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sustainable transport solutions Phil Jones Associates
Manual for Streets 1 and 2
Streets as Safe and Successful Places
SoRSA Conference
14 June 2011
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sustainable transport solutions Phil Jones Associates
What is a street anyway?
“A street is a highway that has important public realm functions beyond
the movement of traffic” (Manual for Streets)
Streets have a sense of place and are distinctive
Streets are lined with and provide direct access to buildings and public spaces
Most highways in built-up areas can be considered as streets.
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What are roads for?
„The word ‘road’ derives from the Old English word for a
journey on horseback: a road was
something that one rode along’
(Dictionary of Urbanism)
‘Roads are essentially highways
whose main function is
accommodating the movement of
motor traffic.’
(Manual for Streets)
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Traffic in Towns
(The Buchanan Report)
1963
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“It is tempting to say that the objective should be the complete segregation of pedestrians and vehicles in all circumstances”
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Tottenham Court Road – from Traffic in Towns
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sustainable transport solutions Phil Jones Associates
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Conventional Road Hierarchy – Segregation increases with traffic flow
Conventional traffic based hierarchy:
– Primary Route (Principal Arterial)
– District Distributor (Minor Arterial)
– Local Distributor (Collector)
– Access Road (Local)
Where does a Main Street fit in?
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Previous National Guidance on Residential Roads
Design Bulletin 32 Second Edition (1992)
“Residential roads and footpaths are an
integral part of housing layout where ... in the
patterns of movement around buildings the
needs of pedestrians and cyclists for safety
and convenience are given priority in design
over the use of motor vehicles.”
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But highly standardised car-led geometric standards...
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...created highly standardised, car-led layouts...
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Streets are the arteries of our
communities – a community‟s
success can depend on how well
it is connected to local services
and the wider world.
However, streets are not just
there to get people from
A to B – they have many other
functions.
They form vital components of
residential areas and greatly
affect the overall quality of life for
local people.
(MfS Foreword)
Manual for Streets (2007)
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Aims of Manual for Streets
Bring about a transformation in quality
A fundamental culture change to achieve streets that:
– help to build and strengthen the communities they
serve;
– meet the needs of all, by embodying the principles of
inclusive design
– provide part of a well-connected network;
– are attractive and have their own distinctive identity;
– are cost-effective to construct and maintain; and
– are safe.
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Working in partnership
• Truly multidisciplinary teams: planners, highways
engineers, transport planners, road safety
specialists, researchers, urban and landscape
designers...
• Crossing sectors: local people, elected members,
consultants, local authority officers, campaign
groups, utilities, homebuilders…
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Sustainability
MfS promotes walking, cycling, public transport due to...
– Climate change/emissions
– Congestion
– Accidents
– Health issues
Badly connected places encourage car use
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Mode hierarchy
Consider modes in order:
– Pedestrians
– Cyclists
– Public Transport
– Motor vehicles
Accommodate all users on streets
Tight corner radii level crossings
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Where are the key desire lines?
How can the development enhance the existing
movement framework rather than disrupt or sever it?
What points of connection and linkage
can be achieved?
Should these be for all modes?
Can concerns over ‘rat running’ be
addressed through slower speeds?
Developing a Movement Framework
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Speed, Visibility and Width
Speed increases with road width and visibility
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Forward Visibility (m)
Sp
eed
(m
ph
)
Road Width = 5 m
Road Width = 6 m
Road Width = 7 m
Road Width = 8 m
Road Width = 9 m
Road Width = 10 m
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So far so good...what about everywhere else?
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Manual for Streets 2 - Why?
MfS only applicable to residential
streets (?)
Concerns over HGVs and bus
braking characteristics/SSDs
Fear of litigation
Lack of confidence in applying MfS
principles in busier locations
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Manual for Streets 1/2 - What applies where?
MfS DMRB
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MfS1 MfS2
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What is DMRB for?
Use of the Manual for Trunk Roads
1.4 The documents in the manual have been prepared …specifically for Trunk Road Works throughout the UK….
Use of the Manual by Other Highway Authorities
1.5 The manual sets a standard of good practice that has been developed principally for Trunk Roads. It may also be applicable in part to other roads with similar characteristics. Where it is used for local road schemes, it is for the local highway authority to decide on the extent to which the documents in the manual are appropriate in any particular situation
Introduction to the DMRB, GD01/08 (our emphasis)
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DMRB
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MfS (1 and 2) Key Principles
Hierarchy – consider pedestrians first
Strike a balance – traffic is not always paramount
Respect pedestrian and cycle desire lines
Permeable and connected networks are preferred
Collaborative approaches work best
Innovation is encouraged
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Section A – Context and Process
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Two dimensional approach to Hierarchy – Movement and Place
Design choices need to respect both functions
Some Movement corridors are more important than others…
Some Places are more important than others...
Motorway
High Street
Residential Street
Rural Lane
Place Status
Mo
ve
me
nt
Sta
tus
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sustainable transport solutions Phil Jones Associates
Movement
Place
Place
Place
Place
Place
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Context: Town and City Centres
Street Type: Multifunctional Streets and Spaces
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sustainable transport solutions Phil Jones Associates
Context: Town and City Centres
Street Type: Multifunctional Streets and Spaces
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Context: Urban and Suburban Areas
Street Type: Arterial Routes and High Streets
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sustainable transport solutions Phil Jones Associates
Context: Urban and Suburban Areas
Street Type: Arterial Routes and High Streets
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Context: Rural Areas
Street Type Rural Roads
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Context: Shared Space
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Context: Shared Space
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Poynton, Cheshire
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Section B – Detailed Design Issues
(A quick selection!)
