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Chapter
14
Computer Software
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Learning Objectives
Describe several important trends occurring in computer software.
Give examples of several major types of application and system software.
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Learning Objectives (continued)
Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing.
Outline the functions of an operating system.
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Learning Objectives (continued)
Describe the main uses of software programming languages and tools.
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Section I
Application Software: End User Applications
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Software
Types of softwareApplication softwareSystem software
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Software (continued)
Application software for end usersApplication-specific
General-purposePerform common information processing
jobsSometimes known as productivity
packages
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Software Suites and Integrated Packages
Suites are a number of productivity packages bundled togetherMicrosoft OfficeLotus SmartSuiteCorel WordPerfect OfficeSun StarOffice
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Software Suites and Integrated Packages (continued)
Advantages of suitesCostSimilar graphical user interfaceShare common toolsPrograms are designed to work together
Disadvantages of suitesLarge sizeMany features never used by many end
users
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Software Suites and Integrated Packages (continued)
Integrated PackagesCombine SOME of the features of several
programsCannot do as much as individual packages
or suites
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Web Browsers
Key software interface to the hyperlinked resources of the World Wide Web and the rest of the InternetInternet ExplorerNetscape Communicator
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Electronic Mail and Instant Messaging
E-MailHas changed the way people work and
communicate
Instant MessagingAn e-mail/computer conferencing hybrid
technologyAllows real time
communication/collaboration
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Word Processing and Desktop Publishing
Word ProcessingHas computerized the creation, editing,
revision, and printing of documents.Advanced features
Desktop PublishingDesign and print newsletters, brochures,
manuals, and booksPage design process
Page makeup or page compositionWYSIWYG (what you see is what you get)
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Electronic Spreadsheets
Used for business analysis, planning, and modeling
Involves designing its format and developing the relationships (formulas)
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Electronic Spreadsheets (continued)
Allows end users to perform:What-ifGoal-seekingSensitivity analysis
StrengthComputation and calculation
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Database Management
Performs four primary tasksDatabase development
Define/organize content, relationships, and structure of the data
Database InterrogationSelectively retrieve and display
information Produce forms, reports, & other
documents
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Database Management (continued)
Four primary tasks (continued)Database maintenance
Add, delete, update, and correct the data
Application developmentDevelop prototypes of web pages, queries,
forms, reports, and labels
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Database Management (continued)
StrengthStorage of large amounts of data
WeaknessComputation and calculation
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Presentation Graphics
Helps convert numeric data into graphic displays
Helps prepare multimedia presentationsEasy to use
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Personal Information Managers
For end user productivity and collaborationStore, organize, and retrieve information
Information about customersAppointmentsContact listsTask listsSchedules
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Groupware
Collaboration softwareHelps workgroups and teams work together to
accomplish group assignmentsCombines a variety of software features and functions
E-mailDiscussion groups and databasesSchedulingTask managementAudio and videoconferencingData sharing
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Other Business Software
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Section II
System Software: Computer System Management
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System Software Overview
Programs that manage and support a computer system and its information processing activities
Serves as the software interface between computer networks and hardware and the application programs of end users
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System Software Overview (continued)
Two major categoriesSystem management programs
Operating systemsNetwork management programsDatabase management systemsSystem utilities
System development programsProgramming language translators & editorsCASE (computer-aided software engineering)
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Operating Systems
Integrated system of programs thatManages the operations of the CPUControls the input/output and storage
resources and activities of the computer system
Provides various support services as the computer executes application programs
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Operating Systems (continued)
Performs five basic functionsProvides a user interface
Allows humans to communicate with the computerCommand-drivenMenu-drivenGraphical user interface
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Operating Systems (continued)
Five basic functions (continued)Resource management
Manages the hardware and networking resources of the system
Virtual memory capability
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Operating Systems (continued)
Five basic functions (continued)
File managementControls the creation, deletion, and access
of files of data and programsKeeps track of the physical location of files
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Operating Systems (continued)
Five basic functions (continued)
Task managementManages the accomplishment of the
computing tasks of end usersMultitasking
MultiprogrammingTimesharing
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Operating Systems (continued)
Popular Operating SystemsWindows
95, 98, MENT2000XP
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Operating Systems (continued)
Popular operating systems (continued)UNIXLinuxMac OS X
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Network Management Programs
Perform functions such asAutomatically checking client PCs and video
terminals for input/output activityAssigning priorities to data communication
requests from clients and terminalsDetecting and correcting transmission errors
and other network problemsSometimes functions as middleware that
allows diverse networks to communicate with each other
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Database Management Systems
Controls the development, use, and maintenance of databases.
