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Main Themes in Microbiology
Chapter 1
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Humans are outnumbered
• We have ~ 10 trillion cells in our body– We have 100 trillion foreign cells
in/on our body!!– Tiny life forms are called
microorganisms
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What is a microorganism?
• Could be…– Bacteria– Viruses– Protists
• Protozoa and algae
– Helminthes• Worms
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What is microbiology?
• Microbiology is a special area of biology that deals with tiny life forms not readily observed without magnification– Little guys are called:
• Microorganisms• Microbes• Germs• Bugs
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Can I do this for a living?
• Geomicrobiologist- roles of microbes in the development of the earth’s crust
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• Marine microbiologist- study the oceans and its smallest inhabitants
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• Medical technologists- do tests to diagnose pathogenic microbes and their diseases
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• Nurse epidemiologists- analyze the occurrence of infectious diseases in hospitals
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• Astrobiologist- study the possibility of organisms in space
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What do we focus on?
• Genetics• Physiology
– Appearance and survival
• + and – characteristics• Environmental interaction• Host interaction• Uses in industry/agriculture
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How long have these guys been around?
• Practically forever!– Life on Earth started 3.5 billion years
ago!• Prokaryotes came first• Then eukaryotes
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Good or bad?
• Both!• We’ve been using microorganisms
for thousands of years!
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Good Microbes
• Yeast (microscopic fungi) = bread• Penicillin (moldy bread) = first aid
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Biotechnology
• Industry applications– Bacteria that can mine metals!
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Genetic Engineering
• Manipulates genetics to make new products and genetically modified organisms– Microbes can make drugs, hormones,
and enzymes
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Bioremediation
• Fixing environmental problems with microorganisms
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Bad Microbes
• Pathogens- agents that cause disease– Over 2000 types of microbes that
cause disease!– WHO says over 10 BILLION infections
caused by microbes worldwide
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Bad microbes
• Malaria– Actually a microbe (protist)
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Malaria Prevention
• Malaria nets cost $3-5
• 1/3 world population makes <$1/day
• Which kid will sleep under the net tonight?
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The subtle side of microbes
• Gastric ulcers– Heliobacter
• Cancer– HPV– Hepatitis viruses
• Diabetes– coxsackievirus
• schizophrenia
• MS• OCD• Coronary artery
disease• Infertility
– Chlamydia
Associated with
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General Microbe Characteristics
• TINY• Millimeters (mm), micrometers
(µm), and nanometers (nm)
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• Prokaryotic or eukaryotic
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• 1 or a few cells
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• Free-living—live independently
• Parasitic—microbes harbored and nourished inside host
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• Could be viruses– NOT ALIVE– NOT CELLS– Small amount of hereditary material
wrapped up in a protein coating– “Obligate intracellular parasites”
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* Viroids are smaller viruses
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Adenovirus
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Rhinovirus
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Rhinovirus
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Where does life come from?
• Meat makes maggots
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• Shrooms spring from spruce
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• Rats from rotting refuse
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Spontaneous Generation• The idea that life can arise from
non-living matter– Aka abiogenesis
• Competing theory—biogenesis– Life can only arise from living things
of a similar nature
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How can we prove or disprove this hypothesis?
• Francesco Redi (1668)Hypothesis: Flies produce
maggots on meat. Lay small eggsSet up a controlled experiment to test his hypothesisFound that by keeping flies away from meat, no maggots appear
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Variables
1. Controlled variable: Jar, meat, location, temperature, time
2. Independent or Manipulative variable: Gauze covering the meat jars
3. Dependant (responding) variable: Whether maggots appear
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John Needham – 1745
Hypothesis: spontaneous generation occurs under the right conditions– Boiled chicken broth and then sealed flask
(thought heat would kill)– “Animalcules” swarmed after a few days– Therefore, he felt his hypothesis was right.
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What was wrong with Needham’s hypothesis? Was
it flawed?He assumed all the animalcules
would be killed by heat
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Louis Jablot
• Hypothesis: even microscopic organisms must have parents
• Boiled hay infusions very similar to Needham’s work
• However, his uncovered WAS contaminated with growth
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Lazzaro Spallanzani • 1776• Attempted to disprove Needham’s
work.• Took 4 flasks with broth in them
– Left open – went cloudy– Sealed but not boiled – went cloudy– Boiled but left open – went cloudy– Sealed then boiled – stayed clear
• Microbes were not found in this one but in all the other ones
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What would have been Spallanzani’s hypothesis?
