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MANAGING Tough Times
Feeding Strategies for Coping with High Commodity Prices
Dan Loy
Iowa State University
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MANAGING Tough Times
Strategies
• Be efficient• Maximize time outside the feedlot• Minimize storage and feeding losses• Find local feed bargains• Use more corn co products
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MANAGING Tough Times
How to deal with high priced corn?
• Feed less corn• Price of WDG and MDG in relation to
corn: 75% and 62% (2/4/11)
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MANAGING Tough Times
Feed Losses--The 3 M’s
Measure
MonitorManage
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MANAGING Tough Times
Trial 1--Bagging 80/20 WDGS:Hay
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MANAGING Tough Times
WDG trial 2—Mixed in mixer wagon and packed into bunker silo
• Fed to 255 kg calves for 118 days
• 54 calves were allotted to 9 pens (6/pen) with 3 reps per treatment
• Treatments were control, bunker mixture and WDG/hay (mixed daily)
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MANAGING Tough Times
Summary ISU WDG storage demos
• Mixtures of WDG (30% DM) and ground hay of a ration of 80-20% as-fed (60-40% DM basis)– Yields a mixture that is approximately 40% dry
matter and can be handled and stored using silage preservation methods
– Storage losses were 9-11%– Mixing effectiveness using an end loader was
acceptable
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MANAGING Tough Times
MDG storage trial 1Three loads of MDG were delivered on October 18 and placed in silo bags
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MANAGING Tough Times
MDG trial 2• Three loads of MDG were
“piled” into pyramids, covered with 4mm plastic and sealed with ground limestone
• Individual piles were opened 85 to 211 days later
• MDG was fed as a supplement to cows from the ISU beef breeding project
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MANAGING Tough Times
Summary ISU MDG storage demos• MDG can be stored for
80-200 days with storage losses from 7-12%
• Higher losses can occur if the rate of feedout too slow
• Low cost methods can be used if they successfully limit exposure of the feed to air
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MANAGING Tough Times
Are your cattle “locavores”
• Home grown feeds• Similar feeds available from neighbors
or unique byproduct feeds • Regional opportunities like wet corn co
products– Seasonal bargains, long term storage
• Local commodity pricing opportunities
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MANAGING Tough Times
Average Daily Gain
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Ave
rag
e D
ail
y G
ain
, lb
s./
da
y
Diet DM % WDGS
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MANAGING Tough Times
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70S
ug
ges
ted
Max
Incl
usi
on
(%
of
DM
)
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Percent Sulfur in DG (DM)
Sulfur levels can limit DG levels
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MANAGING Tough Times
Sulfur: the people that did the work:ISU: S. Hansen, M. Drewnoski, S. Ensley, E. Richter
UNL: C. Nichols, J. Sarturi, D. Smith, T. Klopfenstein & G. Erickson
Much of the information presented is from a webinar that was broadcast January 6, 2011
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MANAGING Tough Times
Sulfur is a required mineral-so what’s the problem with too
much?
Metabolism of S in the rumen
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MANAGING Tough Times
60% of ruminal gas that is eructated is inhaled
SRB
pH dependent
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MANAGING Tough Times
PEM in feedlots with high S water
0
5
10
15
20
25
30N
umbe
r of H
ead
Dia
gnos
ed
Day
McAllister: JAVMA 1997, 211:1275
PEM in feedlots with high S water
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MANAGING Tough Times
10 17 24 31 56 90 1170
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
High S H2S Contol H2S
Days in feedlot
Ru
men
H2S
(p
pm
)
Ad lib 45% 30% 15% 8%
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MANAGING Tough Times
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MANAGING Tough Times
UNL Analysis
• 17,080 head• Finishing trials• Trials conducted from 2002-2009• 28 diagnosed polios
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MANAGING Tough Times
Results (Sulfur Level)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
0.0035
NDF0 NDF5 NDF10 NDF15 NDF20Sulfur (%DM)
Inci
den
ce (
case
s p
er a
nim
al-d
ays)
Sulfur P < 0.01Forage NDF P = 0.13S x F P = 0.04
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MANAGING Tough Times
This is your calf’s rumen…
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
Dietary Sulfate (DDGS, WDGS, etc)
This is your calf’s rumen on sulfur
SO4 S-
SRBSRB
SRB
SRB
SRB
SRB
SRB
Animation by Dr. S Hansen, ISU
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MANAGING Tough Times
Effect of pH on H2S
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
S-
H2S
H2S
H2S
H2S
H2S H2S
H2S
H2SpH
H2S
H2SH2S
H2SH2S
Animation by Dr. S Hansen, ISU
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MANAGING Tough Times
How to Induce PEM
• High S diet • Low (or no) roughage diet• Highly fermentable diet (corn starch,
wheat midds, grains, etc.)– Drop rumen pH and keep it low
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MANAGING Tough Times
Summary• pH plays an important role in toxicity
– Manage for acidosis• Consistent feeding (time and amount)• Increase ionophores (30-40g/ton)• Increase roughage level (~15%)
• Cattle are most at risk during the early part of the finishing period
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MANAGING Tough Times
With good bunk management and inclusion of 15% roughage in the diet producers could include up to 0.5% S
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.90
20
40
60
80
100
120Limit .4%Limit .5%
Percent S in DG (Dry Matter Basis)
Max
imu
m I
ncl
usi
on
Lev
el %
10-20% increase in co-product inclusion
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MANAGING Tough Times
Variability in S content
• Increasing inclusion levels of co-products will increase risk due to variation of S in co-products
• Variation of S in co-products among plants can be considerable
• Load to load variation of S within a plant is typically 5-10%
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MANAGING Tough Times
Range of dietary sulfur1 assuming within plant variation of sulfur content in ethanol co-product
% Sulfur expected in co-product
Co-product inclusion level, % of diet DM30 40 50 60
Diet S, % of DM
0.6 % 0.32-0.34 0.36-0.38 0.40-0.43 0.44-0.48
0.7 % 0.35-0.37 0.40-0.43 0.45-0.49 0.50-0.54
0.8 % 0.38-0.40 0.44-0.47 0.50-0.54 0.56-0.61
0.9 % 0.41-0.44 0.48-0.52 0.55-0.60 0.62-0.67
1.0 % 0.44-0.47 0.52-0.56 0.60-0.65 0.68-0.74 1Assumes no sulfur coming from drinking water and a maximum of 10% variation of co-product S content
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MANAGING Tough Times
Recommendations
• Can have up to 0.5% S if you include at least 15% roughage in the diet
• Use a consistent source (ethanol plant) of co-product
• Do not include high levels of S (>0.3%) until after the first 30 d
• Don’t forget to account for S from water
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MANAGING Tough Times
Changing Rations 1995 Feedlot Ration
2010 Feedlot Ration
2015 Feedlot Ration?
----Percent of Dry Matter------
Corn 80 54 <30?
Distillers’ grains -- 35 >60?
Corn Silage 10 --
Dry Forage 5 10 ? (amnt, quality)
Supplement 5 1
Starch 60 38 0-20 (min?)