Helps organizations use their integrated collections of data records and files
Allows different user application programs to easily access the same database
Simplifies the process of retrieving information from databases
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Other System Management Programs
Utility ProgramsPerform miscellaneous housekeeping and file
conversion functionsData backupData recoveryVirus protectionData compressionData defragmentation
Performance monitors and security monitors
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Programming Languages
Allows a programmer to develop the sets of instructions that constitute a computer program
Machine LanguageFirst generation languageWritten using binary codes unique to each
computer
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Programming Languages (continued)
Assembler LanguageSecond generationRequires language translator programs
called assemblersAllows a computer to convert the
instructions into machine instructionsFrequently called symbolic language
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Programming Languages (continued)
High-level LanguagesThird generationUses instructions, called statements, that
use brief statements or arithmetic expressions
Uses translator programs called compilers or interpreters
Syntax and semantics
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Programming Languages (continued)
Fourth-generation Languages (4GLs)More nonprocedural and conversational
than prior languagesNatural languagesEase of use gained at the expense of some
loss in flexibility
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Programming Languages (continued)
Object-Oriented Languages (OOP)Ties data elements to the procedures or
actions that will be performed on them into “objects”
Easier to use and more efficient for programming GUIs
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Programming Languages (continued)
HTML, XML, and JavaImportant for building multimedia Web
pages, websites, and Web-based applicationsHTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
A page description language that creates hypertext or hypermedia documents
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Programming Languages (continued)
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)Describes the contents of web pages by
applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data
Makes the web site more searchable, sortable, and easier to analyze
JavaDesigned for real-time, interactive, Web-
based network applicationsApplets
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Programming Software
Helps programmers develop computer programs
Two basic categoriesProgramming language translatorsProgramming tools
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Programming Software (continued)
Language Translator ProgramsAssembler
Translates symbolic instruction codes into machine language instructions
CompilerTranslates high-level language statements
InterpreterTranslates and executes each statement in
a program one at a time
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Programming Software (continued)
Programming ToolsProgramming editors and debuggersProvides a computer-aided programming
environment or workbenchDiagramming packagesCode generatorsLibraries of reusable objects & codePrototyping toolsCASE
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Discussion Questions
What major trends are occurring in software? What capabilities do you expect to see in future software packages?
How do the different roles of system software and application software affect you as a business end user? How do you see this changing in the future?
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Discussion Questions (continued)
Why is an operating system necessary? Why can’t an end user just load an application program in a computer and start computing?
Should a Web browser be integrated into an operating system?
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Discussion Questions (continued)
Are software suites, Web browsers, and groupware merging together? What are the implications for a business and its end users?
How are HTML, XML, and Java affecting business applications on the Web?
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Discussion Questions (continued)
Do you think Windows 2000 and Linux will surpass Unix and Netware as operating systems for network and Web servers?
Which application software packages are the most important for a business end user to know how to use?
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Real World Case 1 – Intuit Inc.
Why has Intuit’s success improved under Bennett’s leadership?
What are several things Intuit could do to successfully compete with Microsoft and others in the future?
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Real World Case 1 (continued)
Why does Intuit dominate its small-business software market segment?
What software products and services does Intuit have that might support Bennett’s strategy to appeal to larger small businesses?
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Real World Case 1 (continued)
Do you agree with CEO Bennett’s strategy to have Intuit compete with Microsoft in the software market for larger small businesses?
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Real World Case 2 – Amazon, Orbitz, and Others
The Business Case for Linux
What are the business and technical benefits of switching from proprietary systems to Linux on Intel-based servers?
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Real World Case 2 (continued)
Why can Linux make a strategic difference in the profitability of some companies?
What are the limitations of Linux for business use?
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Real World Case 2 (continued)
Should most companies investigate the use of Linux for their businesses?
Why or why not?
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Real World Case 3 – Burlington Coat Factory and Others
Evaluating Software Suite Alternatives
What is the business case for switching from Microsoft Office to alternatives like Sun StarOffice or gobeProductive?
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Real World Case 3 (continued)
What is the business case against such a switch?
What are the weaknesses of the “Office” competitors?
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Real World Case 3 (continued)
What are several business or technical improvements the developers of Sun StarOffice or gobeProductive could make to better compete with Microsoft Office?
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Real World Case 4 – Clark Retail & Others
Evaluating Operating System Upgrades
Why do many companies have no plans to switch to Windows XP?
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Real World Case 4 (continued)
What is a business case for switching to Windows XP?
What is a business case against switching?
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Real World Case 4 (continued)
What are several improvements you would like to see Microsoft make in the next version of Windows?
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Real World Case 5 – Dollar Rent A Car & Imperial Sugar
Pioneering Web Services
What are Web services?
How are they used?
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Real World Case 5 (continued)
What is the purpose and business value of Web services?
What is delaying the implementation of Web services at many companies?
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2004, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Real World Case 5 (continued)
What can companies do now to prepare to implement Web services?
What do you see as the future for Web services?