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“There are no safe highways: just safer or less-safe ones.”
“The safety of a highway does not change abruptly when some
dimension changes slightly, so one dimension standard cannot
correspond to the highway being „safe‟or „unsafe‟.”
Ezra Hauer, Emeritus Professor, University of Toronto
Standard
Safe Unsafe
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Detailed Design Guidance in MfS2
Pedestrian Needs and Footways
Cycle Facilities
Bus Facilities
Carriageways
Junction, Crossings and Accesses
Visibility
On-Street Parking and Servicing
Street Furniture and Trees
Traffic Signs and Markings
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Pedestrian Needs and Footways
It’s not exactly rocket science...!
Pedestrians need direct, connected and clutter-free footways of
adequate width along and across multi-functional highways
Their needs must be considered when designing links and junctions
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Cyclists‟ Needs
Cyclists should generally be accommodated
on the carriageway – by making conditions
suitable for them.
Poor facilities are worse than no facilities –
vehicles travel closer when lanes provided
Where on-carriageway facilities are provided,
they should be well designed.
Off-carriageway facilities should be
convenient and not put cyclists at danger at
junctions
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Carriageways
Design Speed in urban areas should generally not exceed
30mph (50kph) – and can be less where necessary
Both MfS1 and DMRB confirm that drivers respond to more
generous geometry by increasing speed.
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Junctions, Crossings and Accesses
Junctions often seen as problems – to be minimised
But can also be seen as opportunities for ‘place’ functions
Essential to consider pedestrian and cycle needs
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Conventional Roundabouts Advantages: High capacity, good safety
record for vehicles, minimal delay
outside peaks.
Disadvantages - poor safety record for
cyclists, barrier to pedestrians, high land
take, visual impact.
Particular problem for cyclists –
left turn slip lanes
Recommended approach – ‘compact’
geometry - as small as possible with
narrow entries and exits.
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Informal Roundabout - Before
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Informal Roundabout - After
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Visibility Stopping Sight Distance Guidance in MfS2 incorporates that of MfS1 –
effectively superseding it
Based on further research carried out by TMS
Consultancy, plus literature searches
MfS1 parameters apply to all <60kph links:
1.5s reaction time
0.45g deceleration rate
Except for buses and HGVs (>5% of flow typically)
1.5s reaction time
0.375g deceleration rate
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TMS Consultancy Research
<120m visibility to right from kerb vs "visi" collisions
y = 0.0163x + 3.6442
R2 = 0.0586
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Visibility
Co
llis
ion
s
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Main findings
Visibility to right from kerb
Range (m) No. sites No.
collisions
Ave colls/
site
Ave colls/
site/ yr
0-70 34 143 4.21 0.84
70-120 7 36 5.14 1.03
120+ 48 208 4.33 0.87
0-43 24 97 4.04 0.81
43-120 17 82 4.82 0.96
43-70 10 46 4.60 0.92
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SSD = vt + v2/2(d+0.1a)
where:
v = speed (m/s)
t = driver perception–reaction time (sec)
d = deceleration (m/s2)
a = longitudinal gradient (%)
(+ for upgrades and – for downgrades)
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Forward Visibility Apply SSD requirements in the horizontal and vertical
plane.
But in some situations may be desirable to restrict
forward visibility to help control traffic speed.
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Visibility at Priority Junctions X-distance of 2.4m generally appropriate, subject to
capacity considerations
Y-distance based on SSD but:
It has often been assumed that a failure to provide
visibility at priority junctions in accordance with the
values recommended in MfS1 or DMRB (as
appropriate) will result in an increased risk of injury
collisions.
Research carried out by TMS Consultancy for MfS2
has found no evidence of this.
...unless there is local evidence to the contrary, a
reduction in visibility below recommended levels will not
necessarily lead to a significant problem.
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Street Furniture Some street furniture is useful and
important...much is not
Start with nothing – introduce only elements
that are necessary
Clutter removal can be done as part of
ongoing maintenance
Combine elements together where possible
Street furniture should be arranged to keep
pedestrian routes clear
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Guardrail Significant disbenefits - highly
intrusive, disadvantages pedestrians,
unsightly, can increase traffic speeds
and create risks for cyclists.
May be necessary in some locations –
but need better balanced use
Many guardrail removal schemes have
worked well in road safety terms, with
careful assessment
Look for alternative solutions before
installing new guardrail
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MfS and Road Safety Audits
RSAs are not mandatory
Responsibility rests with the
Design Team...
Who can decide whether to accept
RSA recommendations
No sense in which a scheme
‘passes’ or ‘fails’ RSA
Risk assessment process encouraged
Broader Quality Audit encouraged, including RSA
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What‟s next?
Local Transport Note on Shared Space – coming soon
TAL on Quality Audits through CIHT
CIHT Rolling revision of Transport in the Urban
Environment or...
Manual for Streets 3!
3
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Last slide.....!
MfS 1 and 2 provide detailed guidance on a wide
range of technical issues...
for a wide range of contexts and street types
They provide a ‘way in’ to DMRB and other
technical guidance
While encouraging designers to...
Think!
0121 222 5422