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Management of acute cervicofacial infections
King’s College Hospital
Wednesday, February 29th 2012
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Management of acute infections
Fungal Least common
Most common
Types of infection
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Fungal
Viral
Least common
Most common
Management of acute infections
Types of infection
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Fungal
Viral
Bacterial
Least common
Most common
Management of acute infections
Types of infection
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Fungal
1) Aspergillosis
• A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus
• Granulomatous inflammation of the sinuses which may involve the orbit and intracranial extensions.
Ref. : Maiorano E. Favia G. Capodiferro S. Montagna MT. Lo Muzio L. Combined mucormycosis and aspergillosis of the oro-sinonasal region in a patient affected by Castleman disease. Virchows Archiv. 446(1):28-33, 2005 Jan
Management of acute infections
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2) Mucormycosis
•Rhino-orbital-cerebral & pulmonary infections are the most common form.
•Survival rate : 36-50%
Ref. : Maiorano E. et al. Combined mucormycosis and aspergillosis of the oro-sinonasal region in a patient affected by Castleman disease. Virchows Archiv. 446(1):28-33, 2005 Jan
Chandu A. et al. A case of mucormycosis limited to the parotid gland. Head Neck. 2005 Dec;27(12):1108-11.
Management of acute infections
Fungal
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Ref. : Maiorano E. et al. Combined mucormycosis and aspergillosis of the oro-sinonasal region in a patient affected by Castleman disease. Virchows Archiv. 446(1):28-33, 2005 Jan
Chandu A. et al. A case of mucormycosis limited to the parotid gland. Head Neck. 2005 Dec;27(12):1108-11.
Management of acute infections
Fungal
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Management of acute infections
Viral
• HSV, EBV, VZV, CMV, Paramyxovirus, Coxsackie virus, Picorna virus
• Mostly symptomatic management, with the exception of Herpes zoster (Shingles)
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Management of acute infections
Viral
• 15-35% of HZ patients has postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)
• Early antiviral therapy has been found to reduce the risk and duration of PHN in elderly patients.#
# Lilie HM, Wassilew S, The role of antivirals in the management of neuropathic pain in the older patient with herpes zoster. Drugs Aging 20 (8) : 561-70 2003
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Dental infection is the most common cause of deep neck abscess.*
• Common acute bacterial infection :
1) Cellulitis – Ludwig’s angina
* Parhiscar A., Har-El G. Deep neck abscess: a retrospective review of 210 cases. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 110(11):1051-4, 2001 Nov.
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Dental infection is the most common cause of deep neck abscess.*
• Common acute bacterial infection :
1) Cellulitis – Ludwig’s angina
2) Abscess - Parapharyngeal/tonsillar, dental
* Parhiscar A., Har-El G. Deep neck abscess: a retrospective review of 210 cases. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 110(11):1051-4, 2001 Nov.
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Dental infection is the most common cause of deep neck abscess.*
• Common acute bacterial infection :
1) Cellulitis – Ludwig’s angina
2) Abscess - Parapharyngeal/tonsillar, dental
3) Necrotising fasciitis
* Parhiscar A., Har-El G. Deep neck abscess: a retrospective review of 210 cases. Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. 110(11):1051-4, 2001 Nov.
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Management of acute infections
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Management of acute infections
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Signs of Infection
• Local
– Redness, pain, swelling, heat, +/- pus (abscess)
– Loss of function
• Systemic
– Temperature > 37°C (or spikes), malaise, pallor, irritability, fatigue, dehydration
– lymphadenopathy
– Severe signs : dysphagia (sublingual,submandibular), drooling, dysphonia, stridor (airway compromise),trismus
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
Taken from Peterson’s “Principles of Oral and Maxilofacial Surgery” Chapter 15
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Erysipelas
Cellulitis of the skin with lymphatic involvement
Mainly involves leg but often occurs on the face
Strep. Pyogenes & S. aureus main pathogen
* Lazarini L et al, Erysipelas and cellulitis: clinical and microbiological spectrum in an Italian tertiary care hospital. Jour. of Infection, 2005(51); 383-389
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Erysipelas
Area of erythema and swelling has sharp demarcation
Treatment : Augmentin or Penicillin + Clindamycin
* Lazarini L et al, Erysipelas and cellulitis: clinical and microbiological spectrum in an Italian tertiary care hospital. Jour. of Infection, 2005(51); 383-389
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Management
1) Assess for potential airway compromise
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Management
1) Assess for potential airway compromise
Tracheostomy – Gold standard
Awake fibreoptic intubation - 1st choice
Reference :
Ovassapian A, Airway management in adult patients with deep neck infections: a case series and review of the literature, Anesth Analg. 2005 Feb;100(2):585-9
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Management
1) Assess for potential airway compromise
2) Administration of broad spectrum antibioticsReferences:
1) Kuriyama T et al, Bacteriologic features and antimicrobial susceptibility in isolates from orofacial odontogenic infections,
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000; 90(5):600-8.
