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Male parents generally DO NOT
Contribute cytoplasm tozygotes
SO… mitochondria and chloroplasts are MATERNAL CONTRIBUTIONS
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Cytokinesis( Cell Division)
- actin microfilaments
and Karyokinesis( Nuclear division, including mitosis)
-tubulin microtubules
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Model for organelle divisionFrom Dec 2003 Science
..…without implications for segregation
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Maternal effect )NOT Maternal inheritance(
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Genetic/genomic imprinting
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Maternal imprinting
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Paternal imprinting
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If neither copy of 15q11 has paternal imprinting, the result is Prader-Willi syndrome )characterised by hypotonia, obesity, and
hypogonadism .)
If neither copy has maternal imprinting, the result is Angelman syndrome )characterised by epilepsy, tremors, and a perpetually smiling facial expression( .
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גנטיקה של אוכלוסיותגנטיקה של אוכלוסיות
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Formula for allele frequency, based on knowledge of genotypes
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A 3 allele case
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p = freq of IB = freq B )IBIB( + ½ freq of B )IBi( + ½ freq of AB )IBIA(q = freq of IA … =r = freq of i… =
p + q + r = 1
In 3 allele case, same mathematical treatment
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YET:Populations with different genotypes can have the same allele frequency
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BUT, if there are random matings, the genotype frequency of offspring is based on solely on the allele freq.
In next generation
Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) Law
&)Chetverikov(
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YET, if there are random matings, the genotype frequency of offspring is based on solely on the allele freq.
In this case:
In next generation
Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) Law
Populations NOT in H-W equilibrium
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If the processes below do not occur, a population is in Hardy-Weinberg )HW( equilibrium, the following are unchanged:
Allele frequenciesGenotype frequencies
Phenotype frequencies
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TEST: if these populations are in H-W equilibrium, then:
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If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,
the allele,genotype, and phenotype frequencies will
be stable as long as the HW requirements hold
H-W בשיווי משקל -- הרבה אכלוסיותאז... תיאור של אכלוסיה לפי תדירויות
מתאים )ו'חסכוני'( - של אללים
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Genotypefrequencies
2 allele case
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Genotypefrequencies
M/M
M/N
N/N
p)M(q)N(
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Percent
LocationMMMNNNpq
Iceland31.251.517.300.570.43
Greenland83.515.60.90.920.08
We see HW equilibrium for ‘breeding populations’
We don’t expect HW for, say: the city of New York City Lots of immigration
Not random matings, but many distinct sub-groups
How do HW populations “start” with different allele frequecies? In human populations, often small founder populations:
BUT, MANY human populations are in H-W equilibrium, for example- MN tables we just saw, and:
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How do HW populations “start” with different allele frequecies? In human populations, often small founder populations:
Percent
LocationMMMNNNpq
Iceland31.251.517.300.570.43
Greenland83.515.60.90.920.08
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If the processes below do not occur, a population is in Hardy-Weinberg )HW( equilibrium, the following are unchanged:
Allele frequenciesGenotype frequencies
Phenotype frequencies
If these processes DOoccur, the populations
change.-Each process can be
studied and quantitated
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Selection of allele A: preferential survival
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Haplotype
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Inbreeding
0.5 X 0.5
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Migrationללמוד בבית על
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P is the allelic frequency in the donor population And p0 is the original frequency among the recipients
M-migration rate
Source of variation, deviation from HW:migration )M( into a population
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OriginallyYamane – not resistance to Gefilte-fish
Poland – 0.42 are resistance to Gefilte-fish
Current- among Yamane 0.046 are resistance
Thus Ptotal 0.046-0 P-P0 is 0.42-0
M= 0.046/0.42=1.095
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Inbreeding
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Source of variation: deviation from HW:mutations have a slow effect on allele frequency )here, of w.t.(:
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Pseudo male - female cross in neurospora
Jan 3 start
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Allele names according to phenotype
Wild type
amorph
hypomorph
hypermorph
RR
RR
neomorph
R~
R~R~
R~
NULL
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Standard Dominant – Recessive
Haploinsufficiency
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