Microorganisms form not from air but from other microorganisms.
When broth was boiled and then sealed, no air could get in for organisms to reproduce.
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What was wrong with what Spallanzani
assumed?
No air
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Louis Pasteur - 1859
Tested Spallanzani’s work by using a curved neck flask to prevent microbes from
entering flask but would let air in
Boiled broth of control and experimental flasks.
Result: No growth in curved neck flask.
Microbes collecting in bend
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Pasteur’s broth in the curved necked flask stayed sterile for years until he tilted it and the airflow carried the microbes into the broth
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ConclusionContamination is due to microbes in the air.
Spontaneous generation theory died here!!
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John Tyndall Heated hay infusions for various times. Found 2 kinds of bacteria – 1. Those readily killed by heating
2. Heat resistant forms (endospores)
**Between 1875 – 1918, most of the disease-causing bacteria were identified.
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The MicroscopeAntonie von Leeuwenhoek
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The MicroscopeLeeuwenhoek
looked at a drop of water and saw moving thingsCalled them
“animacules” Bacteria and
protozoa
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The Pillar of Science: The scientific methodOrigin in the 1600s…enough of the
superstition!!
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The Scientific Method
1. Ask a question Do some research
2. Propose a hypothesis3. Conduct a controlled
experiment4. Collect data and make
observations5. Analyze data6. Make a conclusion7. Possibly, write a theory
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Scientific method
•NEEDS a testable hypothesis
•Use the deductive approach▫If…then (because)
•Test, test, and retest that hypothesis!
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Do you know where bees come from?
Recipe for Bees
1. Kill a bull during the first thaw of winter
2. Build a shed3. Place the dead bull on branches and
herbs inside the shed4. Wait for summer. The decaying body of
the bull produces beesWords from a Roman poet about 2000 years ago
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Know the jargonHypothesis- tentative explanation for what
has been observedTheory- very well supported idea
Many hypotheses and experimentsNOT A “FACT
Law- principle of scienceSuper accurate
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Germ theory of diseaseGerm theory of diseaseLouis Pasteur
◦Human diseases could arise from infection
Robert Koch◦Koch’s Postulates
Verified germ theory Showed anthrax caused
by bacterium
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Aseptic TechniqueAseptic TechniqueJoseph ListerGoal: reduce microbes in a
medical setting and preventing wound infections◦No handwashing prior to surgery
before Lister!!
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TaxonomyWhat’s in a name?
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Taxonomy- formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming organismsCarl von Linnie
Aka Carolus Linnaeus
StandardizedKeeps names short and consistentBinomial system of nomenclature
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•a two name system for writing scientific names.•The genus name is written first (always Capitalized). •The species name is written second (never capitalized). •Both words are
italicized if typed or underlined if hand written.
Example: Smith john (print)Smith john (written)
Felis concolor or F. concolor
Which is the genus? The species?
Binomial Nomenclature
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The major classification levels,from most general to most specific
(several of these have subdivisions)
A group at any level is a taxon.
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Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla Phyla are subdivided into classes
Classes are subdivided into orders
Orders are subdivided into families
Families are divided into genera Genera contain closely related species
Species is unique
Categories within Kingdoms
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PhylogenyNatural relatedness of organisms
Related by evolution—theory that all life descended, with modification, from one common ancestor
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EvidenceMorphology-
similar structures in organisms
Physiology- similar functions of organisms
Genetics- similar DNA in organisms
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•Domain
•Kingdom
•Phylum
•Class
•Order
•Family
•Genus
•Species
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Kingdoms and DomainsOriginally, 2 kingdoms
Plantae and AnimaliaThen 3 (Protista)…and 4 (Add the Bacteria—kingdom Monera)
…finally 5 (Fungi!)
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5 kingdom system
Associated with Robert WhittakerBased on the morphology and physiology-type of evidence
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The domain systemNow we look at molecular biology
How do DNA, proteins, rRNA compare?
Bacteria Kingdom split into two:Domain BacteriaDomain Archaea
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3 domain systemDomain eukarya—
the eukaryotesDomain archaea—
prokaryotes that live in extreme environments
Domain bacteria— “traditional” prokaryotes
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What is classification?Why is classifying living things important?
What is taxonomy?Describe binomial nomenclature.
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Who developed a system for naming living organisms?
What is a scientific name of an organism and how is it written?
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KingdomPhylumClassOrder
FamilyGenusSpecies
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What are the seven classification groups?
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