2) Kuriyama T et al An outcome audit of the treatment of acute dentoalveolar infection: impact of penicillin resistance.Br Dent J. 2005 Jun 25;198(12):759-63;
3) Stefanopoulos PK et al, The clinical significance of anaerobic bacteria in acute orofacial odontogenic infections.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004; 98:398-408.
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
Taken from : Stefanopoulos PK et al, The clinical significance of anaerobic bacteria in acute orofacial odontogenic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004; 98:398-408.
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Management
1) Assess for potential airway compromise
2) Administration of broad spectrum antibiotics
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Management
1) Assess for potential airway compromise
2) Administration of broad spectrum antibiotics
3) Investigations
FBE, U&E, CRP, ESR, Blood cultures
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Management
1) Assess for potential airway compromise
2) Administration of broad spectrum antibiotics
3) Investigations
CT scan vs. MRI vs. USS
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Management
1) Assess for potential airway compromise
2) Administration of broad spectrum antibiotics
3) Investigations
Contrast enhanced CT scan + clinical exam
Sens : 95%
Spec : 80%
Ref : Miller WD et al, A prospective, blinded comparison of clinical examination and computed tomography in deep neck infections.Laryngoscope. 109(11):1873-9, 1999 Nov.
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Management
1) Assess for potential airway compromise
2) Administration of broad spectrum antibiotics
3) Investigations
4) Remove source of infection and establish surgical drainage
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Warning Signs
• Rapid onset.• Progressive trismus.• Painful trismus that is out of keeping with
with the clinical picture should raise your suspicion regarding a submasseteric/pterygoid space infection.
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
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Management of acute infections
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Management of acute infections
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Reasons for Admission
• Rapidly progressing infection• Difficulty breathing• Difficulty Swallowing• Fascial space involvement• Elevated temperature - >38 • Severe jaw trismus < 10mm• Toxic appearance• Compromised host defences 33
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Investigations
• Bloods inc glucose and CRP.• Consider blood cultures if appropiate• If pus, send swab and pus for gram stain• Radiological investigations, but these
shoudl not defer treatment.
• WARN THE ANAESTHETIST EARLY
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Access
• Submandibular/sublingual space• Parapharyngeal• Buccal• Submassteric
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Management
1) Assess for potential airway compromise
2) Administration of broad spectrum antibiotics
3) Investigations
4) Remove source of infection and establish surgical drainage
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Management
1) Assess for potential airway compromise
2) Administration of broad spectrum antibiotics
3) Investigations
4) Remove source of infection and establish surgical drainage
5) Close evaluation in the immediate post-op phase
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Management of acute infections
Bacterial
• Recurrent deep neck infections
Consider congenital abnormalities
Proper imaging aids in diagnosis
Most common cause :
Branchial cleft cyst
Lymphangioma, thyroglossal duct cyst
Ref : Nusbaum AO et al, Recurrence of a deep neck infection: a clinical indication of an underlying congenital lesion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 125 (12) : 1379-82 1999 Dec
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Salivary Gland Infections
• Salivary Gland Infections:
Bacterial ascending infections especially with xerostomia, in the presence of salivary calculi. Painful, swelling in F.O.M or as an acute pre-auricular swelling.
Treatment involves giving patient fluids to increase saliva flow, antibiotics and +/- drainage depending on the presence of a collection.
Amoxycillin + metronidazole + flucloxacillin (staph)
Think of and exclude viral infection eg mumps – most often bilateral parotid swellings 39
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Ludwigs Angina
• (Spreading Cellulitis in the FOM)
• Potentially life threatening, a cellulitis starting in the floor of the mouth and often arising from a mandibular molar
Bilateral submandibular and sublingual space infection
Clinical signs:
Oedema on both sides of the floor of the mouth
Raised tongue
Bilateral submandibular space involvement
Oedema spreading down the neck – often with loss of definition of anatomical structures
Progressive trismus, pain, dysphagia, dysphonia
¤ For hospital admission
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Complications
• Trismus (Classically sub masseteric space/lateral pharyngeal space infections)
• Extra-oral incisions – CNVII marginal mandibular branch, scarring, drains and ascending infection
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