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Make it Visible! A Framework to Infuse Critical Thinking Across the
Curriculum. Creating Discipline Specific Course Learning
Outcomes (CLOs)
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Introduction and Overview
What is Critical Thinking?
“Critical Thinking is thinking about thinking when I am thinking with the purpose of improving my thinking…”
(Richard. Paul, 1985))
What does it mean to be an educated person?
8/11/2014Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD. Informed by Theory and Research by Center for Critical
Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking
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Key Questions
How can I teach Critical Thinking when I have content to cover in my discipline?
What are the most fundamental concepts in my courses? Why are these concepts significant?
How can we place fundamental concepts in at the heart of our teaching so that students construct these concepts in their thinking and use them in their lives?
8/11/2014Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD. Informed by Theory and Research
by Center for Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking 3
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8/11/2014Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD. Informed by Theory and Research by Center for Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking
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Critical Thinking is second order which assesses and corrects first order thinking
Spontaneous ThinkingFirst Order Thinking
Second Order ThinkingAnalyses, evaluates, & reconstructs,
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CRITICAL THINKING PROVIDES THE TOOLS STUDENTS NEED TO THINK THROUGH CONTENT.
CRITICAL THINKING IS A SYSTEM OF THINKING THAT OPENS UP ALL OTHER SYSTEMS OF THINKING.
WHY CRITICAL THINKING?
8/11/2014
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68/11/20
14Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD. Informed by Theory and Research by
Center for Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking
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To Analyze Thinking We Must Identify and Question its Elemental Structures
Open Link
8/11/2014Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD. Informed by Theory and Research by Center for Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking
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Stages of Critical Thinking Development
8/11/2014
Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD. Informed by Theory and Research by Center for Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking
Unreflective ThinkerChallenged ThinkerBeginning Thinker
Practicing ThinkerAdvanced ThinkerMaster Thinker
Ideal Thinker
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Content vs. Critical Thinking View:
BELIEVE ME, I WOULD VERY MUCH LIKE TO FOSTER CRITICAL
THINKING, BUT I HAVE TOO MUCH CONTENT TO COVER!
8/11/2014
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An Alternative View!
8/11/2014Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD. Informed by Theory and Research by
Center for Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking12
FOCUS ON THE CONCEPT OF
“EDUCATED,” FROM WHICH ALL OTHER
CONCEPTS IN EDUCATION
EMERGE.
CONTENT =
THINKING
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Educated Person
Philosophicalthinker
Economic
thinker????
???
Aestheticthinker
Ethical thinker
Mathematicalthinker
Political thinker
Scientific thinker
Historical thinker
Sociological thinker
8/11/2014Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD. Informed by Theory and Research by Center for
Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking
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The Educated Person
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Understanding the Relationship Between Content and Thinking
IT IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE THAT THE ONLY WAY STUDENTS, AT ANY LEVEL, CAN LEARN CONTENT IS TO THINK IT THROUGH. IT IS
THINKING THAT GIVES LIFE TO CONTENT. IT IS THROUGH THINKING THAT WE UNDERSTAND
CONTENT, THAT WE GIVE MEANING TO CONTENT, THAT WE QUESTION CONTENT,
THAT WE BRING CONTENT INTO OUR THINKING IN ORDER TO USE IT.
8/11/2014Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD. Informed by Theory and Research by Center for Critical
Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking 14
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Fundamental & Primary Concepts (F&PCs):
Are higher order constructionsThey define the foundations of substantive
knowledgeEach and every field of study is based on
primary concepts.Every student must therefore construct the
primary concepts of any subject we are asking them to think within.
8/11/2014
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Making Learning Visible While Implementing Fundamental & Primary concepts of the Discipline in Course Learning Outcomes.
What does it mean to be a college-educated person?
In other words: What characterizes a DSU educated person in terms of what that person knows, does, and thinks in the field of _______?
What processes in the classroom can facilitate this learning?
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Key Concepts
Make a list of primary concepts in your discipline you think are important for students to learn.
Try to think of all the foundational concepts you need
to focus on. Then, make a list of all of the concepts that you can
think of that you teach within one class.
Share your list with a partner, explaining why each concept is important for students to learn.
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WRITE YOUR UNDERSTANDING OF A PRIMARY CONCEPT
Now following the SEEI pattern (next slide), write your understanding of one or more of the primary concepts on your list.
8/11/2014Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD. Informed by Theory and
Research by Center for Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking 18
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CLARITY: SEEI THE IDEA
1. State: give a brief explanation.2. Elaborate: expand on your explanation.3. Exemplify: give a concrete example.4. Illustrate: use a metaphor, analogy,
picture to help people understand your idea.
8/11/2014Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD. Informed by Theory and
Research by Center for Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking 19
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Teaching Your Idea to Another Person
Now take one concept you have written about and teach it to a partner.
Then the partner will state, elaborate, and exemplify his or her understanding of the concept
8/11/2014Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD. Informed by Theory and Research by
Center for Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking 20
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Another approach is to Use Concept Maps
Create a concept map which outlines the foundational concepts within a subject.
Place the foundational concept at the center, and move out to secondary concepts.
Give the basic meaning of each concept.
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Global Socio-cultural context: Diplomacy,
cultural understandings.
Group, community, inst., Context: Public
discourse, conversations.
Interpersonal Context: Dialogue,
Conversations.
Levels of Interaction & Analysis
Individual, Intrapersonal
contextReflection and Introspection1
8/11/2014Prepared and adapted by M. D. Ortiz, PhD.
Informed by Theory and Research by Center for Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical
Thinking
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Making Learning Visible While Implementing Fundamental & Primary concepts of the Discipline in Course Learning Outcomes.
What does it mean to be a college-educated person?
In other words: What characterizes a DSU-educated person in terms of what that person knows, does, and thinks in the field of _______?
What processes in the classroom can facilitate this learning?
8/11/2014
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UNDERSTAND EVERY CONCEPT WITHIN A
DISCIPLINE AS RELATED AND INTERCONNECTED
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STUDENTS DEMONSTRATE LEARNING WHEN THEY DUPLICATE THE SEEI PATTERN
They can follow the SEEI pattern:They State F&PCs of the discipline, give a brief
explanation. Elaborate, expanding on their explanation.Exemplify with concrete examples.Illustrate, using a metaphor, analogy, a picture
to help others understand the ideas.
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Research by Center for Critical Thinking. Foundation for Critical Thinking 26