evansville WI
2,900 cows 29,000 RHA 175 calves on milk at any 1 time;
Pasteurized milk with MR x3 daily; 1.5 to 2.25 gall fro 6-7 week moved
at 8 weeks. 2-row nursery bars with curtain sidewalls and a positive
pressure ventilation system. All in all out;
Transitioning to a TMR limit stressor; less health issues with x3 daily.
Advice to develop a team of trusted advisors to help with decisions.
Kutz Dairy, Jefferson, WI, Jerseys 2-3 quarts a feeding pasteurized
waste milk – 17.5% solids;
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Comments from, a producer panel at the 2014 annual
DCHA conference in Green Bay
Joe Sutter Fertile-Ridge Dairy Mount Horeb, WI
600 Holsteins 80 calves raised year round.
Hutches in a 2-row barn at birth with ventilated back and tube.
Pasteurized colostrum at birth with antibody bolus then 12 hours later
colostrums. LOL
28:20 first 2 weeks 12 hour intervals then pasteurized milk with a 22%
CS;
Use disenfectants in the calving area; test quality of colostrum x3 times
feeding a day sanitation and cleansliness important.
Another WI farm feeds 24:18 x2 daily with fat in the winter; 18% CS
and warm water x 3 daily. Moved 10 days after weaning 16% pellet
until 16 weeks then a TMR. Uses DCHA Gold standards.
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Calf Starter Programs
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Commercial textured starter
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Physical Factors Contributing to a
Palatable High Quality Calf Starter:
• Physical form can affect
palatability and intake
• Usually coarse textured,
pelleted or a rolled meal
• Pellet too hard or too soft will affect intake
• Calves do not like finely ground mixtures
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Nutrient Std texturized
CP% 18 or 22
UIP, % of CP 0.32
NDF, % 13.85
ADF, % 3.22
Fat, % 3.22
NEL, Mcals/lb 0.74
NEG, Mcals/lb 0.55
NFC, % 56.53
Nutrient composition, as-fed, of commercial CS used in SROC studies,
2004-2006
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Nutrient Std texturized
TM & Salt, % 0.56
Ca, % 0.92
P, % 0.59
Mg, % 0.32
K, % 1.29
S, % 0.36
Vitamin A, IU/lb 10,150
Vitamin D, IU/lb 2,540
Nutrient composition, as-fed, of commercial CS used in SROC studies, 2004-2006 (Ionophore at
30-60 g/ton)
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Calf Starter Programs - key to SROC calf growth
Studies have found that replacing steam flaked corn with
whole corn, air or flame roasted corn in completer calf
starters resulted in as good if not better calf performance
during a 56 day nursery period. There were indications of
starter differences in calf health parameters and treatment
costs.
Calf starter studies have allowed for an improved 18% CP
CS with digestible fiber levels that enhanced DMI (increased
NDF and ADF)
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Calf Starter Intake
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0-2
weeks
2-4
weeks
4-6
weeks
6-8
weeks
Control Calves
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Distribution of gain 1-56 days for 124 calves
fed 1.25 lb/d 20:20 non-med MR 40
35
30
% of total
25 20 15 10 5 0 <0.5 0.5- >0.6- >0.7- >0.9
0.6 0.7 0.9 Daily gain, kg 1-56 days
Calves
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Distribution of gain 1-56 days for 44 calves
fed a 1.50 lb/d of a 20:20 med MR 50
45
40
35
% of total 30
25 20
Calves 15
10
5
0 <0.5
0.5-
>0.6-
>0.7-
>0.9 0.6
0.7
0.9 Daily gain, kg 1-56 days
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Distribution of gain 1-56 days for 24 calves fed up to > 2 lb/d of a 28:16 med MR (49 d) 40
35
30
% of total
25 20 15 10 5 0 <0.5 0.5- >0.6- >1.6- >0.9
0.6 0.9 1.9 Daily gain, kg 1-56 days
Calves
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Other focus areas for Liquid and Calf Starter Programs (details in the proceedings)
Alternative Proteins Energy sources Ionophores and coccidiostats
Heat abatement
Use of glycerin Nutritional supplements
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Transitional management
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Post weaning group housing Transition management control
•
65 ft x 150 ft grower barn -- 9 to 27 weeks of age
•
120 head in 20 pens
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Transition Calf management
•Calves weaned at 42 days then remain in their
stalls for 14 days then moved to group pens of 7
heifers/pen (43 sq ft/calf) with good feeding
space; • Calves raised with automatic calf feeder or in nursery group pens will be moved similarly; •Groups/pen do not differ in age by more than a
week as an all in-all out nursery system;
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Transition Calf management
•Calves fed same calf starter for 7 days then transitioned to limit-fed 16% grain mix and free
choice hay program (alfalfa/grass); different
options have been assessed;
• DMI by heifers in our system will be close to 3%
of BW from 9 to 25 weeks of age.
•Ionophore feeding rate of monensin 90-100 mg
at 9 weeks to 150 mg at 6 months with a max 200 mg (lasalocid similar range).
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Average Daily Hay Intake/Heifer
by days on study and diet
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1-28 d 29-56 d 57-84 d 1-84 d
CC
CCDDG
CCUP
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Daily communications between staff critical for success of the calf operation.
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Take Home Message
Goals for calf performance in the nursery have been attained by
both conventional, moderate accelerated or accelerated programs. Optimum calf starter intake compliments changes in liquid feeding
programs to ensure calves meet their goals.
Good quality calves and health management have been important
keys to success. Post weaning programs have maintained calf
performance which has exceeded initial expectations
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Questions
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Acknowledgements
•Special thanks to the dairy partners at Wolf Creek, Dundas,
Bombay, Kenyon and Clay View, Goodhue.
•Thanks to the SROC dairy staff for their excellent calf care.
•Sincere thanks to all partner collaborators who have contributed to calf research studies at SROC since 2004.